Non-"important" AP

Vijayanagara Empire

A Hindu state that broke away from the Delhi Sultanate, important for its southern ports and control of Ceylon

Jacquerie, Wool Carders' Revolt, Wat Tyler's Rebellion

Although trade and urbanization continued to expand, social stress increased after 1300. A wave of uprising swept Europe from the early 1300s through the early 1500s, including the peasant _______ of 1358 in France, the _____ _____ _____ in Florence, in 1378, and, the ____ _____ _______ in England in 1381. (*CONTINUES*)

Crusades

Among the powers of the medieval popes was the ability to request monarchs to provide troops and money for holy war known as _______.

Louis XIV

Europe's archetypal absolute monarch was _____ ____, of France, the Sun King who ruled from 1661 to 1715. He created a highly centralized bureaucracy and national economy. He broke the power of his aristocracy and made it obey him. He built the largest army and navy that Europe had seen in centuries. He turned Paris and Versailles into grand, impressive centers of power. He persecuted French Protestants whom his grandfather had guaranteed religious freedom. He illustrated the strengths and weaknesses of absolute monarchy. Positive: Intelligent, made France better (listed above except religious persecution) Negative: Too many wars which damaged the economy

Charlemagne, Charles the Great

Even more successful as a nation-building monarch was Pepin's son ______ (768-814), whose name means "_______ ___ ______".

Castles, Troubadours, Minstrels

In the secular sphere, the medieval Europeans were great builders of _____, although many were modeled on Byzantine and Middle Eastern designs. _______ and ______ appeared in the eleventh and twelfth centuries and popularized nonreligious music. Favorite songs were about love, as well as legends of King Arthur, Charlemagne's knight Roland, and El Cid of Spain.

Guilds

Labor groups that maintained a monopoly on their respective trades. They restricted membership, established prices, set standards of quality and fair practice, and provided pensions. (Europe)

Italy

One of the most urbanized parts of Europe, with a high cultural level that made it the birthplace of the Renaissance.

Dante, Chaucer, Christine de Pisan, Vernacular

One trend encouraged by troubadours and minstrels - then later authors like ______ Alighieri of Italy (1265-1321), the English poet Geoffrey ______ (1340-1401), and ______ ___ _____ (1364-1410), who wrote in French and Italian - was the increased use of native, or _________, languages. Although Latin remained the language of the educated elite, it became more acceptable to write serious poetic and literary works in native languages which stimulated a growth in literacy and made literature available to a wider range of people.

Protestant Reformation

The name for the appearance of several Protestant denominations in Europe.

Champa, Annam

Two Vietnamese Empires

Baroque, Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

(Part of the Catholic Counter-Reformation): To compete with Protestant churches for worshippers, the church sponsored the creation of impressive religious art and architecture, helping give birth to the _______ movement. The church also reaffirmed the authority of the pope, gave new powers to the Holy Inquisition, and created an Index of Forbidden Books. It formed a new religious order, the _______, which produced missionaries, teachers, and diplomats to combat Protestantism.

Urbanization (Some parts of Europe, particularly Italy and Flanders, urbanized more quickly than others)

A social trend during this era (Europe) was ________. Although the majority of people in medieval Europe remained in the countryside, working as peasants and serfs, an increasingly large number were moving to cities.

Papal States, Heresy, Excommunication, Crusades

After 1000, the Catholic Church became immensely powerful politically. The pope governed a sizable territory in central Italy, the _____ _____. The popes had moral authority and the right to determine what was _____, exclude worshippers from the Catholic Church (___________), and issue calls for holy war (________).

Fourth Crusade, Children's Crusade

After the First Crusade, the Christians maintained their presence in the Middle East for two centuries. However, the Muslims united their efforts in order to expel the Europeans. The many crusades that followed were generally responses to successful Muslim campaigns. Jerusalem, for example, fell under Muslim control again in 1187. Especially after 1200, European crusades lost their focus (the ______ ______ of 1202-1204 turned into a sack of Christian Constantinople) or failed miserably (like the ill-fated ________ _______). In 1291, the Europeans abandoned their last major outpost in the Middle East.

Latin Kingdoms

After the First Crusade, the Europeans established four Christian states known as the ______ ______. While they lasted, these served as a military and political foothold in the Middle East. They also enabled Europeans to become involved in the lucrative commercial economy that made the region so wealthy.

