NSCI midterm 2

H: The psychedelic with the shortest duration of action is LSD. psilocybin. mescaline. DMT.

DMT.

DAA3: Which of the following does not fit with the addiction-related neuroadaptations proposed by Koob and LeMoal? As drug users become dependent, less dopamine is released in the nucleus accumbens. Early recreational drug use is accompanied by increased dopamine and opioid activity. Increased norepinephrine and CRF play a role in recreational drug use. CRF levels in the amygdala increase as drug users become dependent.

Increased norepinephrine and CRF play a role in recreational drug use.

DAA1: Which drug is not found in nature? Nicotine THC LSD Cocaine

LSD

N: Which of the following is not a symptom of the nicotine abstinence syndrome? Weight loss Insomnia Trouble concentrating Restlessness

Weight loss

DAA1: Two primary features of the contemporary idea of addiction are _______ and _______. craving; substance abuse physical dependence; relapse craving; relapse withdrawal; relapse

craving; relapse

S: Cocaine _______ and _______ in the dorsal striatum can be produced in cocaine-dependent individuals by exposure to videos of cocaine-related cues. "high"; increased D1 receptor binding tolerance; release of glutamate craving; release of dopamine relapse; increased D1 receptor binding

craving; release of dopamine

A1: Which of the following does not modify the concentration of alcohol in the blood? The presence of food in the stomach The dose of alcohol consumed Gender differences in metabolism A cold shower

A cold shower

A1: Which of the following best represents the enzymatic steps involved in alcohol metabolism? Alcohol → alcohol dehydrogenase → acetaldehyde → acetaldehyde dehydrogenase → acetic acid Alcohol → alcohol dehydrogenase → acetic acid → acetaldehyde dehydrogenase → acetaldehyde Alcohol → acetaldehyde dehydrogenase → acetaldehyde → alcohol dehydrogenase → acetic acid Alcohol → acetaldehyde dehydrogenase → acetic acid → alcohol dehydrogenase → acetaldehyde

Alcohol → alcohol dehydrogenase → acetaldehyde → acetaldehyde dehydrogenase → acetic acid

MC: Which of the following is not among the discoveries showing that cannabinoids are reinforcing? Regular marijuana users choose THC-containing cigarettes over placebo cigarettes with no THC. THC taken orally is preferred over a placebo capsule with no THC. Users reliably choose higher THC content cigarettes over those with a lower THC content. All animals tested reliably self-administer high doses of THC.

All animals tested reliably self-administer high doses of THC.

N: Which statement about the metabolism of nicotine is false? It yields the principal metabolite cotinine. All of the nicotine from a cigarette is metabolized in two hours. The liver enzyme CYP2A6 is involved. Inefficient metabolizers may be less likely to become cigarette smokers.

All of the nicotine from a cigarette is metabolized in two hours.

MC: Which of the following is not a form of marijuana or cannabis derivative? Hashish Sinsemilla Hash oil Anandamide

Anandamide

DAA2: Which statement about drug self-administration procedures is false? They rely on positive reinforcement produced by the substance being investigated. The typical dose-response function is an inverted U-shaped curve. Antidepressants and antipsychotics are readily self-administered by animals. In general, the reinforcing properties of an addictive drug increase as the dose is increased, within a certain range.

Antidepressants and antipsychotics are readily self-administered by animals.

MC: The reinforcing effects of THC are dependent on _______, and involve _______. CB2 receptors; decreased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens μ-opioid receptors; decreased endocannabinoid release in the nucleus accumbens CB1 receptors; increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens κ-opioid receptors; increased glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex

CB1 receptors; increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens

A2: In animal models, blockade of _______ reduces stress-induced relapse and withdrawal-induced alcohol consumption, but this approach hasn't worked in humans because _______. opioid receptors; people just won't take the medication NK1R; humans don't possess this receptor type CRF1 receptors; these antagonists don't cross the blood-brain barrier glutamate receptors; stress is not a major factor in human alcohol consumption

CRF1 receptors; these antagonists don't cross the blood-brain barrier

S: Which statement concerning the receptor subtypes involved in psychostimulant effects is true? The locomotor-stimulating effects of cocaine involve the D5 receptor. D2 receptors are required for cocaine self-administration. Pimozide, a D2 receptor blocker, completely eliminates amphetamine-induced euphoria. D1 receptor knockout mice are insensitive to both the locomotor stimulating and reinforcing effects of cocaine.

