Nonverbal

11. What type of clothing is associated with competence in professional setting?

Rather formal clothes but not too formal indicate competence.

2. What are our standards to evaluate clothing practices of the past?

We use Current Fashion Standards to Evaluate Clothing Practices of the Past.

11. What does the librarian study show?

librarians touched didnt touch patrons checking out books, palm of hand, approached to fill out survey , subjects who were touched rated the clerk more favorably than those who were not touched, only 57% of the touched subjects noticed the touch.

7. How does gesture help communication?

they contribute to the redundancy of the uttered message. they enable listner comprehension AND speech production of the sender

5. Explain what does encoding behavior mean?

what people's intentions are when they emit behavior (type of signal). (sender does the encoding)

1. Which are the components of clothing? Give a few examples of each component.

garments (dress, costume, apparel, headwear, footwear, underwear), ornaments (artifacts) (Badges, tattoos, masks, other jewlrey, beads, gems, chains, straps, buttons, metal bands, buckles, ribbons, lace, furs), cosmetics (paints, powders, oils, perfumes), devices (wigs, corsets, braces, padding, dentures), treatments (hair dying, tattoos, curling, dyes), equipment (eyeglasses, watches, ice skates, pocket watches, pipes, backpacks, gloves, crutches), tools (knives, combs, mirrors, scissors, pens, toothpicks).

8. What is aesthetic distancing and which group of students portrayed that behavior?

"aesthetic distancing"-- role deviation from a group. Upper class students distance themselves from this use of clothing.

10. Explain the personality trait "need for touch." How does instrumental touch differ from autelic touch?

"need for touch" = preference for extraction and utilization of information obtained through the haptic system. instrumental- outcome- directed issues associated with a purchasing goal. autoletic- touch as an end in and of itself hedonic-oriented response seeking fun, arousal, sensory stimulation, and enjoyment. instrumental- need for touch is negatively associated with making purchases over the internet or phone from a catalog. autotelic- need for touch is positively associated with impulse buying.

28. What is arousal? Is it alway positive or negative?

*Arousal- Psychophysiological responses to arousal- eliciting stimuli .Changes in skin conductance and other physiological indicators. Close distance created arousal in the decoder.If this arousal is labled positively, the decoder will approach (reciprocate).If this arousal is labled negatively, the decoder will avoid (compensate). Arousal can be both postive and negative.

35. Which factors influence our experiences with time?

*Biological processes (internal clock, Psychological orientation ,Culture.

14. Can we learn nonverbal skills? How?

*By initiating and modeling others. By adapting our responses to the coacheing, feedback and advice of others.The less defensive we are when recieving feedback the more we learn about our own nonverbal skills.

32. Explain Patterson's Arousal Labeling Theory and how it relates with the use of space.

*Close distance created arousal in the decoder. If this arousal is labled positively, the decoder will approach (reciprocate). If this arousal is labled negatively, the decoder will avoid (compensate).

21. How can we enhance our decoding skills?

*Decoding skill can be enhanced through training, Best conditions involve lecture + practice oppurtunities, and Decoding skill can be taught but requires practice with feedback.

26. What is the difference between crowding and density?

*Density is the Number of people per unit of space. Crowding is An innter state that may develp in high or low density situations.Perceptions of crowding increase with decrease of control or influence over pysical and social surroundings.

2. What kinds of message can be conveyed by touch?

greeting, hostility, reassurance, instruction, liking, power, and sexuality.

6. What does decoding behavior mean?

how recievers of this behavior percieve and interpret it.

16. How does menta health affect nonverbal skills?

*Depression: minimal eye contact, monotone paralanguage, slow speech rate, sad facial expression. Social Anxiety: minimal eye contact, speech hesitancies, less talk, more silence, more body focused gestures.Schizophrenia: poverty of speech, minimal eye contact, less facial animation, few/strange gestures, major decoding errors.

29. How do you define personal space? and interpersonal distance?

*Personal space is defined as an area with invisible boundaries surrounding an individual and into which others may not come. People seek comfortable interpersonal distances and will move away when others invade their space.

23. Explain sociopetal and sociofungal space. Give some examples of both.

*Sociopetal: space is organized so that it is conductive to communication between people. Sociofugal: space is arranged so that it produces solitude, and inhibits interaction between people. ex: cathedral

15. How does personality affect nonverbal skills?

*Some personality traits are asosiated with encoding and decoding. People high in self-monitoring have good decoding skills. They are more affiliate. Extroverts have good encoding skills. They gaze longer, have louder voices and smile more than introverts.

