NTR midterm (Ch1-7)

During energy surplus (i.e., positive energy balance), metabolism favors storage of glucose from carbohydrates ; but, during energy deficits (i.e., negative energy balance), metabolism favors breakdown of triglycerides from adipose tissue

- storage of triglycerides in adipose tissue - breakdown of triglycerides from adipose tissue

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that <10% of total daily fat intake should be saturated fat to prevent cardiovascular disease. Since this recommendation was developed from scientific evidence, what is the order of steps needed to make that recommendation?

1. Develop a question that asks "Does the overconsumption of saturated fat cause cardiovascular disease?" 2. Make a hypothesis that diets containing >10% of saturated fat lead to increased cardiovascular disease risks compared to diets containing <10% of daily fat as saturated fat. 3. Search for and identify observational and experimental studies that compare diets containing different amounts of saturated fat on cardiovascular disease risks (such as high blood pressure, heart attacks, etc.) 4. Analyze and interpret the data collected from many observational and experimental studies to make conclusions to address the research question.

Jesse is a very active 36-year-old male, weighing about 198 pounds (90 kg) at 6' tall. He typically consumes about 2400 kcalories per day without dietary restrictions. He likes to lift weights three times per week with the goal to gain lean mass and strength. He would also like to prevent unhealthy weight gain and promote weight management. To prevent protein deficiency, Jesse should consume ___ grams of protein per day. However, to achieve his strength and health goals, Jesse should consume up to __ grams of protein per day to optimize his protein intake. This optimal protein intake would be approximately 40% of his daily intake as protein and is Outside the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein.

72 grams, 144grams, 24%, within

In general, which macronutrient's primary role is for growth and maintenance?

PROTEIN

The ultimate goal of energy metabolism is to break energy-yielding nutrients into what compound?

ATP (energy)

What is an appropriate statement to tell Penny regarding her 'keto diet'? Penny tells her friends that her 'keto diet' causes the body to burn only fat. What is an appropriate response to this statement? 3. Penny lost 5 lbs in the first 2 days of her "keto diet." To what can Penny's rapid weight loss likely be attributed?

Adequate carbohydrate intake is essential for health and well-being 2. With a low-carbohydrate diet, body protein and body fat are both broken down for energy. 3. Increased water loss due to excess urea production and excretion

Which of the following nutrients is NOT needed for health and well-being?

All are important components to a high quality diet

Which of the following components are NOT contributing to the low diet quality among Americans?

All these ARE: Low Vegetable Intake Low Whole Grains, High Added Sugars, Low Fruit Intake, High Saturated Fat

In general, which macronutrient's primary role is to provide energy to all cells of the body?

CARBOHYDRATES

Immediately following Penny's consumption of the meal, the lipoproteins, called HDL cholesterols, which are packed full of ____, are transported from the small intestine to the blood stream via the lymphatic system. From there, the contents of these lipoproteins get broken down into ___,and taken up by_____.

Chylomicrons, triglycerides, fatty acids, muscle & adipose tissue

The _____________________ are food-based recommendations to help prevent diet-related chronic diseases and promote overall health.

Dietary Guidelines

In general, which macronutrient's primary role is to establish long-term energy stores?

FAT

The _____________________ are nutrient-based recommendations to prevent deficiencies (from under-consumption) and adverse health effects (from over-consumption).

Dietary Reference Intakes

All oils and fats that come from plants are 'healthier' than animal fats because all plant-based oils and fats are naturally low in saturated fat.

False

Which of the following energy-yielding nutrients, consumed in excess, can get stored directly and efficiently as body fat.