D1 receptor knockout mice are insensitive to both the locomotor stimulating and reinforcing effects of cocaine.

O: _______ is the natural ligand for the δ-receptor. Dynorphin Nociceptin/orphanin FQ Endorphin Enkephalin

Enkephalin

DAA3: Which of the following best represents the involvement of epigenetics in the progression to addiction? Environmental stimuli → acute drug exposure → repeated drug exposure/addiction → modified gene expression → epigenetic changes Environmental stimuli → acute drug exposure → epigenetic changes → modified gene expression → repeated drug exposure/addiction Environmental stimuli → modified gene expression → acute drug exposure → repeated drug exposure/addiction → epigenetic changes Acute drug exposure → environmental stimuli → modified gene expression → epigenetic changes → repeated drug exposure/addiction

Environmental stimuli → acute drug exposure → epigenetic changes → modified gene expression → repeated drug exposure/addiction

DAA1: In N.C. marijuana is legalized for recreational use. True False

False

O: A model of the neurobiology of opiate reinforcement suggests that opiates produce their effects by inhibiting _______ neurons. dopamine GABA dynorphin β-endorphin

GABA

A2: Changes in which two neurotransmitter systems are most likely involved in the hyperexcitability seen during withdrawal from chronic alcohol? GABA and glutamate GABA and dopamine Dopamine and glutamate The opioids and dopamine

GABA and glutamate

A2: Which of the following is not seen during alcohol withdrawal? Decrease in dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens Increase in the amount of current needed for intracranial brain stimulation Increase in glutamate release Increase in chloride flux through GABAA receptors

Increase in chloride flux through GABAA receptors

O: Which of the following is not a reason why methadone is an effective treatment for opiate drug abuse? It is a long-lasting drug, producing stable blood levels throughout the day. It is cross-tolerant with abused opiates, so it can reduce the effects of morphine and heroin with repeated use. It produces no euphoria or craving when administered orally in clinics. It has no reinforcing effect, even if administered intravenously.

It has no reinforcing effect, even if administered intravenously.

MC: Which statement regarding the most prevalent CNS cannabinoid receptor is false? It was discovered in 1988 by two independent groups of researchers. It is an ionotropic receptor, currently designated CB1. It plays a role in locomotor activity, coordination, and memory. It is expressed in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, and cortex.

It is an ionotropic receptor, currently designated CB1.

MC: Inhibition of _______ is not a possible effect of cannabinoids on the CB1 receptor. cAMP formation voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels the release of GABA K+ channel opening

K+ channel opening

A1: _______ tolerance to alcohol results from a(n) _______ of liver enzymes. Metabolic; reduction Pharmacodynamic; reduction Metabolic; induction Acute; induction

Metabolic; induction

MC: Which of the following is not an adverse reaction to marijuana? Anxiety or panic, especially in first time users Feelings of paranoia, with high doses Nausea and gastrointestinal upset Depression or dysphoria

Nausea and gastrointestinal upset

DAA1: Which of the following is not necessarily a part of the cycle of pathological drug use that can lead to addiction? Preoccupation with drug and anticipation of use Periods of intoxication and/or bingeing on the drug Periods of relatively prolonged abstinence from the drug Periods of withdrawal and negative affect