18. How does situation affect nonverbal skills?

*Suspicious policeman does not do well at home if using his work-related decoding skills. Poker player had to turn off his facial expression. He/she might not do well at a date.

34. What is Chronemics?

*The way we percieve time, structure time and react to time, Time as something tangible, can be divided up, saved, spent and made, The notion of punctuality

36. Besides space and time which other factors influence our perception of surroundings?

*Three dimension (in a continuum) for perceptions of surroundings and emotional reactions to them: Arrousing- nonarousing, Pleasant- unpleasant, Dominant- Submissive.

20. Which are factors that might account for nonverbal receiving ability?

*experience in decoding nonverbal behavior, attention to specific patterns of nonverbal behavior in others, experience decoding the nonverbal behavior of a specific person, and the nonverbal expressiveness of the sender.

22. Which are the three categories of space?

*fixed-feature space: location of physical unmovable structures, semi-fixed feature space: location of movable objects, and informal or personal space: interpersonal distance.

24. According to Hall which are the four regions of proxemics and their dimensions?

*intimate: 0-18 inches , personal: 1.5-4 feet, social: 4-12 feet , and public: beyond 12 feet.

27. How does personality relate to the use of space?

*preferences for closer space increases with increasing degrees of extraversion, people who are high in social anxiety tend to use larger interacting distance, people high in need for affiliation use closer interacting distances.

4. Give an example of touch in each of the five situation/relations. Why is friendship and warmth touch likely to be ambigious?

1. Functional professional- ex: physician w/ a patient, 2. social polite (cultural norms)- (ex): handshake 3. friendship/warmth (often performed in public to reduce ambiguity)(ex): hug, 4. love/intimacy (not performed by friiends, ex touching the face) 5. sexual arousal (stimulation, idosyncratic)- ex: grouping. Friendship/warmth touch is likely to be ambigious because it can be misunderstoof as intimate or sexual touching.

33. Explain intimacy equilibrium theory and how it relates with the use of space. people are subject to two motivations in interpersonal interactions

1. being intimate (approach) 2.stay seperate (avoid) 3. The balance between these two motivations is a point of equilibrium. If one person's behavior upsets this equilibrium, the other will compensate

15. What is the relationship between touch and stage of a relationship?

154 opposite sex couples waiting in line at a movie theater or zoo, touch recorded on body charts, couples then approached to fill out survey, hand to hand touch: 33% initial stage of relationship, 61% intermediate, 35% stable, touch to waist 8% initial, 20% intermediate, 3% stable

31. Are responses to interpersonal space violation always negative?

?

9. Explain the difference between abitrary, iconic and intrinsic coding. Give some examples.

ARBITRARY coding involves no intrinsic meaning in behavior; meaning happens by convention; most distant from referent ( ex: emblems). ICONIC coding (metaphoric) preserve some aspects of the referent, do not need verbal to be understood ( ex: slitting your throat). ITRINSIC coding is the act is a case of the thing that it is signifying (hitting someone).

37. According to knapp and hall which are the dimensions for examing envrioments?

According to knapp and hall the six dimensions for examining our enviroments are (1) Formal- Informal (2) Warm- Cold (3) Private- Public (4) Familiar - unfamiliar (5) Constraining- free (6) Distant - Close.

14. Explain what display rules mean and how they relate to the nature or nuture debate?

Although we seem to possess innate programs for certain nonverbal behaviors, those programs can be modified by learned display rules specific to our culture. Display rules are rules about the appropriateness and appropriate intensity of displaying a given behavior in a given context. Display rules are culture specific.The stronger the learned coomponent of nonverbal behavior, the more we would expect to find variations across cultural, class and ethnic lines.

16. What are tie signs?

Behaviors that couples display so that other people know that they have a relationship.

2. What are the types of nonverbal communication?

Body movements (gestures), Posture, Eye Movement (gaze), Facial Expression, Vocal Cues, Touch, Use of Space,Timing, Clothing.

5. What is the difference between Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia in terms of speech? How do those differences relate to gesture?

Broca's aphasia severe impaiment of speech output- loss of grammar also interrupts orchestration of gesture. Wernickles's aphasia severe disruption of speech comprehension. gestures lack intelligible semantic context.

