NREM 3013 midterm

1. Tropical rain forests are characterized by A. Distinct wet and dry periods B. Consistently warm temperatures throughout the year C. Frequent fires because of the dry season D. All of the above E. Only A and C

Consistently warm temperatures throughout the year

1. The difference between a community and ecosystem is best characterized by which of the following statements? A. More species (trophic levels) are included in an ecosystem than a community B. Ecosystems include the study of abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) components while communities only focus on the biotic portion. C. Ecosystems focus only on the abiotic (living) component while communities focus on the biotic (non-living) D. A Community in ecology typically includes humans E. All of the above

Ecosystems include the study of abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) components while communities only focus on the biotic portion.

Corridors provide connectivity that is critical for lesser prairie chickens. A. True B. False

False

1. Which of the following is not a desert formation in North America? A. Mojave B. Guadalajara C. Chihuahua D. Sonora E. Great Basin

Guadalajara

Eastern Redcedar a. Is only dispersed by livestock b. Is less tolerant of disturbances than mesquite because it doesn't resprout c. Fixes nitrogen which makes them more invasive d. Has high seed germination

Is less tolerant of disturbances than mesquite because it doesn't resprout

When two species exist in a stable environment a. They will always compete b. Niche overlap will lead to niche differentiation and will reduce competition c. they will require the same resources d. resources always become limited

Niche overlap will lead to niche differentiation and will reduce competition

Which of the following are dominant processes that explain the effect of grazing on species composition? a. Differential utilization of plants b. Differential grazing tolerance of plants c. Mutualism among grazing animal and plant d. All of the above e. Only first and second answers are correct

Only first and second answers are correct

Which of the following is true about dispersal in the context of populations? a.Populations are less dependent on dispersal when landscapes are fragmented b. Populations are always widely distributed because they are broadly adapted to a range of environmental conditions c. Populations are always limited in distribution because they are sensitive to subtle changes in environmental conditions d. Populations are distributed in three dimensional space in ways that reflect life requirements e. all of the above

Populations are distributed in three dimensional space in ways that reflect life requirements

1. Similar sized patches can vary greatly in the edge to interior habitat available and it is at least partially dependent on shape. A. True B. False

True

Which of the following represents the type of survivorship curve associated with high initial mortality. Type I Type II Type III Type IV

Type III

1. Which best describes the biotic portion of ecosystems? A. A community B. A population C. A biophilia D. The physical portion E. None of the above

a community

Adaptation is different from acclimation in that: a. Adaptations are heritable b. Acclimating to conditions is permanent c. Adaptations are typically plastic and temporary

adaptations are heritable

What is another term for woody plant encroachment into grasslands? a. Afforestation b. Reforestation c. Deforestation d. Desertification

afforestation

1. Good science A. Is a method of critical evaluation B. Requires publications written by journalist C. Requires replication, randomization and controls D. All of the above E. A and C only.

all of the above

1. Heterogeneity can be described as: A. Spatial B. Temporal C. Dependent on scale D. All of the above E. Only A and B

all of the above

1. Patch burn grazing or heterogeneity-based range management is capable of A. Simultaneously maintaining livestock production and biodiversity on rangelands B. Providing very short and heavily grazed conditions for wildlife species that require that C. Provide very tall and ungrazed conditions for wildlife species that require that D. All of the above E. Only A and C

all of the above

Inter-specific competition a. causes mutually adverse effects to organisms b. requires a common resource in limited supply c. is competition between individuals of different species d. can trigger self-thinning e. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following factors contributes to the distribution of deserts? A. Mountain ranges B. Uneven distribution of energy across the earth's surface C. Descending dry air D. Tend to be located at approximately 30 degrees' latitude E. All of the above

all of the above

Which of the following statements are most correct about grassland birds? a. Some species increase with grazing b. Some species decrease with grazing c. The most diverse communities would require heterogeneity d. both A and B are correct e. all of the above

all of the above

Why are there more than one species in a community? a. the existence of one organism in an area changes the environment making it more suitable for other species. b. Most environments contain within them gradients of available resources. c. Plant communities are usually variable in space and time with species interacting. d. All of the above

all of the above

Species diversity is important because a. diversity can contribute to ecosystem stability (Resilience) b. moderate disturbance reduces diversity c. biological diversity is equivalent to the number of species in an area

diversity can contribute to ecosystem stability (Resilience)