Feudalism, Fiefs

After the fall of Rome, Europe became politically decentralized. No single ruler was strong enough to provide Europe with central authority, and monarchs typically did not have the power, money, or military strength to govern their lands effectively. The solution was the system of _______, in which lords and monarchs awarded land to loyal followers. In exchange, these followers guaranteed that their parcels of land (_____) would be governed, that law and justice would be dispensed, that crops would be grown, and that the land itself would be protected.

Seljuk Turks, Battle of Manzikert, Ottoman Turks.

Although Byzantium was superior to the rest of Europe in terms of economic and cultural advancement, it entered a long period of political and military decline. In the eleventh century, a new enemy, the ______ _____, appeared on the eastern frontier. From the _______ ___ ______ (1071) onward, the new enemy slowly but unceasingly stripped territory away from Byzantium as did their more dangerous successors, the ______ _____.

Nation-States

Although traces of feudalism survived, European countries in the early modern period became more like ______-______ in the contemporary sense: solid political units with fixed borders, a sense of national unity, and mostly homogeneous populations in terms of language and ethnicity.

Vikings

An important factor shaping the development of early medieval European nations was the appearance of the ______, expert sailors and fierce warriors from Scandinavia. Due to overcrowding in their homelands, they poured out of the north from the 800s through the 1100s. By forcing nations such as England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire to defend against their attacks, they, (though not on purpose), prompted those nations to centralize more than they had during the early medieval period.

Latin, Aristotle, Geocentric Theory

Another influence on medieval culture was the classical learning and literature preserved from ancient Greece and Rome. During the Middle Ages (and long afterward), ______ was Europe's language of learning and culture. (Europeans had much less knowledge of Greek until later, when Arab and Jewish translators made materials in that language more accessible.) Medieval scientific thought was dominated by the theories of the ancient Greeks, mainly through Latin translations. Of special importance was ________, whose writings on science, philosophy, ethics, and politics were adapted by Christian scholars and placed at the center of the medieval worldview. Greek science taught the Europeans much, but it also encouraged some mistaken ideas, especially the _______ _____, which argues that the sun revolves around the earth. Eventually, increased familiarity of European artists and scholars with Greek and Roman texts helped give birth to the Renaissance.

Witches, Witchcraft, The Hammer of Witchcraft

Another manifestation of social stress (Europe) was a sharp rise in the persecution of people thought to be _____. Catholic authorities sought to root out suspected __________, issuing a manual in the late 1400s, ____ ____ ___ ______, to aid in spotting and trying witches. Ordinary people were caught up in the hysteria as well. Most of the victims of these hunts were women. (*CONTINUES*)

Jews

Another result of the Reconquista of Spain was intense religious intolerance. The war caused Catholic authorities in Spain to be extremely rigid in terms of doctrine and hostile to nonbelievers. Muslims and _____ (whom the Moors had welcomed to Spain) were persecuted, and, by the end of the 1400s, forced to convert to Catholicism or leave the country.

Aristocratic women, while not legally the equal of men, could exert informal political and cultural influence. if an aristocratic woman was heir to rich property or a kingdom, she was a desirable match. Noblewomen often managed their husbands' estates and financial accounts. Frequently, the mothers of young kings whose fathers died early served as regents and advisers until their sons came of age

Aristocratic women, while not legally the equal of men, could exert informal political and cultural influence. if an aristocratic woman was heir to rich property or a kingdom, she was a desirable match. Noblewomen often managed their husbands' estates and financial accounts. Frequently, the mothers of young kings whose fathers died early served as regents and advisers until their sons came of age. (COPY THIS)

Ferdinand of Aragón, Isabella of Castile

As Spanish territory was liberated gradually, each newly freed region remained independent, delaying centralization. By the 1400s, there were about half a dozen Spanish kingdoms, not counting Portugal. Only late in the 1400s, when the rulers of the two largest kingdoms, _______ __ _______ and ________ ___ ______, married and joined their lands together, did Spain take a shape as a single country.

Magna Carta, Parliament

By medieval standards, England became quite centralized, and it did so despite the fact that significant checks were put on the power of the king. (Normally, the less powerful the monarch, the less centralized the state). In 1215, the ____ _____, imposed on the king by his barons, guaranteed the nobility certain rights and privileges, limiting the monarch's might. Later in the 1200s, the English nobility won the right to form a _________, which eventually became a representative lawmaking body that governed in conjunction with the king. In the 1200s and 1300s, English monarchs extended their rule to Wales and Scotland. Ireland would follow later.

