NHM 311 - Lessons 2, 3, & 4 - Quiz 2

True

"In order to prevent deficiencies, a person should consume the RDA of each nutrient every day" T/F

True

1 gram of carbohydrate provides approximately 4 calories T/F

false

1 gram of fat provides approximate 4 calories T/F

1. ascending 2. transverse 3. descending

3 sections of the large intestine in which food travels down to be broken down: food is now turned into feces at this point large intestine --> sigmoid colon --> anus

1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum

3 sections of the small intestine that food travels down to be broken down:

fat ----> 20-35% carbohydrate ------> 45-65% protein ---------> 10-35%

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for ADULTS: (percentage)

calories in vs. calories out

Energy Balance = -basal metabolic rate -physical activity -thermic effect of food (# of cals. used to absorb, transport, and make ATP)

calories

Energy is measured in _______________

-starch -sugar -fiber

Energy yielding nutrient: 1. Carbohydrates

1. amylase 2. lipase 3. trypsin 4. chymotrypsin

Enzymes secreted by the pancreas in the duodenum section of the small intestine in order to break down macronutrients:

1. Hydrochloric acid 2. pepsin 3. lipase

Enzymes/acids produced by the stomach to break down food: -chyme by pyloric sphincter

- peer reviewed, scientific studies -not based on a single study -"consensus" guidelines (professional/governmental)

Evidence we use:

1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Fats

Macronutrients: (3)

1. Vitamins 2. Minerals

Micronutrients (2)

How RDA's are set:

Nutrient needs to typically fall into a normal distribution for a population EAR's = statistical average or mean requirement RDA's are set at 2 standard deviations higher than the mean

1. observation 2. hypothesis 3. prediction 4. experimentation 5. conclusion

Steps of the Scientific Method:

Introduction to the Nutrition Labeling Laws

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandates that certain things be found on all packaged food -weight of product -manufacturer's name and address -list of ingredients -allergy information -nutrition facts label there is also some optional information like health claims or nutrient content claims

Energy yielding (yield ATP) 1. Carbohydrates (4 cals/gram) 2. Protein (4 cals/gram) 3. Fat (9 cals/gram) Non-energy yielding (don't yield ATP) 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water

The SIX classes of nutrients

False

The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) should not be exceeded by any individual at any time. T/F

45-65%

The acceptable macronutrient distribution range for carbohydrates is: -35-75% -10-15% -45-65% -5-20%

misinterpreted or misrepresented

The science you hear about in the news is often _________________ ___ _______________.

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Usable energy comes from ________

all of the above

Which of the following is a difference between a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and an Adequate Intake (AI)? -"An AI is the average amount of a nutrient needed, and an RDA is the minimum amount needed per day." -"An AI covers 50% of the population, while an RDA covers 97% of the population." -An AI is set when there is not enough data to determine the normal distribution of nutrient needs and set an RDA. -All of the above

Selection Bia

Which of the following is a type of confounding variable? -placebo -double-binding -selection bia -randomized clinical trial

all of the above

Which of the following statements about Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA's) are true? -The RDA for a nutrient is equal to the statitistical mean. -The RDA for a nutrient is set at a level that meets the requirements for 97-98% of the population. -"The RDA for a nutrient is the minimum amount needed each day, so consuming more than the RDA is always recommended." -All of the above

Animal studies give us good data, but cannot solely be used to predict how humans will respond to a specific intervention

Which of the following statements best describes the research using animals? -"If large animal studies are repeatedly performed for a particular intervention, we can be certain that the intervention will work the same in humans" -"Animal studies give us good data, but cannot solely be used to predict how humans will respond to a specific intervention" -Animal studies are not useful for developing interventions for humans. -Only animal studies conducted using primates are useful when considering possible interventions for humans.

metabolism

a balance between reactions that build up energy (anabolism) and reactions that break down energy (catabolism) by the body

randomized clinical trial (RCT)

a trial in which subjects are randomly assigned to study groups The FDA requires 2 studies to be conducted before promoting it

-insulin -sex steroids -thyroxin -growth hormone

anabolism - building up the hormones secreted in order to help build up energy (ATP) in the body

evidence-based practice

approach to health care wherein health practitioners use the best evidence possible to make decisions for individuals, groups, and populations

How energy is made in the body:

carb | glucose -> glycogen ||

enterocytes

cells surrounding the villi in the small intestine in which macronutrients are absorbed help increase surface area

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

energy is measured in CALORIES, so EER is reported in calories per day Because consuming more than the EER would result in weight gain, neither an RDA or a UL is established for energy The RDA for CHO, PRO, and fat are the amounts of each of those nutrients needed to do the stuff that ONLY that single nutrient can do. Since CHO, PRO, and fat all provide energy, the EER will usually be EQUAL to more calories/day than what would be provided by the RDA for each of the energy-yielding nutrients