Fat

Penny is excited to try the newest restaurant in town on Friday night (sitting outside, 6 feet away from other diners, of course). Penny has been diligently following a 'keto diet' for 10 days, consuming a majority of her calories from fat (and excessively limiting her intake of carbohdyrates to about 10 g per day). However, she is not changing the number of calories she consumes. She is 5'5" and weighs 175 pounds today. She has lost 10 pounds since she started her diet. At dinner on Friday, Penny plans to have a 'cheat meal', go off her ketogenic diet, and eat whatever she wishes with no dietary restrictions. Prior to the dinner meal, what of the following is NOT likely a primary source of Penny's energy (given the duration of her keto-diet)?

Glycogen (liver and muscle stores)

Which pathway allows for the breakdown of carbohydrates through the splitting of glucose molecules to form pyruvate?

Glycolysis

The ability to lower blood cholesterol is a characteristic of ____

HDL cholesterol

When glucose is ____,(as a result of prolonged fasting/starvation or low carbohydrate dieting),____are formed from either amino acids or fatty acids.

Limited, ketone bodies

Which organ is the primary regulator of metabolism?

Liver

Bre is wanting to adhere to a plant-based diet to be able to meet the current recommendations. She has decided to limit her animal-based foods to seafood and 1 other food group. Which one should she keep in her diet to prevent the majority of nutrient deficiencies related to calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and protein?

Low-fat Dairy

Ted has high blood pressure, high triglycerides, and high LDL cholesterol. He also has low HDL cholesterol. He is wanting to change his diet to reduce his risks for heart disease. Ted's diet is high in saturated fats from fatty red meat, dairy, and butter. He also eats a lot of high fat processed foods. Which of the following substitutions would NOT be recommended to improve his disease risks?

Replace all dairy with non-dairy products

Which pathway is shared with all energy-yielding nutrients and leads to the release of numerous hydrogens (electrons) per turn which are needed for ATP synthesis?

TCA Cycle

A plant-based diet can still include nutrient-dense animal-based foods to promote health and well-being while meeting all nutrient and food group recommendations.

True

Amino acids can be used in which of the following ways

converted to pyruvate, converted to acetyl CoA, enter the TCA cycle directly

___ is the most energy-dense macronutrient.

fat

When triglycerides are metabolized, ____ is/are converted to pyruvate or glucose, whereas ____,is/are converted to acetyl CoA.

glycerol, fatty acids

Use this information and the information provided previously to answer the next set of questions. At dinner, Penny chooses a deep-dish Hawaiian pizza with mozzerella sticks and a Texas sweet tea. She also had raspberry cheesecake for dessert. During her meal, Penny's ___________ stores are likely replenished, and her metabolism has shifted to fat _________ (assuming that she has an abundance of ATP).

glycogen, storage

Missy, a healthy, weight-stable 23 year old female just consumed a pasta dish for lunch. Track the nutrients through the body from consumption to metabolism. The pasta meal is rich in _____ ["triglycerides", "monosaccharides", "polysaccharides", "polypeptides"] and begins to be broken down in the [ ____ ] ["colon", "small intestine", "mouth", "stomach", "large intestine"] by ____. However, most of the digestion occurs in the ____ ["colon", "mouth", "large intestine", "stomach", "small intestine"] where the pancreatic and intestinal enzymes break the carbohydrate components into ____ such as glucose. From here, glucose is transported into the [______] , stimulating the release of [ _____] which leads to an uptake of glucose into the muscle and liver. Once inside, glucose is then stored as [___] . Glucose can also provide energy throughout the body. Glucose is especially needed in the [__] which is the primary user and requires the largest amount. When glucose is utilized to provide energy, it is converted to pyruvate through [___] . From there, acetyl CoA is formed which goes through the [___] to release hydrogens (and electrons) needed for the [ ___ ] to produce [___] . Lastly, when in excess, glucose is stored as [ ___] in the adipose tissue.

polysaccharides mouth salivary amylase small intestine monosaccharides circulation (blood stream) insulin glycogen brain , glycolysis, TCA Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, ATP, fat

The ability to lower blood cholesterol and improve glycemic control are characteristics of which food component?

soluble fiber

Looking at Penny's meal, which of the following food groups seems to be under represented?

veggies