1453

By the 1400s, Constantinople itself was under threat; in _____, the Ottomans seized it. The Byzantine Empire was destroyed, the Turks made Constantinople their capital, and the Ottoman Empire went on to conquer large parts of southeastern Europe, clashing for centuries with the Holy Roman (Austrian) Empire.

Granada, Ferdinand, Isabella

By the end of the 1200s, the Spanish had pushed the Moors into _______, the southernmost part of the country. For the next 200 years, the Moors held out there, until they were expelled completely in 1492, by the armies of _______ and _______.

Huguenots, Reformed Church, Puritans, Presbyterians

Calvinism, a Protestant denomination created by John Calvin, caught on in France (the _______, an oppressed minority), the Dutch Republic (the _______ ______), parts of England (the ______), and Scotland (the _________).

Holy Roman Emperor

Charlemagne defended Frankish territory against Viking, barbarian, and Muslim attacks. He greatly expanded the kingdom, becoming this in 800. He actively supported education and culture, much of which he entrusted to the church.

Pepin

Charles Martel established the Carolingian dynasty, and his son _____ strengthened the kingdom's ties with the Catholic Church.

Cities were often overcrowded and polluted, and many people lived in poverty. A key advantage of living in cities, however, besides cultural opportunities and a chance to gain greater wealth was immunity from feudal obligations, especially serfdom: typically, if a person left the countryside and lived in a city for a year and a day, he or she was released from status as a serf, as reflected in the popular saying, "city air makes you free".

Cities were often overcrowded and polluted, and many people lived in poverty. A key advantage of living in cities, however, besides cultural opportunities and a chance to gain greater wealth was immunity from feudal obligations, especially serfdom: typically, if a person left the countryside and lived in a city for a year and a day, he or she was released from status as a serf, as reflected in the popular saying, "city air makes you free". (COPY THIS)

Southern France

Crusades were fought for a number of reasons: 1) Convert nonbelievers to Catholicism 2) Crush Christian movements the papacy considered heretical (infamous crusades of this type were fought in _____ ______ during the early 1200s) 3) Resist attacks by foreigners who were not Christian (especially Muslims).

Stadholder, States General

During and after their war of independence from Spain, the Dutch wavered back and forth between centralized and decentralized rule. Either way, the _______, an executive leader who was not quite a king, had to share power with a larger council called the ________ _________.

Avignon

During the 1300s and 1400s, the church entered a long period of long-term crisis. For most of the 1300s, the papacy was transferred by force to the French city of ______, making the church look weak. In the late 1300s and early 1400s, there were rival popes, each claiming allegiance from all Catholics, causing great confusion. (CONTINUES)

Serfs

Economically, the feudal system relied on the labor of peasants. Most peasants in Europe during the Middle Ages were _____. They were not technically slaves, but they were legally unfree. They could not change residence or profession without permission. A portion of their own crops and livestock had to be given to the lord. They also had to spend a certain number of days per month fulfilling various labor obligations.

Effects of the Crusades: 1) Worsening of the relationship between Muslim and Christian worlds 2) Greater awareness of wider world that the Crusades stimulated among the Europeans 3) Along with the one above came a desire for economic wealth through interaction with the East 4) The crusading ideal of Christian warriors fighting for a sacred cause contributed to the powerful myth of knighthood and chivalry that emerged in Europe during the Middle Ages 5) Technology transfers - Europeans learned much about castle architecture from their experience in the Middle East

Effects of the Crusades: 1) Worsening of the relationship between Muslim and Christian worlds 2) Greater awareness of wider world that the Crusades stimulated among the Europeans 3) Along with the one above came a desire for economic wealth through interaction with the East 4) The crusading ideal of Christian warriors fighting for a sacred cause contributed to the powerful myth of knighthood and chivalry that emerged in Europe during the Middle Ages 5) Technology transfers - Europeans learned much about castle architecture from their experience in the Middle East (COPY THIS)

Khmer Empire

Empire in Cambodia whose peak was during the Angkor Period. The rulers during the Angkor Period built the Buddhist city complex of Angkor Wat.