1. Ecology can be defined as the study of relationships between organisms and the _____________. A. Spatial scales B. Hierarchy C. Heterogeneity D. Environment E. Processes

environment

1. A climate diagram is informative of about a local climate but would be more useful if it showed monthly precipitation because annual averages do not mean anything. A. True B. False

false

1. A landscape is an homogeneous land area where ecosystems that are distributed throughout do not interact. A. True B. False

false

1. Community ecology focuses on heterogeneous units while Landscape ecology attempts to identify homogeneous units. A. True B. False

false

1. Ecology is the science specifically focused on describing and understanding ecosystems that are undisturbed by humans. A. True B. False

false

1. Pyric Herbivory is the integration of herbaceous plants into the concept of ecosystems. A. True B. False

false

1. The amount of energy reaching a square mile on the surface of the earth is the same at all a latitudes. A. True B. False

false

Animals in rangelands tend to seek out areas with less woody cover during hotter temperatures. True or False

false

Bison is an example of an r-selected species. True or False

false

Realized niches and fundamental niches are similar except realized niches are based on conditions that do not include other species. True or False

false

Generally, the intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicts that species diversity is highest in a community with a. No goats b. predation c. high disturbance intensity and frequency d. no disturbance e. intermediate disturbance intensity and frequency

intermediate disturbance intensity and frequency

Which of the following is true about Intra-specific competition ? a. Occurs between different species b. Is beneficial to both individuals c. Is beneficial to one individual but has a negative effect on the other d. Is negative to both individuals involved

is negative to both individuals

Which of the following is NOT a trait of an r-selected species a. Adapted to unpredictable climate b. Low reproductive rate c. Fast growth rate d. Shorter life span

low reproductive rate

What does it mean for a rank-abundance curve to have a steep slope (less flat) and shorter? a. higher species evenness and higher species richness b. lower species evenness and lower species richness c. lower species evenness and higher species richness

lower species evenness and lower species richness

Which interaction results in a benefit to both partners? a.Evenness b. Mutualism c. Competition d. Parasitism

mutualism

Which of the following is NOT an exploitation interaction? a. Mutualism b. Parasitism c. Herbivory d. Predation

mutualism

1. In the example given in class-- A rancher invests in cross fencing to make more pastures so that he can rotate his cattle on native rangeland (a frequent suggestion promoted by many fence salesmen). He says that his cattle did better for two years during rotation.—Which of the following best describes the example A. This is an application of a scientifically supported theory B. This is science C. This is replicated D. Peer-review is not needed for this to be science because of experience level of land owners E. None of the above

none of the above

1. The most extensive and connected landscape element is referred to as A. Patches B. Corridors C. Network D. Environmental resource E. None of the above

none of the above

1. Which of the following is not required for good science? A. Randomization B. Replication C. Control D. Peer review E. None of the above

none of the above

Conditions are different from resources in that: a. Conditions can be consumed by organisms and can become limited. b. Resources are factors such as temperature and salinity c. Water availability is described as an important condition for organisms d. All of the above e. None of the above

none of the above

Which of the following always occur when species coexist a. They compete b. They are mutualistic c. They have an exploitation interaction d. All of the above e. None of the above

none of the above

Which of the following is NOT an interaction that occurs in communities a. Herbivory b. Mutualism c. Competition d. Parasitism e. None of the above

none of the above

Ecological diversity a. occurs across all levels of organization b. is analogous to eveness within a community c. is analogous to the number of species within the community d. is analogous to reporting the composition of a community

occurs across all levels of organization

According to data presented in class, controlling native forbs (often described as weeds) on rangelands a. Relieves intense competition between weeds and grass b. usually results in higher economic gain for the land manager c. is critical for livestock production because of high levels of competition d. often does not result in significant increased livestock gain

often does not result in significant increased livestock gain

1. Which of the following is NOT a stage of the development of Natural Resources as a discipline as they were presented in class? A. Utilitarianism B. Parliamentary C. Protectionism D. Conservation of process E. None of the above

parliamentary

1. Which of the following are best associated with the concept of Ecosystems ? A. they are larger than 100 acres. B. They include all types of land in Oklahoma except cropland C. They include living and non-living components D. The concept does not include urban areas E. None of the above

they include living and non-living components

Which cover type generally has cooler microclimates in Oklahoma rangelands? a. Trees b. Grass c. Bare Ground d. All the Above

trees

1. The backdraft effect suggests that the more evidence you provide the less likely you are to be able to change someone's mind. A. True B. False

true

A population is a group of individuals of a species inhabiting a specific area a. True b. False

true

Good forages promoted for introduction to pasture settings are characterized by the same traits as good weeds. True or False

true

Limited space use can lead to higher mortality in Northern Bobwhite. True or False

true

Population density is the number of individuals per unit area. True or False

true

Population next year is equal to "Population this year + births-deaths + immigration - emigration" True or False

true

Understanding the increase in brush species throughout the world is best explained by species traits and changes in the environment True or False

true

In which of the following examples would competition potentially be the greatest? a. a cow and a deer b. a goat and a deer c. an emu and a goat d. a horse and a bison e. two cows

two cows

1. Which of the following is the general cause of rain? A. Wind moving in the atmosphere B. Warm moist air rising and cooling C. Cool air descending and warming D. High wind speeds that reduce humidity E. All of the above

warm moist air rising and cooling