10. Explain the study on attribution of responsibility for date rape and clothing. *

Clothing Affects Judgements of Responsibility for Date Rape scenario: : responsibility, rape myth acceptance People who scored high on rape myth acceptance were influenced by clothing when making judgements of responsibility

6. Explain how certain type of clothing can affect encoders. Give an example.

Clothing that people wear in certain situations affects the way they describe themselves and the way they behave. Ex: casual-dressed participants: easygoing, clumsy, tolerant, emotional, nonchalant.

10. What is the explanation for the effect of gesture on recall?

Compared to not being allowed to use getures, those who were instructed to use gestures were later better able to reacall information than those who werent.

7. Explain the relationship between clothing and status. Which group of students was more likely to use brand name clothes and for what purpose in Piacentini & Mailer study?

Conspicious consumptions--> social status. Clothes indicate affluence, but only for certain groups. Working class students use brand name clothes to suggest economic capital.

9. What is your opinion about Grammer et al. (2004) study on clothing and social motivation?

Do you agree with his results that when females are motivated to flirt they wear sexy and bold clothing? I agree with his findings that women are in fact more motivated to flirt when they wear sexy and bold clothing, but that doesn't nessecarily mean that women who aren't dressed sexy and bold aren't motivated to flirt, and some women who are dressed that way may not be motivated to flirt..so i think its a case-by-case situation but agree that USUALLY that is the case.

7. Why do we have to examine both the encoding and the decoding aspects when we try to learn about a nonverbal behavior?Do encoders and decoders always agree? Give some examples from the behaviors we have studied so far.

Encoding and Decoding nonverbal behavior may be performed with varying degrees of control and awareness. Some nonverbal behaviors are organized in codes. An example would be informative behaviors which share encoding- decoding, senders and recievers consistently agree on meaning (spitting food).

25. Give examples of gender differences in the use of space.

Females maintain closer interpersonal distance than males, females approach others, especially other females, closer than males will, Males approach other males and other females at the same distance, Females will allow others to approach more closely than males will.

7. Is there a gender difference in the amount of touch?

Females touch more than males in same sex dyads, otherwise, males touch as often as females, in public settings males and females initiate touch in the same amount.

1. Define gesture. In which ways gesture is different than practical action?

Gesture: a movement of the body, or any part of the body, that is considered to be expressive of thought or feeling.

8. Explain why gesture appears to facilitate listner comprehension, and speech production.

Gestures help communication When communication is difficult or impossible, To substitute for speech when speech might be regarded as too explicit or delicate, when the spoken utterance, taken by itself, is incomplete (e.g. over there), and To add an additional component to the utterance that is not represented by the words.

12. Is there an interactive phenomenon in gesture?

Give an example. Yes, there is an interactive phenomenon in gesture: postural congruence, synchrony, sensitivity to behavioral mimicry, greater mimicry of in-group (vs outgroup and liked (vs disliked) actors, mirror neurons- fire at the sight of intentional movements mirroring the movement as if performing it.

15. What is the difference between a discrete and continous behavior?

Give examples of both. Discrete: enblems, kinsetic markers, eye contact, smile, nod, head shake, arms akimbo, leg posistion (open/closed). Continous: gesture that accompanies speech, posture sliding, forward/backward lean, body orientation, and adaptors.

4. Explain the differences between given and given off behaviors.

Given: purposeive and intentional; under control of the actor (speech, controlled facial expressions, non Duchenne smile). Given Off: not purposive or intentional; not under control of the sender (slips of the tongue, vocal cues, adaptors, leg movements, fidgeting).

5. Which are Reed's categories for fashionability? Which category is associated with highest GPAs in his study?

High fashion (latest styles), Low Fashion: (casual), Non-fashion: (out of style, old clothes), Counter-fashion: (opposite of establishment, emphasis on comfort). The category associated with highest GPAs in his study is "non fashion."

4. What is the difference between object-focused gesture and body-focused gesture?

How are they decoded?Body focused gestures (e.g. self- adaptors) = discomfort, nervousness.

10. Explain what is interactive behavior. Give an example.

Interactive Behaviors influence or modify others person's behavior producing a reliable response ( ex: gaze begets gaze in positive interactions).