Srivijayan Empire

Empire in Sumatra

French Revolution, Habsburgs, Siege of Vienna

France remained an absolute monarchy until the ______ ______ of 1789. Other countries created similar regimes. In the late 1600s, the Austrian _______ brought absolutism to the Holy Roman Empire as they fought wars against the Turks. (In 1683, the Turks nearly destroyed Austria in the ______ __ ____ but were turned back; afterward, the Austrians and their allies pushed the Turks steadily to the east.) The constant Turkish pressure on Austria provided a good excuse for greater imperial control. (CONTINUES)

Three-Field System, Plows

From 1000 to 1300, population growth in Europe was considerable. Advanced agricultural techniques - such as the ______ _____ _____ of crop rotation and the invention of better _______ caused the food supply to increase.

Holy Roman Empire

From the 1300s onward, this served as Europe's military bulwark against the long wave of Turkish attacks from the east.

Religious Wars

From the 1520s through the 1640s, Europe was plagued by a series of _______ _____, as the papacy and Catholic monarchs attempted to halt the Protestant tide and, where possible, force Protestants to return to the Catholic fold. (CONTINUES)

Generation of Capetian monarchs expanded the size of the French kingdom, beat the English in a number of wars (including the Hundred Years' War), and gained control over Burgundy and other stubborn regions. By the mid-to-late 1400s, France was large and centralized, and the French kings were among the most powerful in Europe. Unlike their English counterparts, French monarchs were not limited or obligated to share power in any legally meaningful way.

Generation of Capetian monarchs expanded the size of the French kingdom, beat the English in a number of wars (including the Hundred Years' War), and gained control over Burgundy and other stubborn regions. By the mid-to-late 1400s, France was large and centralized, and the French kings were among the most powerful in Europe. Unlike their English counterparts, French monarchs were not limited or obligated to share power in any legally meaningful way. (COPY THIS)

Malibar city-states

Hindu city-states that broke away from the Delhi Sultanate, famous for its Indian Ocean Port of Calicut

25-30 million

In 1347 and 1348, the plague ravaged southern Europe. By 1349 and 1350, it spread to central Europe and the British Isles; it was felt in Russia and Scandinavia from 1351 to 1353. The disease's deadliness and rapid spread caused tremendous panic throughout Europe. This initial bout of the plague killed about this many people, roughly 1/3 of the population of Europe. For centuries afterward, the plague recurred periodically though no attack was as bad as the first.

Parliamentary Monarchies

In England and the Dutch Republic, even as these states centralized and modernized, the rulers became less powerful. These regimes were known as __________ _________, because the ruler governed in conjunction with some kind of lawmaking body appointed by the aristocracy, elected by some or all of the people, or some combination of both.

Church of England, Anglican Church

In England, Henry VIII formed the Protestant _______ ___ ______, also known as the _______ ________.

Joan of Arc

In Europe, women were subservient to men. Women of lower classes cared for the household and assisted with farmwork. They bore children and raised them. Women of low birth also worked as servants for upper-class families. One of the few peasant women to leave an individual mark on medieval Europe was the French war leader ______ ___ ___ (ca. 1410-1431).

Aquitaine, Brittany, Flanders, Burgundy

In France, the Capetian kings centralized their nation by increasing their own power (the typical route to premodern nation building). Originally, they only ruled a tiny part of France. England controlled large territories, such as ______ and _______, while large and economically important regions such as ________ and ________ remained independent. Generation of Capetian monarchs expanded the size of the French kingdom, beat the English in a number of wars (including the Hundred Years' War), and gained control over Burgundy and other stubborn regions. By the mid-to-late 1400s, France was large and centralized.

Absolute Monarchy, Divine Right

In an _______ _______, there were no legal limitations to the monarch's power (in real life there were such as uncooperative nobles or an unreliable army). This type of centralized government in Europe was typically justified by the doctrine of _____ _____, according to which the monarch reigns by the will of God (similar to the Mandate of Heaven in China although it does not place obligation on the monarch to rule justly like the Mandate of Heaven).

Upper

In most parts of medieval Europe, women had some property rights. They could own and inherit land and property. They often received dowries (though in some places and times the woman's family had to provide a dowry to the husband-to-be). Women could separate from their husbands, although obtaining divorces and annulments was difficult, especially for women of the _____ classes. Women had protection, but not equality, before the law.

Catholic Counter-Reformation, Council of Trent

In response to the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church underwent change in the mid-to-late 1500s, a process known as the _______ _______-______. At the ____ ___ ______ (1545-1563), the church worked to eliminate the worst of its corruption.