Estimated Energy Requirements (EER)

energy is required to sustain the body's various functions, including respiration, circulation, physical work, and maintenance of core body temperature -the energy in food is released in the body by oxidation, yielding the chemical energy (ATP) needed for body functions -energy balance in an individual depends on his or her dietary intake and energy expenditure -imbalances in energy results in the loss or gain of weight, usually body fat

lipase

enzyme produced by the stomach to break down fats

pepsin

enzyme produced by the stomach to break down proteins

amylase

enzyme secreted by the pancreas in order to digest carbohydrates

lipase

enzyme secreted by the pancreas in order to digest fats

trypsin

enzyme secreted by the pancreas in order to digest protein

chymotrypsin

enzyme secreted by the pancreas in order to digest protein (chy-)

amylase

enzyme secreted by the salivary glands that begins to break down carbs in the mouth when you chew

lipase

enzyme secreted by the salivary glands that begins to break down fats in the mouth when you chew

Adequate Intake (AI)

established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA and is set at a level assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy The issuance of an AI is an indication that more research is needed to determine, with some degree of confidence, the mean and distribution of requirements for a specific nutrient ex: young infants who rely on human milk for food for 1st 4-6 months, the AI is based on the daily mean intake supplied by human milk for healthy, full-term infants who are exclusively breastfed Both AI's and RDA's can be used as a goal for individual intake. There is less certainty behind the AI compared to an RDA, though.

confounding variables

factors that can affect results in addition to the fact being studied

glycerol & fatty acids | adipose tissue

fats turn into this:

dietary reference intakes

general term for a set of reference values used to plan and assess nutrient intakes of healthy people issued by the Food & Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences These values, which vary by age and gender, include: -Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) -Adequate Intake (AI) -Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) -Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) -Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)

epidemiological studies

great tools to study the facts without interfering flaw = have inherent flaws; test subjects NOT randomly assigned to groups

bile

green liquid secreted by the liver into the gallbladder that digests fats in the duodenum section of the small intestine

microvilli

hairlike projections on the villi in the small intestine that help absorb the macronutrients and increase surface area

lower esophageal sphincter

heartburn is caused by the burning of food coming back up this and going into the esophagus

energy metabolism

how our body turns food into ATP and how our body uses ATP

CHO, PRO, fat

macronutrients

vitamins, minerals

micronutrients

Nutrition Facts Label

new label: July 26, 2018- for manufacturers w/ $10 million or more in annual food sales July 26, 2019- for manufacturers w/ $10 million in annual food sales The FDA requires ingredients to be listed in order of LARGEST amount to SMALLEST Read the ingredients list and choose products with no added sugar or with sugar towards the end of the list.

villi

projections in the small intestine in which macronutrients are absorbed by the body increase surface area

amino acids -> muscle & lean tissues | amino group -> urine

protein turns into this:

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)

ranges of macronutrient intake that are associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases, while providing recommended intakes on other nutrients

Ingredients List

shows each ingredient in a food by its common/usual name in descending order by weight the ingredient with the greatest contribution to the product weight is listed FIRST, and the ingredient contributing the least by weight is listed LAST -why the USDA recommends having a whole grain listed FIRST on the ingredients list

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)

the average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy people "average"- a MEAN, not that the number set as an RDA is an avg. statistical sense of the word -means that people should get that amount on average over a period of days/weeks -it is neither practical or possible to get 100% DRI's of all nutrients every day just using food -Government guidelines for menu planning typically requires that DRI's be met over a period of 5-7 days, depending on the program ex: school lunches required to meet an avg. of 1/3 of the DRI's for certain nutrients over 5 days

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

the average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy person of a specified age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity consistent with good health

-glucagon -epinephrine -glucocorticoids -thyroxin -growth hormone (fats/carb)

the balance of CATABOLISM (breaking down) of energy is controlled by these hormones:

esophagus

the digestive tract begins in the mouth, and food goes down the ___________________ once it is swallowed

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

the maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements members of the general population should be advised not to routinely exceed the UL the UL is not meant to apply to individuals who are treated with the nutrient under medical supervision ex: UL for iron is 40 mg/d, but the treatment for iron deficiency anemia is recommended at 325 mg of ferrous sulfate, which contains 65 mg of elemental iron

Digestion

the processes in the digestive tract in which carbohydrates, protein, and fats are broken down digestive tract = mouth ---> anus

metabolism

the sum of all processes in the body