14. Is gesture a true language? What about ASL and ISL?

It could be becuase the native of a true language: simplify the original material (lexicon) , organize so that the relationship among the elemts is clear (sintax), and restructure the whole for easy transmission...but it is not as clear as ASL and ISL- which is more clear cut than just gestures. ASL provides more syntax and facial expressions than ISL.

1. What does Harlow's surrogate mother's experiment suggest about touch and development?

It offers supporting evidence from the animal worls for the importance of the touch for infants . Harlow constricted a monkey mother figure out of wire that could provide milk and protection; then he constructed another one out of sponge rubber and terry cloth that did not provide milk. Becuase the infant monkeys consistently shose the terry cloth mother, Harlow concluded that contact comfort was a more important part of the mother-chil relationship for monkeys than was sustenance. So nursing was less important as a food source and more important as a source of reassuring touch.

17. Do men and women differ in their perception of commitment as a function of touch?

M and F rank similarly in low level of touch, Women rank higher in more intimate levels of touch, Women rank higher in making influences of commitment based on intimate levels of touch

11. What are the fundamental principles of nonverbal behaviors?

Most meaning is generated through nonverbal, not verbal, behaviors. When verbal and nonverbal behaviors are contradicory, people trust nonverbal. Nonverbal behaviors are harder to control and manipulate than verbal behaviors.

1. Define nonverbal communication

Nonverbal communcation is all communication that occurs by means other than words (spoken or written). Nonverbal communication is used in conjunctin with speech to generate meaning, convey information, manage interactions, regulate intimacy, exert social control and facilitate tasks.

12. In which ways do nonverbal behaviors relate to verbal behaviors?

Repeating speech (tell someone to go north and point the direction), Conflicting (I am not nervous), Complementing (showing embarassment when apologizing), Substituting Speech (slam the door), Accenting and Moderating (italicizing), Regulating (turn taking, backchannels).

4. Explain the relationship between clothing artifacts and emblems.

Some clothing artifacts like buttons, badges and tattoos are to clothes what emblems are to gesture, they can translated in words.

8. What is a code?

Some nonverbal behaviors aare organized in codes. A code includes a set of symbols (lexicon) and rules of use (syntax). Codes are transmitted and recieved through channels: visuals, auditory, olfactory, tactile and gustative.

13. What are the origins of nonverbal behavior? What does research tell us about these origins?

The origins/sources of nonverbal behavior are: innate neurological programs, species constant experiences, learning and socialization. The research from innate neurological programs tells us that there is evidence from sensory deprivation, such as; Spontaneous expressions of primary emotions are not significantly different in blind/deaf children. However the subtle gradations of expressions of expressions and/or facial blends are generally absent among the deaf/blind. This suggests that as children grow older they learn certain display rules by looking at the way others perform expressions. Evidence from infants shows us that infants faces convey information about their states, expressions of pain in newborns and infants are highly similar to those observed in adults and early ability to imitate others' expressions may be inherited and may play a role in the development of various facial expressions. Some support the idea that a biological foundation for certain patterns of interactions (sequences) observed in nonhuman primates also exsists in humans. There is evidence from nonhuman primates that show similarities linked to social and biological issues in human and nonhuman primates. Some examples are mating, grooming, avoiding pain, expressing emotional states, rearing children, cooperating in groups, developing leadership hierarchies, defending, establishing contact and maintaining relationships.

3. What are the types we have covered so far?

Use of space, clothing, time, gestures

13. Reactions to touch is function of which factors?

Variation in reactions to touch is best explained by the degree of congruence between intamacy of the touch and the intimacy of the relationship. IT depends on the configuration of the touch, the people involved, and the circumstances.

19. How does culture and motivation affect nonverbal skills?

What is considered a skill in one cultue or subculture may not work well in another.EX: Burping at the table as signal of appreciation of the meal. Attempt to control encoding and decoding of nonverbal behaviors for explicit purposes of communicating or learning something.

3. Which factors affect the coding and decoding of touch?

What part of the body is touched, What part of the other person's body is touced the self, how long the touch lasts, how much pressure is used, whether there is movement after contact has been made, whether anyone else is present, if others are present, who they are, the situation, the relationship between the perosn.

17. How does gender affect nonverbal skills?

Women decode better than men except in deception (Genetics + Socialization). The accommodation hypothesis: women are brought up to be socially accommodating so they attend to and decode best those cues that are most controlled, so as to interpret the message the sender wants to send. That's why women get decieved more often than man. Some evidence of the accomodation hypothesis.