Salvation by Grace, Predestination

In the beginning, Lutheran and Calvinist churches favored institutional simplicity, in contrast to the bureaucracy of the Catholic Church. Protestants did not venerate the saints or the Virgin Mary the way Catholics did. Rituals and sacraments were less important to them. Priests were allowed to marry. Most important was the concept of ______ ____ ______, the belief that only God's grace --- not good works, observance of rituals, or the power of the pope --- could bring a worshipper to heaven. (Calvin's doctrine of _______ took the idea further, arguing that whether a person would be saved or not was known to God from the beginning of time.) Lutherans and Calvinists were encouraged to read the Bible for themselves (unlike Catholics), making education and literacy important to them.

Printing Press, Johannes Gutenberg, movable-type printing press

In the later 1430s, a new invention revolutionized European culture and the intellectual life of the entire world. This was the _______ ______ developed by German inventor ______ ______. The concept of printing by carving images and words into blocks of wood had originated centuries before in East Asia, but block printing was costly and unwieldy. This German inventor created a _____-______ ______ _____, in which individual, reusable metal characters could be placed in a frame to form text. It raised literacy rates, spread information, increased the impact of new ideas and scientific theories, and encouraged the expansion of libraries and universities. It played an indispensable role in the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, and a general explosion of knowledge that transformed Europe and the West for centuries.

In the summer of 1099, the massive army of Crusaders reached Jerusalem and placed it under siege. After taking the city, the Crusaders, in one of the bloodiest episodes in military history, butchered almost every Muslim and Jew within its walls (as well as native Christians whom they mistook for Muslims). A key reason for the First Crusade's success was lack of unity among Turks, Arabs, and other Muslim peoples.

In the summer of 1099, the massive army of Crusaders reached Jerusalem and placed it under siege. After taking the city, the Crusaders, in one of the bloodiest episodes in military history, butchered almost every Muslim and Jew within its walls (as well as native Christians whom they mistook for Muslims). A key reason for the First Crusade's success was lack of unity among Turks, Arabs, and other Muslim peoples. (COPY THIS)

Normans, William the Conqueror (Because William and his successors were connected to the French throne by blood ties and feudal obligations, there was much competition between England and France over land and political legitimacy until the middle of the 1400s)

In the west, the most stable states were England and France. For four centuries, the political leadership of both countries was intertwined. In 1066, _______ (descendants of VIKINGS who had settled in France) led by ______ ____ _______, invaded England, defeated the Saxon king, and established their rule there.

10-15%

In this era of poor hygiene and limited medical knowledge, many women - as many as this much percent - died in childbirth.

Vikings, Muslims

It took several centuries after the fall of Rome for stable nations to form. Short-lived kingdoms, founded by warlords and barbarian chiefs, rose and fell frequently during the 500s and 600s. Internally, decentralization kept states weak, as did external threats such as raids by the ______ and invasions by the ______.

Florence, Milan, Venice, Naples, Rome

Italy was more decentralized than the Holy Roman Empire and was not a country at this time. Many southern areas passed in and out of the hands of foreigners, and the parts that remained free were governed by dozens of city-states. Italy's position in the Mediterranean allowed its cities to develop strong commercial economies. The chief city-states of medieval and Renaissance Italy were _____, _____, and ______ in the north, and ______ in the south. Also important was ______, the heart of the Papal States.

Absolutism, Parliamentarism

Many rulers (Europe) went to great lengths to centralize political power. They often competed with the noble (aristocratic) class, which was anxious to keep for itself the feudal privileges it had been granted during the medieval era. By the 1600s and 1700s, two major forms of monarchy emerged 1) The more centralized form was _________ 2) The less centralized was ___________ (CONTINUES)

Many underlying factors motivated the Crusades: 1) Genuine religious fervor on the part of both Muslims and Christians 2) Geopolitical conflict between Europe and the Middle East 3) The Europeans' desire to become more involved in the international trade network stretching from the Mediterranean to China 4) Personal ambitions of Europeans hoping to gain wealth and land in the Middle East 5) Racial and Religious Prejudice

Many underlying factors motivated the Crusades: 1) Genuine religious fervor on the part of both Muslims and Christians 2) Geopolitical conflict between Europe and the Middle East 3) The Europeans' desire to become more involved in the international trade network stretching from the Mediterranean to China 4) Personal ambitions of Europeans hoping to gain wealth and land in the Middle East 5) Racial and Religious Prejudice (COPY THIS)

Icons, Plainsong, Gregorian, Cathedral

Most medieval art was religious in nature. _____, or religious paintings, were largely inspired by Byzantine styles, even in Catholic Europe. Early church music was mainly ______ (also known as _______ chant): human voices unaccompanied by instruments. Over time, arrangements became more complex, and instruments were used by the end of the Middle Ages. The greatest achievement of medieval architecture was the ______, which required skill, money, and decades to build.

