NTR108 - Mastering Nutrition Chapter 6

The body can make __________ nonessential amino acids. - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12

11

How much protein should Sarah add to her diet if she gets pregnant? Sarah's protein requirements during pregnancy would be higher. See Hint B2. During calculations, use numbers rounded to the first decimal place. In your answer, round the number of grams to the nearest whole number. View Available Hint(s)

19g

The recommended protein intake for a 110-pound (50-kg) adult is __________. 40 g 50 g 88 g 110 g

40g

What is the daily protein requirement for Sarah, a 136-lb, moderately active 32-year-old woman? During calculations, use numbers rounded to the first decimal place. In your answer, round the number of grams to the nearest whole number. View Available Hint(s)

49g

Which of the following foods would provide the highest quality protein in the smallest portion size? View Available Hint(s) milk beans corn chicken breast

chicken breast

Which of the following foods would have the lowest amount of protein per serving? View Available Hint(s) fruits milk grains beans

fruits

A segment of DNA that encodes for the production of a specific protein is called a(n) _________.

gene

Unlike lipids and carbohydrates, proteins are __________. - nitrogen containing - macronutrients - micronutrients - indigestible

nitrogen containing

An amino acid chain made up of three amino acids joined together is called a ___________.

tripeptide

Digestion and Absorption of Proteins Liver

- Amino acids that enter the bloodstream from the small intestine travel to here. - Amino acids can be converted into glucose here.

Digestion and Absorption of Proteins Stomach

- Hydrochloric acid denatures protein here. - Pepsin is formed from pepsinogen here.

DNA contains all the genetic information necessary for production of every protein the body makes. Read the statements below and select the correct statements regarding the role of DNA in protein synthesis. Select all that apply. View Available Hint(s) - A gene is a segment of RNA that codes for a specific protein. - DNA stands for ribonucleic acid. - The DNA unwinds in order for a copy to be made of a gene, in the form of an mRNA molecule. - Nuclear DNA cannot leave the nucleus.

- The DNA unwinds in order for a copy to be made of a gene, in the form of an mRNA molecule. - Nuclear DNA cannot leave the nucleus.

How does your body use the protein once it has been ingested? Consider the following statements and select the correct ones regarding protein use. Select all that apply. View Available Hint(s) - If you ingest more protein than your body needs, the protein is stored in muscle. - The liver uses amino acids to create glucose. - If calorie intake is inadequate, amino acids can be used for production of energy. - Amino acids are used to create new proteins.

- The liver uses amino acids to create glucose. - If calorie intake is inadequate, amino acids can be used for production of energy. - Amino acids are used to create new proteins.

The body uses two types of amino acids: essential and nonessential. Which of the following statements about essential and nonessential amino acids is correct? View Available Hint(s) - Nonessential amino acids cannot be produced in the body. - The body can produce essential amino acids when the amino acid pools are diminished. - There are 11 nonessential amino acids. - There are 11 essential amino acids.

- There are 11 nonessential amino acids.

How does protein in a peanut butter sandwich become amino acids that the body can use?

1. Take a bite of a peanut butter sandwich 2. Food containing protein is crushed and moistened with saliva. 3. Proteins are denatured by hydrochloric acid, and pepsinogen is activated. 4. Pepsin breaks down proteins into single amino acids and polypeptides. 5. Proteases from the pancreas are secreted into the small intestine. 6. Proteases break down polypeptides into mostly tripeptides and dipeptides. 7. Tripeptides and dipeptides are broken down into single amino acids. 8. Amino acids entering the circulatory system

For protein synthesis to continue successfully, adequate amounts of energy and essential amino acids need to be available in the body. Which of the following scenarios describing dietary intake is most likely to result in inadequate protein intake that could interfere with protein synthesis? View Available Hint(s) - Although Dakota enjoys red meat on occasion, he considers himself a semivegetarian. Recently, he put himself on a very-low-energy diet in his efforts to lose 4 lb per week. - Nadia is trying to gain weight and has been exceeding her energy needs by 100 kcal per day. - Carmichael has been vegan for about 6 months and consistently practices mutual supplementation. His favorite dish is a 3-bean salad with wild rice. - Julianne is a lacto-ovovegetarian of normal weight. She enjoys foods like cheese and veggie omelettes and broccoli and cheese chowder.

Although Dakota enjoys red meat on occasion, he considers himself a semivegetarian. Recently, he put himself on a very-low-energy diet in his efforts to lose 4 lb per week.

The _____ contains all of the instructions for building the hundreds of thousands of proteins that are found in the human body.

DNA

_______________ occurs when a protein is exposed to heat, acid, bases, or mechanical agitation resulting in unfolding of the protein, though the peptide bonds remain intact.