Periods of relatively prolonged abstinence from the drug

A2: _______ can be used to assess genetic differences between animals that differ in some alcohol-related behavior, while _______ are used to determine the role of a particular protein in alcohol's effects. Selectively bred lines; knockout animals Knockout animals; genetic screens Selectively bred lines; genetic screens Genetic screens; selectively bred lines

Selectively bred lines; knockout animals

H: What experiences characterize the onset of the LSD "trip"? Feelings of depersonalization Synesthesia Sensations of colors and geometric shapes Suspension of time sense

Sensations of colors and geometric shapes

N: What is the fastest way to administer nicotine to the brain? Intravenous route (IV) Snorting Smoking IV and smoking are equally fast

Smoking

N: Various models argue that smoking provides certain advantages to the smoker. Which of the following is not an example of such proposed advantage? Smoking allows the smoker greater mood control, specifically by controlling nicotine delivery. Smoking provides increased concentration for the smoker. Smoking allows the smoker a time of increased energy and activity. Smoking reduces the irritability and stress that occurs between cigarettes.

Smoking allows the smoker a time of increased energy and activity.

H: Why is it not possible to predict whether a user of hallucinogens will have a "good trip" or a "bad trip"? The drug effects depend very much on the user's expectations and past experiences with hallucinogens. The hallucinogens as a class are very unpredictable and unstable molecules in their effects on the human nervous system. The hallucinogens have received virtually no clinical study in humans due to the heavy government restrictions on their use. The physiological side effects of the hallucinogens are so dramatic that they make the "good" and "bad" effects difficult to sort out.

The drug effects depend very much on the user's expectations and past experiences with hallucinogens.

O: What do we know about the structure of the opiate receptors from receptor cloning studies? Each receptor has between 650 and 700 amino acids. The receptors appear to be metabotropic. Each receptor has twelve transmembrane proteins. Each receptor will bind to the same ligands in the same way.

The receptors appear to be metabotropic.

DAA1: The DSM-5 groups ten designated classes of drugs into a group called "substance-related disorders". What is the rationale for this grouping? Although these drugs all have very different circuitry, they also share abuse potential. These drugs all share the ability to activate the neural circuitry that mediates "reward". These drugs all can produce a strong physical dependence and withdrawal. Studies have shown that addiction to these drugs is always fatal.

These drugs all share the ability to activate the neural circuitry that mediates "reward".

O: Which statement about pure opiate antagonists is false? They include drugs like naloxone and nalorphine. They are important in understanding the action of opiate analgesics. They can reverse the effects of an opiate overdose in approximately two hours. They have structures similar to opiates but produce no activity at the receptor.

They can reverse the effects of an opiate overdose in approximately two hours.

O: Which statement about the effects of opiates on synaptic transmission is false? They act on receptors that are coupled to G proteins that open potassium channels, close calcium channels, and inhibit adenylyl cyclase. They affect presynaptic autoreceptors and reduce the amount of transmitter released. They cause postsynaptic depolarization by opening potassium channels. They cause less transmitter to be released via axoaxonic inhibition.

They cause postsynaptic depolarization by opening potassium channels.

H: Which of the following is not a characteristic that all hallucinogenic drugs have in common? They are sometimes taken for spiritual and mystical experiences. They can cause cognitive distortions. They produce novel perceptual experiences. They produce a state of delirium.

They produce a state of delirium.

H: Which statement about flashbacks is false? Scientists do not yet understand the neural mechanism responsible for them. They very commonly develop into a more serious and chronic condition called HPPD. They occasionally occur following marijuana use. They can appear a long time after the drug use during which the hallucinations first occurred.

They very commonly develop into a more serious and chronic condition called HPPD.