Frankish, Carolingian Empire, Charles Martel, Battle of Tours

One of the earliest European nations was the _____ kingdom, which, by the 700s, grew into the _______ ______. The Frankish military leader _____ _____ successfully turned back Muslim invaders at the _______ __ _____ (732), one of the most influential battles of the medieval era.

Iceland, Greenland, Leif Eriksson, Russian

One of the few peoples of this era who could navigate on the open ocean, the Vikings, in their longboats, raided and conquered land throughout most of coastal Europe, as far south as the Mediterranean. The Vikings colonized _______ and ______. Around 1000 CE, voyagers led by ______ _____ reached what is today Canada. The Vikings also settled in parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland. They created long-lasting kingdoms in northwestern France (Normandy) and Sicily. A group of Vikings established a trade route from Scandinavia to Byzantium, through Russia. In the process, they created the first _____ state.

England, Paris, Holy Roman Empire

Other early nations emerged in the late 800s and 900s. Saxon kings united large parts of _______. The Capetian dynasty came to rule the area around _____ and gradually gained control over more of France. The eastern, Germanic portion of Charlemagne's realm reformed itself as the _____ ______ _____, which ruled most of central Europe for centuries to come.

Saxon kings, Capetian dynasty, Germanic

Other early nations emerged in the late 800s and 900s. _____ _____ united large parts of England. The _______ ________ came to rule the area around Paris and gradually gained control over more of France. The eastern, _______ portion of Charlemagne's realm reformed itself as the Holy Roman Empire, which ruled most of central Europe for centuries to come.

Portugal, an independent principality, began its tradition of world exploration during the 1400s, starting a trend that would sweep the globe.

Portugal, an independent principality, began its tradition of world exploration during the 1400s, starting a trend that would sweep the globe. (COPY THIS)

Tamil Kingdoms

Preexisting kingdoms on the Indian ocean Coast before breakaways from the Delhi Sultanate

Martin Luther, Ninety-five Theses, Lutheranism

Real change against the corrupt Catholic Church in Europe began in 1517, when a German monk, ______ ______, protested the sale of indulgences in his hometown. In his _____-_____ ______, Luther launched a general attack against church abuses and certain parts of Catholic doctrine. He was excommunicated, but, in the 1520s, now a fugitive, he founded his own church, ________, the first of Europe's Protestant denominations.

Thirty Years' War

Religious Wars (Europe): 1) Switzerland and the HRE (Catholic forces won but were forced by political factors to allow some German states to remain Protestant) 2) England and Scotland 3) Dutch wars of independence from Spain (motivated largely by the desire of the Dutch to remain Calvinist - lasted 80 years) 4) France (civil war between the Catholic majority and the Calvinist [Huguenot] minority. 5) Spanish Armada in 1588 failed attempt to defeat Elizabeth I and destroy English Protestantism 6) The last and deadliest of the religious wars was the ______ ______ ____ (1618-1648) (CONTINUES)

Black Death, 1347, Sicily

Social trauma (Europe) also came in the form of the ______ _____, the popular name for the bubonic plague. The arrival of bubonic plague in the mid-fourteenth century ranks as one of the greatest medical disasters in Eurasian history. After killing millions of people in China, the disease traveled westward to the Middle East. It reached Europe in _____ on a ship landing in _____. (*CONTINUES*)

Salic, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Louis VII, Henry II

Some women ruled in their own right, as queens. This situation was not common, and countries whose legal systems were based on tribal Germanic (_____) law, such as France and the Holy Roman Empire, did not allow women to inherit thrones. However, women would come to rule England, parts of Spain, Russia, and elsewhere. The most famous example of a politically important woman during the Middle Ages was ______ ___ _____ (ca. 1122-1204). A dynamic, intelligent woman, she married ______ ____ of France and then _____ __ of England. She had much influence over politics in both countries. She was also a great patron of art and music.