Denaturation

_____________ describes an amino acid chain made up of two amino acids joined together.

Dipeptide

Amino acids are bound together by a chemical bond known as an amino acid bond to form proteins. - True - False

False

Deamination occurs mostly in the brain. True False

False

Digestion and Absorption of Proteins Mouth

Food containing protein is crushed and moistened here.

____________ is a hormone that controls the release of pepsin and the production of hydrochloric acid.

Gastrin

Amino Acid Chains DNA

Instructions on how to build all proteins are stored in this molecule's genetic code.

Amino Acid Chains mRNA

It carries a copy of the DNA instructions that dictate the sequence of amino acids for making a specific protein. The ribosome moves along this and reads the encoded information.

Amino Acid Chains Ribosome

It releases the amino acid chain once the chain is complete. It reads the copied genetic information and helps build the corresponding sequence of amino acids.

Amino Acid Chains tRNA

It transfers specific amino acids to the growing amino acid chain.

_____________ is the active form of the digestive enzyme pepsinogen.

Pepsin

Digestion and Absorption of Proteins Pancreas

Proteases are produced here and delivered via a duct to the small intestine.

Which of the following is true about the quality of protein? View Available Hint(s) - Animal foods tend to be more concentrated in protein than plant foods, but the quality of the protein does not differ between animal and plant foods. - Proteins from plants and plant products are generally high-quality proteins. - Proteins from foods of animal origin are generally high-quality proteins. - Proteins from fruits and vegetables are generally high-quality proteins.

Proteins from foods of animal origin are generally high-quality proteins.

What would happen if Sarah consistently exceeded her daily protein requirement? View Available Hint(s) She would be healthier since the RDA indicates the minimum amount of a nutrient one should consume. She could gain weight if the extra protein contributed to excess kilocalories over her energy needs.

She could gain weight if the extra protein contributed to excess kilocalories over her energy needs.

Digestion and Absorption of Proteins Small Intestine

Single amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides are absorbed here.

The side chain of an amino acid differentiates one amino acid from another. - True - False

True

The 20 different ____________ are the building blocks used for protein synthesis.

amino acids

High-protein diets of predominately animal sources are associated with high __________. energy levels blood cholesterol mental functioning metabolism

blood cholesterol

A nonessential amino acid is made __________. from excess fatty acids from excess glucose by transferring the amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid. A keto acid is an amino acid without the amine group. from excess dietary protein

by transferring the amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid. A keto acid is an amino acid without the amine group.

Which of the following foods provides a moderate amount of protein per serving? View Available Hint(s) egg oranges corn shrimp

corn

To use amino acids for energy, the nitrogen must first be removed from the amino acid. This process is called __________. transamination amine transfer nitrogen exchange deamination

deamination

Which of the following is a protein? estrogen disaccharide enzyme triglyceride

enzyme

The stomach produces ____________ acid, which denatures protein.

hydrochloric acid

Nitrogen that has been removed during deamination __________. is converted to urea and excreted through the urine is converted to a fatty acid and stored as a triglyceride is stored in the liver

is converted to urea and excreted through the urine

Symptoms such as edema, distention of the belly, loss of appetite, skin problems, and retarded growth and development are often associated with __________. kwashiorkor marasmus edema excess protein intake

kwashiorkor

Which of the following amino acids are considered essential? - lysine, methionine, and threonine - histidine, tyrosine, and alanine - asparagine, tryptophan, and valine - leucine, isoleucine, and proline

lysine, methionine, and threonine

DNA does not build or synthesize a protein it encodes for; instead, DNA contains information that is copied by an enzyme to make ________, which leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome where the protein is built.

mRNA

A serious protein-energy malnutrition disease is __________. marasmus goiter diabetes osteoporosis

marasmus

The structure in the cell that contains DNA is called the ________.

nucleus

When amino acids join together, they form __________. peptides hydrogen bonds disaccharides fatty acid chains

peptides

Cleavage of proteins by pepsin in the stomach results in formation of shorter ______________, which get broken down further in the small intestine.

polypeptides

Single amino acids that are absorbed in the small intestine travel to the liver via the _______________.

portal vein

Protein is digested in the small intestine by enzymes called ___________________.

proteases

To begin the translation stage, mRNA binds to a ribosome with the help of ______.

rRNA

The ___________ reads the mRNA strand, and with the help of tRNA, builds the corresponding amino acid chain.

ribosome

A type of RNA that plays the important role of transferring specific amino acids to the growing amino acid chain in the ribosomes is called _____.

tRNA

Which of the following plant foods have the highest quality of protein? View Available Hint(s) peanut butter whole-wheat bread tofu rice

tofu

This is a nutrient of concern in vegetarian diets. vitamin K vitamin E vitamin B6 vitamin D

vitamin D