S: In which situation has amphetamine not been used medically and/or legally? Medication in early inhalers Means of staying awake on duty, by military personnel Treatment for ADHD Treatment of insomnia

Treatment of insomnia

S: Which of the following is a sympathomimetic effect of cocaine? Vasoconstriction Decreased heart rate Hypothermia Hypotension

Vasoconstriction

A1: During _______ an individual may behave quite normally but will have total amnesia for the events that occurred. delirium tremens a blackout a hangover Wernicke−Korsakoff syndrome

a blackout

A1: The memory disturbances seen in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome include a loss of memory for events in the distant past. total amnesia. a loss of short-term, immediate memory with retention of distant memories. little actual memory impairment.

a loss of short-term, immediate memory with retention of distant memories.

DAA2: In general, the _______ is positively correlated with _______. ability of a substance to cause relapse; its duration of action addiction potential of a substance; its speed of onset duration of action of a substance; its speed of onset speed of onset of a substance; its ability to cause relapse

addiction potential of a substance; its speed of onset

DAA2: According to the self-medication hypothesis, individuals suffering from anxiety should prefer _______, and those suffering from depression should prefer _______. cocaine; alcohol cocaine; heroin alcohol; cocaine alcohol; heroin

alcohol; cocaine

O: The opioid propeptides are made in the terminal button and cleaved by enzymes into the opiate peptides. are processed by proteases into both opiate and non-opioid peptides. are referred to as the "enkephalins." include the endorphins and the endomorphins.

are processed by proteases into both opiate and non-opioid peptides.

A2: Disulfiram makes consumption of alcohol unpleasant because it blocks the conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde. blocks the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid. blocks μ-opioid receptors. acts as a partial agonist at NMDA receptors.

blocks the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid.

DAA2: In a progressive-ratio procedure, the response requirement at which an animal stops responding for drug is called the _______ point. saturation breaking quitting intoxication

breaking

N: Nicotinic receptors are metabotropic receptors that bind acetylcholine. consist of three subunits: α, β, and γ. are constructed of subunits that form a potassium channel in the cell membrane. can become silenced by desensitization with continued stimulation.

can become silenced by desensitization with continued stimulation.

S: Repeated exposure to cocaine and other psychostimulants can cause behavioral tolerance but not sensitization. can cause behavioral sensitization but not tolerance. can cause either behavioral tolerance or sensitization, depending on the pattern of exposure. causes neither behavioral tolerance nor sensitization.

can cause either behavioral tolerance or sensitization, depending on the pattern of exposure.

DAA3: The proposed reward circuit involved in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs incorporates many neuroanatomical structures but does not include the amygdala. cerebellum. nucleus accumbens. ventral pallidum.

cerebellum.

H: EEG studies have indicated that hallucinogenic drugs can cause an alteration in rhythmic oscillations in pyramidal cells located in the cerebral cortex. cerebellum. amygdala. locus coeruleus.

cerebral cortex.

DAA3: Dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is essential for drug reward in the case of _______ but not in the case of _______. cocaine; heroin heroin; alcohol amphetamine; cocaine alcohol; heroin

cocaine; heroin

DAA2: In general, drugs of abuse _______ the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation. decrease increase do not affect first increase, then decrease

decrease

DAA2: The increase in threshold for electrical self-stimulation of the brain produced by withdrawal from chronic treatment with drugs of abuse is generally interpreted to indicate a(n) state of intoxication. increase in sensitivity of the reward circuit. state of craving. decrease in sensitivity of the reward circuit.

decrease in sensitivity of the reward circuit.

A1: An intense withdrawal syndrome after long-term heavy drinking that includes irritability, convulsions, and hallucinations would be considered delirium tremens. a hangover. psychosis. physical dependence.

delirium tremens.

MC: Animal studies of the rewarding effects of cannabinoids have found that THC is aversive to all species tested. shown that animals will self-administer the synthetic drugs WIN 55,212-2 and SR 141716A. demonstrated the importance of using low THC doses and pre-exposure to the drug. found reinforcing effects of THC in the place conditioning task but not the self-administration paradigm.

demonstrated the importance of using low THC doses and pre-exposure to the drug.