Hungary, Sweden, Poland, Golden Horde

Territories on Europe's eastern and northern fringe tended to be more poorly defined, politically speaking as a result of Mongol attacks in the mid-1200s and constant pressure from the Ottomans from the 1400s onward. Countries such as ______, ______, and ______ were exceptions: they were stable and sophisticated for the time being. More typical were the Russian lands, farther to the east. During most of the medieval era, Russia was a loose confederation of city-states, governed by constantly feuding princes. The Mongol invasions of the 1240s placed the Russians under the domination of the ______ _____; not until the mid-1400s did Russia become free. Only after that did a Russian nation begin to take shape, under the leadership of the tsars of Moscow.

Holy Inquisition

The Catholic Church owned vast amounts of land. Combined with its right to collect tithes from the general population, this made the church very wealthy. Another way the church exercised worldly power was control over education, thought, and culture. In 1231, the _____ _______, a set of special courts with wide-ranging powers, was established to hunt out and punish heresy and religious nonconformity.

Habsburg

The Holy Roman Empire was large, but the emperor's powers were comparatively weak. His position was not hereditary - he was chosen by the empire's most powerful noble families. The empire's population was ethnically diverse, and the empire itself consisted of dozens of duchies, kingdoms, and principalities (almost 200 in the mid-1300s). A key centralizing factor was the rise of the ______ family, which gained permanent control over the imperial throne from 1438 until 1918.

Córdoba

The Moorish presence in Spain brought benefits. Islamic culture was more advanced than that of medieval Europe, so Spain was able to take advantage of the medical, scientific, and technological knowledge brought there by the Muslim conquerors (as well as the Jewish scholars and professionals who came with them). The Spanish city of ______ was one of Europe's greatest centers of learning and science, thanks to the long-standing Muslim presence there.

Norman Conquest

The ______ _____ brought French-style feudalism to England and helped create a rich cultural fusion, not only Celtic and Anglo-Saxon but also Latin-based, in the British Isles.

Retainers, Noble, Aristocratic

The _______ to whom monarchs gave large land grants developed into Europe's ______ (or ________) class. The people were supposed to help provide political leadership and also served a military function.

Little Ice Age

The causes of such disturbances (ie. Wool Carders' Revolt) in Europe were many. A general cooling of the climate, referred to by environmental historians as the _______ _____ ____, affected harvests ad made life in the countryside difficult. More wars were being fought, armies were growing larger, and the new gunpowder weaponry of the day was extremely expensive. More peasants were forced into military service (especially during the Hundred Years' War). The taxes of common people also increased. During the last half of the 1400s, religious disagreements and dissatisfaction with the Church sometimes led to rebellion. (*CONTINUES*)

Indulgences

The church hierarchy grew corrupt in the 1400s, selling church offices and granting certificates of forgiveness for sins (________) in exchange for money. As years passed, more people came to see the church as hypocritical and too concerned with money and power. Until the early 1500s, though, the church was able to crush any opposition.

Knights, Chivalry

The feudal nobility served a military function. One of feudalism's goals was to provide an army of foot soldiers (recruited by nobles) and an elite force of armored cavalry (______) formed by the nobles themselves. According to the code of _______, the knight was to be a virtuous, Christian warrior. Songs and legends, such as those of King Arthur's Round Table, provided examples of how real-life armored cavalry were supposed to conduct themselves, though the code was often broken.

Bureaucracies

The formation of European countries more like nation-states had much to do with the strengthening of central state institutions. During the Middle Ages, institutions had been weak because of the feudal system. By the 1600s and 1700s, European states were developing _______, such as tax-collecting bodies, central banks, general staffs (for the army), admiralties (for the navy), and various ministries and cabinets. Although monarchs and aristocrats still controlled most positions of power, governments were becoming more rational and bureaucratic, which was helped by advancements in communications and transport.

Guild System

The growth of cities in this era (Europe) encouraged specialization of labor. Most skilled trades in medieval cities were organized according to the _____ ______. (*CONTINUES*)

Peter the Great, serfdom

The largest nation in the world, Russia, also emerged as an absolute monarch. Russia already possessed a tradition of strong central authority because of Moscow's tsars. However, Mongol rule cut off Russia from Europe during the Renaissance. During the late 1600s and 1700s, ______ ____ _____ centralized political power in Russia and forced rapid, Western-style modernization on Russia. He turned Russia into Europe's great power of the east. Much longer than European states, however, Russia kept in place an oppressive system of _______.