6. What is the relationship between perception of invasion of privacy and touch by a friend and by a stranger? Is there a gender difference?

Women indicated that touch from a stranger would be the greatest invasion of privacy, whereas men felt that touch from a same-sex stranger would be the greatest invasion of privacy. Men reported they would be comfortable with touch from women strangers as they were by being touced by women friends.

11. Are nonverbal behaviors structures like a code?

Yes they are structured like a code because they must be transmitted and recieved through certain channels, and if not properly encoded/decoded they can be easily misunderstood.

6. From what you have learned so far about gesture and language do you think that is makes sense to place gesture at the origin of language? Why?

Yes, I definitely do becuase they enable listner comprehension AND speech production of the sender. Children also use gestures in conjenction with their language capacity.

12. Explain the interactive phenomenon associated with clothing.

Yes, people will alter behavior of other people based on what they dress. People wil alter their behavior as a function of what other people wear.

11. What type of gesture is most difficult to decode and why?

adaptors are the most difficult to decode interpretation is probably idiosyncratic

9. Review the relationship between speech and gesture.

body movements tend to bunch up at the beginning of phonetic clauses, there are fewer body movements during fluent phonetic clauses, there are more body movements during dysfluent clauses, gestures that occur at the beginning of clauses often carry info about the word choices.

3. What are the functions of clothing?

decoration, protection (physical & psychological) , sexual attraction & availability , self-assertion, self-denial, concealment, group identification, and status or role.

14. Are there interactive phenomena related to touch?

decreased arousal, growth and development, brain development, pain reduction, atteniveness, autistic children & add children, improved mood: adolescent psychiatric patients.

3. Which are the types of gesture? Give an example of each.

emblems- subsitute words. Illustrators- illustrate speech. Regulators-manage interaction. Adaptors- manipulation of self or an object.

9. What kind of touch appears to be most used by men in sports? And women?

males performed more hand > other body part touch (eg butt slab, head shake), females performed more hand >hand touches (eg low five, hand slap, hand pile, potato fists, glove tap, etc, females performed more intimate touch (e.g. team hug), M: touch mostly after (+) events, F: touch after both (+) and (-) game events.

8. Is there a gender and or/ age difference in relational stage and touch?

men initiate more touch in casual romantic relatinships, women initiate more touch in married relationships, in young (<20 yrs) couples, men initiate more touch, in older couples (20s, 30s, 40s) women initiate more touch and men touched rarely.

13. Define mirror neurons. Why does it make sense to hypothesize the mirror neurons play a role in behavioral mimicry, in empathy, and in vcarious learning?

mirror neurons- fire at the sight of intentional movements mirroring the movement as if performing it. brain cells that respond equally when performing vs observing some action, neurons in brains of monkeys who grabbed object vs. observed another grabbing some object, human documentation, experience of disgust vs observation of disgust, touch on upper leg vs. observation of touch to upper leg, and empathy "experience" through observation.

5. Is there a gender effect on intimate touch and ratings of pleasantness according to Nguyen and Hanzai, Segrin & Dorros? does the gender effect interact with age? Does it interact with marital status?

ngyuen et al (1975) men and women agree on what kind of touch signifies sexual desire , they differ in their perceptions of pleasentness, warmth, love, unmarried men sexual touch (+), unmarried women sexual touch (-), nguyen et al (1976) the relationship btw sexual touch and perceptions of pleasantness, warmth, love,- married men (increased less than married women), married women (+). Men and women responded differently in a questionnaire study regarding people from whom touching would be considered the greatest invaion of privacy. However both men and women agreed that the most pleasant type of touc was stroking in sexual areas by an oppisite-sex friend.pattern holds even after statistically controlling for age

12. Which are rules that emerges from studies of touch from family members?

rate appropriateness of diff parent-child touches (e.g. sit on lap, quick kiss on lips, give child a bath), very clear norms engaged, higher approval for mother vs. father for lap-sitting, kiss and bathing, mother are judged to have more freedom to touch their kids

2. What findings have motivated the study of gesture?

speculation about the origins of languagel, and in particualr (Hewes' 1973, 1976) argument in favor of gestural origin of language. & the discovery that chimpanzees can be taught at least some aspects of sign language.