N: Nicotine self-administration depends on the dopamine pathway to the nucleus accumbens for its reinforcing effects. is equal to amphetamine or cocaine self-administration in intensity. occurs at higher doses in adults than adolescents, according to animal studies. depends on the α4 subunit of the nicotinic receptor.

depends on the dopamine pathway to the nucleus accumbens for its reinforcing effects.

DAA3: The _______ model of addiction is based on the idea that brain dysfunction occurs as a result of repeated drug exposure. opponent-process susceptibility moral disease

disease

DAA3: The concept of incentive-sensitization distinguishes between _______ and _______. drug seeking; drug taking drug liking; drug wanting drug liking; drug taking craving; drug seeking

drug liking; drug wanting

DAA3: According to the incentive sensitization theory of addiction, as a person develops a drug addiction, the user experiences an increase in _______, with no change or even a decrease in _______. drug liking; drug wanting drug wanting; drug liking drug reward; drug craving positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

drug wanting; drug liking

A2: Alcohol and benzodiazepines most likely show cross-tolerance and cross-dependence because they both _______ the effects of _______ at _______ receptors. decrease; glutamate; NMDA enhance; glutamate; NMDA decrease; GABA; GABAA enhance; GABA; GABAA

enhance; GABA; GABAA

S: Chronic methamphetamine use has been associated with all of the following except psychosis and flashbacks. enhanced cognition. increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. premature aging

enhanced cognition.

A2: After withdrawal from chronic alcohol use, an increase in _______ is correlated with an increase in behavioral signs of _______. glutamate release; intoxication glutamate release; withdrawal hyperexcitability receptor inhibition; intoxication receptor inhibition; withdrawal hyperexcitability

glutamate release; withdrawal hyperexcitability

DAA3: In addition to important changes in the dopamine system, _______ from the _______ appears to be involved in the transition to habitual, compulsive drug-seeking in animal models. serotonin; prefrontal cortex serotonin; nucleus accumbens glutamate; prefrontal cortex glutamate; amygdala

glutamate; prefrontal cortex

DAA2: According to the Schedule of Controlled Substances, substances considered Schedule II include compounds that have medicinal value and no abuse potential have high abuse potential with severe dependence liability. have no accepted medical use in the United States and have high abuse potential. include compounds containing limited quantities of certain narcotics or nonnarcotic drugs.

have high abuse potential with severe dependence liability.

O: All of the following are naturally occurring opiates except thebaine. codeine. morphine. heroin.

heroin.

A2: Alcohol increases synaptic levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by blocking the reuptake of dopamine by transporters. increasing the firing rate of cells in the VTA. inhibiting the metabolism of dopamine in the synaptic cleft. decreasing action of autoreceptors which normally decrease release.

increasing the firing rate of cells in the VTA.

MC: Endocannabinoids contribute to retrograde signaling in the hippocampus by blocking the reuptake transporters. blocking CB1 autoreceptors on the presynaptic terminals. inhibiting Ca2+-mediated GABA release. activating the CB1 receptors and increasing GABA release.

inhibiting Ca2+-mediated GABA release.

H: Ayahuasca is a snuff made from South American plants that contains ergot. is a preparation that contains AMT and 5-MeO-DMT. means "food for the gods" and comes from the peyote cactus. is a drink that contains DMT and β-carbolines.

is a drink that contains DMT and β-carbolines.

N: The nicotine abstinence syndrome can be treated with the drug mecamylamine. results in increased locomotor activity in animals. is characterized by a decreased ability to experience rewarding stimuli. involves reduced dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.

is characterized by a decreased ability to experience rewarding stimuli.

N: Nicotine replacement therapy was first approved as a transdermal patch. should not be used in combination (e.g., inhaler plus patch). can be achieved by using mecamylamine. is generally very easy to use and in most cases allows for flexible, rapid dosing.

is generally very easy to use and in most cases allows for flexible, rapid dosing.