Thirty Years' War

The last and deadliest of the European religious wars which pitted Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and Catholic German states against the Dutch, the Danes, the Swedes, and Protestant German states (England lent financial support). For political reasons, Catholic France sided with the Protestant powers, who won in the end.

Priest

The leader of the Catholic Church was the pope. At the lowest level was the ____, who served the needs of an individual community. Only men could become these. Above this lowest level were bishops, archbishops, and cardinals. Also part of the church hierarchy were monks and nuns.

Moors, Reconquista

The medieval development of Spain and Portugal was shaped above all by the fact that they had been taken over by Muslim invaders, known as the _____, during the 700s. From 1031 onward, the people of Spain and Portugal fought the Moors in a long struggle known as the ___________.

Middle Ages, Renaissance

The medieval period of European history, also known as the _____ _____, lasted from approximately 500 to 1500. The question of periodization is complicated by the fact that from the 1200s onward, certain parts of Europe - particularly Italy - began to experience the famous cultural rebirth known as the ________.

Catholic Church

The most important factor shaping medieval culture was the _____ ______, which administered institutions of learning (monasteries, then universities) and was the largest employer of artists, architects, and musicians. Art and ideas that were not in line with church doctrine could be banned - and could lead to severe punishment. (Ironically, Aristotle had written about the scientific method, but medieval Europeans tended to ignore this part of his thinking and accepted most Greek science, errors included, as unquestioned fact).

Hundred Years' War, Joan of Arc

The political event that most affected England and France during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was the _____ _____ ___ (1337-1453). The war's first years coincided with the onset of the other European crises, including social uprisings and the Black Death. Until the early 1400s, the English won a number of victories, gaining control over more than half of France. Only after the 1420s did the French king, helped by the warrior maid _____ __ ____, drive the English out. The war ended most of the awkward connections between the French and English royal families.

Medicis, Fuggers

The relatively new practice of banking (Europe) made trade more feasible and dependable. Powerful banking houses were run by the ______ in Italy and the ______ in central Europe.

Prussia, Frederick the Great, Seven Years' War (Prussia paid for Frederick's talents by experiencing greater dictatorship and decreased freedoms)

The small but militarily powerful German state of ______ became an absolute monarchy during the late 1600s and 1700s. ______ ___ ______, a great general from this German state, was one of the most effective monarchs of his time. He had military victory over Austria, France, and Russia during the ______ _____ _____, which is considered one of the greatest military triumphs in European history.

First Crusade, Jerusalem

The spark of the _____ _____ (1096-1099) came in 1095, when the Byzantine Empire asked fellow Christians in Europe for military assistance against the Seljuk Turks, who had recently captured _________.

Christendom

The ultimate goal of medieval popes was to join the nations of Europe into a single Christian community. Referred to as _______, this community was to be governed by the pope, with kings and emperors subject to his rule. The Catholic Church never realized this ideal, but for several hundred years, the popes heavily influenced how European monarchs ruled their countries.

Seljuk Turks, Urban II, Council of Clermont

To increase their chances of receiving aid for the First Crusade against the _______ ______ in Jerusalem, the Byzantines exaggerated rumors of Turkish atrocities in the Holy Land. Pope _____ ____ responded by summoning the ________ ___ _____ and calling upon the knights of Catholic Europe to retake the Holy Land from the Turks. In 1096, a massive army of Crusaders traveled to Constantinople, then through the Middle East, fighting Muslim forces along the way. (*CONTINUES*)

Hanseatic League

Trade in the Baltic was dominated by the ______ _____, a group whose influence stretched from England in the west to Russia in the east.

Bengal, Gujarat

Two Muslim states to break away from the Delhi Sultanate

John Calvin, Calvinism

With the Protestant Reformation under way (beginning with Martin Luther creating Lutheranism), other movements soon emerged. The French scholar _____ _____ established a theocratic community in the Swiss city of Geneva and preached an even more extreme form of Protestantism, ________. (CONTINUES)

Convents, Hildegard of Bingen

Women (Europe) could enter religious life; they could not become priests but they could become nuns. The majority of nuns were from the landed aristocracy. To marry off daughters, noble families had to provide potential husbands with land, money, or a title; an aristocratic family with many daughters was often unable to pay for all of them to get married, and a common solution was to place younger daughters in _______. Women who preferred intellectual pursuits sometimes found safe haven as nuns. For example, ______ ___ _____ (1098-1179), celebrated for her mystical writings and songs, became abbess of a German convent.