DAA3: The transcription factor ΔFosB is rapidly induced after administration of many drugs of abuse. accumulates in cells of the amygdala. up-regulates expression of all genes it affects. exhibits tolerance with repeated drug exposures.

is rapidly induced after administration of many drugs of abuse.

MC: To study the role of the endogenous cannabinoids, scientists have used mice genetically engineered to _______ and _______. lack these compounds; drugs that block CB1 receptors lack CB1 and CB2 receptors; drugs that block CB1 receptors overexpress CB1 receptors; drugs that prevent metabolism of these compounds overexpress these compounds; drugs that enhance synthesis of these compounds

lack CB1 and CB2 receptors; drugs that block CB1 receptors

A2: In Schuckit's study, a greater risk of developing alcoholism was seen in young men who experienced _______ subjective "high" and had a _______ sway score after consuming alcohol. a greater; lower a greater; higher less of a; higher less of a; lower

less of a; lower

DAA1: In the United States, the most commonly used illicit drug is marijuana. heroin. cocaine. oxycontin.

marijuana

DAA1: In 2020, despite a reduction in availability due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ______________ and _____________ use held at stable levels in adolescents. marijuana; alcohol marijuana; nicotine vaping nicotine vaping; alcohol No answer text provided.

marijuana; alcohol

A1: Tolerance to alcohol includes metabolic but not pharmacodynamic tolerance. pharmacodynamic but not behavioral tolerance. metabolic and pharmacodynamic tolerance. neither metabolic nor pharmacodynamic tolerance.

metabolic and pharmacodynamic tolerance.

S: Cocaine acts in the nervous system by blocking _______ and _______ channels. monoamine transporters; voltage-gated potassium monoamine release; voltage-gated calcium monoamine transporters; voltage-gated sodium monoamine synthesis; voltage-gated calcium

monoamine transporters; voltage-gated sodium

A2: In general, the cellular effects of chronic alcohol on various neurotransmitter systems are _______ the effects of acute alcohol administration. the same as opposite to double many times greater than

opposite to

H: Most hallucinogens resemble either _______ or _______ in their chemical structure. phenethylamines; indoleamines indoleamines; carbolines carbolines; phenethylamines phenethylamines; acetylcholine

phenethylamines; indoleamines

DAA1: Because of early theories equating addiction with _______, the drug _______ was not thought to be an addictive substance. euphoria; cocaine physical dependence; cocaine physical dependence; morphine euphoria; morphine

physical dependence; cocaine

DAA2: The relative strength of drug reinforcement can be measured using a _______ schedule of drug self-administration. fixed-ratio variable-ratio progressive-ratio progressive-interval

progressive-ratio

MC: The amount of active ingredient absorbed during marijuana smoking depends on all of the following except for the amount of plant material used. potency of the plant material used. psychological state of the user. volume of each "puff" or inhalation

psychological state of the user.

S: Amphetamine and methamphetamine affect synaptic transmission by increasing catecholamine reuptake. increasing metabolism by MAO. releasing dopamine from vesicles into the cytoplasm and from the cytoplasm into the extracellular fluid. shutting down the dopamine transporter and releasing dopamine back into the cytoplasm.

releasing dopamine from vesicles into the cytoplasm and from the cytoplasm into the extracellular fluid.

S: Amphetamine and related psychostimulants in the amphetamine-like family are drugs of abuse with no therapeutic value. resemble the neurotransmitter DA in their chemical structure. are all synthetic. are drugs of the twentieth century, having no use prior to 1900.

resemble the neurotransmitter DA in their chemical structure.

S: Amphetamines increase catecholamine release in part by increasing calcium influx. reversing the transporter. increasing the firing rate of catecholamine neurons. decreasing autoreceptor function.

reversing the transporter.

O: Both "early" and "late" pain activate the primary somatosensory cortex. anterior cingulate cortex. amygdala. secondary somatosensory cortex.

secondary somatosensory cortex.

DAA2: Suppose Robert is trying to stop drinking alcohol, but his anxiety levels increase dramatically when he stops. If he increases his alcohol consumption to cope with this anxiety, his behavior could most readily be explained by the self-medication hypothesis. conclusion that his anxiety and his alcohol problem come from some shared factors. conclusion that one or more of his family members must also have an alcohol problem. conclusion that he must be under a great deal of stress.

self-medication hypothesis.

N: Studies of the behavioral and physiological effects of nicotine show that nicotine has a relaxing and calming effect in both smokers and nonsmokers. indicate that nicotine decreases reaction time in a visual information processing task in smokers but not in individuals who have never smoked. show that nicotine decreases errors of omission and increases attention in nonsmokers. suggest that the effects observed can be completely attributed to reversal of withdrawal symptoms in smokers asked to abstain for the duration of the study.

show that nicotine decreases errors of omission and increases attention in nonsmokers.

A1: Eating while drinking alcohol _______ alcohol absorption by _______ gastric emptying. increases; slowing down speeds up; increasing slows down; slowing down reduces; increasing

slows down; slowing down

A1: During fermentation, yeast converts each _______ molecule into two molecules of _______ and two molecules of carbon dioxide. sugar; alcohol fat; alcohol alcohol; sugar sugar; fat

sugar; alcohol

H: Research on the synaptic effects of LSD and psilocybin has shown all of the following except that it binds with high affinity to eight different receptor subtypes. that the 5-HT2A receptor appears to play a crucial role in drug-induced hallucinations. that D2 dopamine receptors are responsible for the behavioral effects of LSD in animal models. that the intensity of psilocybin's subjective effects is positively correlated with 5-HT2A receptor occupancy.

that D2 dopamine receptors are responsible for the behavioral effects of LSD in animal models.

DAA1: The Controlled Substances Act (in 1970) created _______ and established _______ of controlled substances. One highly addictive substance not covered by this legislation is _______. a prohibition law; penalties for possession; nicotine the Drug Enforcement Agency; penalties for possession; alcohol a tax on narcotics and marijuana; five schedules; nicotine the Drug Enforcement Agency; five schedules; alcohol

the Drug Enforcement Agency; five schedules; alcohol

DAA3: According to the opponent-process model of addiction, drug dependence causes _______ to be shifted downward, through a process of _______. the hedonic set-point; sensitization the hedonic set-point; allostasis allostasis; tolerance allosatsis; sensitization

the hedonic set-point; allostasis

DAA1: The development of _______ in the mid-1800s contributed to the development of opiate addiction during the Civil War. codeine cough syrup Vin Mariani (wine fortified with cocaine) the hypodermic syringe the temperance movement

the hypodermic syringe

A1: Fatalities from acute alcohol ingestion occur because of cardiac arrhythmias leading to heart failure. the respiratory centers in the brain stem shut down. the heart becomes too sedated and stops beating. that much alcohol causes brain death.

the respiratory centers in the brain stem shut down.

O: The effects of analgesics on pain are difficult to study because it is impossible to obtain subjective reports of pain. the results depend on the specific technique being used to produce pain. ethical guidelines prohibit the application of painful stimuli to animals. humans refuse to participate in the research.

the results depend on the specific technique being used to produce pain.

N: When smokers are given cigarettes lower in nicotine and tar, they reduce their intake slightly. there is no change in smoking behavior. there is a marked decrease in their smoking behavior. they smoke more.

they smoke more.

H: Researchers have considered LSD as a possible tool for all of the following research approaches or treatment programs except as a model for schizophrenia. psycholytic therapy. psychedelic therapy. treatment of anxiety disorders.

treatment of anxiety disorders.

DAA2: Through classical conditioning, environmental stimuli associated with _______ can cause relapse via _______. withdrawal states; conditioned withdrawal and craving drug use; conditioned responding and physical dependence physical dependence; unconditioned responding and craving abstinence; unconditioned withdrawal

withdrawal states; conditioned withdrawal and craving