NUIP Ch. 3

Which of the following are true statements about organelles?

A lysosome is one example of an organelle. An organelle may be a compartment, particle, or filament within a cell. An organelle performs a specialized function.

The high-energy compound generated by the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the cells is called

ATP, adenosine triphosphate, or Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Which of the following are signs and symptoms that could indicate a peptic ulcer?

Abdominal pain after eating Nausea and vomiting Unexpected weight loss

Which of the following illustrate the relationship between the immune system and nutritional status?

An individual with vitamin C deficiency suffers from impaired wound healing. Populations in areas stricken by famine experience increased rate of infections. An individual with HIV is at increased risk of contracting food-borne illness.

Which of the following lifestyle modifications may help prevent ulcers from occurring or recurring?

Avoiding smoking Limiting use of NSAIDs

Choice, stores genetic code in the nucleus stores genetic code in the nucleus

DNA

During the process of transcription,

DNA code is copied to RNa

In cell nucleus, the genetic code is recorded as

DNa

Which of the following are functions of the cardiovascular system?

Distributing nutrients Delivering hormones to target cells Facilitating the exchange of oxygen

Based on current research, what are the two factors needed for development of celiac disease?

Genetic predisposition to celiac disease Dietary exposure to gluten

Identify symptoms of GERD.

Hoarseness Nausea Gagging

are chemical messengers. act on target tissues that are distant from the site of hormone production in the body. bind to a receptor on a specific target tissue.

Hormones

Depression and stress likely contribute to the development of

IBS

Which of the following are potential long-term complications of untreated celiac disease?

Infertility Anemia Osteoporosis (bone loss)

Which of the following are functions of the cell membrane?

It controls the substances that pass through the cells. It allows cell-to-cell communication. It provides some structure for the cell.

Which of the following are typical causes of diarrhea?

Microorganisms Poorly absorbed food substances

Which of the following cell components are organelles?

Mitochondrion Lysosome

Which of the following are components of saliva? Select all that apply.

Mucus Lipase Amylase

Facilitated diffusion

Nutrients move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the aid of a carrier protein.

Passive diffusion

Nutrients move from an area of higher concentration to one of a lower concentration without the aid of a carrier.

Active absorption

Nutrients move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, which requires both a carrier protein and energy.

Which of the following are signs or symptoms of hemorrhoids?

Pain with bowel movements Itching in the rectal area Streaks of blood in the stool

Which of the following are roles of the endocrine system?

Produces hormones Maintains water balance Plays a major role in the regulation of metabolism

Choice, transmits the genetic code from the nucleus to sites of protein synthesis within the cell transmits the genetic code from the nucleus to sites of protein synthesis within the cell

RNA

Which of the following characteristics are shared by people with celiac disease and those with nonceliac gluten sensitivity?

Relief of symptoms with avoidance of dietary gluten Gastrointestinal distress after dietary exposure to gluten

Identify the functions of the urinary system.

Removing unneeded substances from the blood Maintaining proper fluid balance

The _____ in gastric juice destroys the biological activity of proteins, converts inactive digestive enzymes to their active form, partially digests food protein, and makes dietary minerals soluble so that they can be absorbed.

acid

The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in

activating some digestive enzymes. partially digesting protein. making dietary minerals soluble.

Glucose and amino acids are absorbed via _____.

active transport

fat

adipose tissue

It is difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but some possible causes include

alteration of hormones that regulate the movement of food through the GI tract. inflammatory responses. depression and stress.

Enzymes are part of a chemical reaction and ______ altered in the process.

are not

The _____ in the large intestine are able to break down some of the remaining food products such as lactose and some fiber.

bacteria

______ suspends lipids in the watery chyme in the small intestine so that lipids can be more easily digested by lipase enzymes.

bile

________is stored in the galblatter

bile

Platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma are components of

blood

calcium

boners

The exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and the cells throughout the body occurs across the cells lining the

capillaries

Which of the following yields energy?

carbs, fats, protein

Transports nutrients, waste, gases, and hormones throughout the body

cardiovascular system

A genetic predisposition and dietary exposure to gluten are needed for the development of _____.

celiac disease

Membranes, cytoplasm, and organelles are part of a self-contained, living entity called a(n)

cell

Self-contained, living structures that join together to form tissues are called

cells

The breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes would be an example of

chemical digestion

Regularly ignoring the urge to defecate may lead to

constipation

Vitamins and minerals support metabolism by

contributing to enzyme activity

Which of the following digestive complaint is commonly caused by bacterial infections?

diarrhea

Lymph contains which of the following?

dietary fats white blood cells, plasma

Breaks down food both mechanically and chemically

digestive system

The first segment of the small intestine is known as the

duodenum.

Regulates metabolism through the action of hormones

endocrine system

Fructose is absorbed via _____.

facilitated diffusion

True or false: Only the enzymes from the digestive system are made of protein.

false

True or false: The storage capacity for nutrients is similar for all nutrients.

false

The initial goal of diet therapy for diarrhea is to provide

fluids and electrolyrtes

Which nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion?

fructose

Dana reports abdominal pain, gas, and bloating after eating, especially meals that are high in fat. She may have

gallstones

______ is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

gene

Which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption?

glucose and amino acids

In those with celiac disease, exposure to ______ causes the villi of the small intestine to flatten.

gluten

Straining during defecation can lead to development of

hemorrhoids.

Which of the following terms refers to the liver? Multiple choice question. Peristaltic

hepatic

______ are the chemical messengers of the body.

hormones

Compared to the small intestine, the large intestine

houses more bacteria. absorbs fewer nutrients.

When a person with celiac disease consumes wheat, he or she may experience

impaired nutrient absorption. decreased production of digestive enzymes. flattening of the intestinal villi.

Enzymes ______ the speed at which chemical reactions occur.

increase

What substance is necessary for the body to absorb vitamin B-12?

intrinsic factor

Regular use of ______ may cause constipation.

iron supplements, calcium supplements, anacids

The pain related to GERD is due to

irritation of the esophagus by stomach acid.

Filtering the blood is a function of which organ? Multiple choice question.

kidney

Which digestive organ has no villi or digestive enzymes, has a number of mucus-producing cells, and absorbs water, some vitamins, some fatty acids, and the minerals sodium and potassium?

large intestine

Gallstones may develop during rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting due to the

liver secreting more cholesterol into the bile.

The function of the _____ is to prevent the acidic contents of the stomach from flowing back up into the esophagus.

lower esophageal sphincter

Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the

lymphatic system

Removes foreign substances from the blood and aids in fat absorption

lymphatic system

The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to

metabolize undigested food

Which organelles are capable of converting energy from nutrients into a form the cells can use?

mitochondria

glucose

muscle and liver

Detects sensations, controls physiological and intellectual functions

nervous system

Some people experience symptoms of celiac disease after ingestion of gluten but do not have the related pathology of celiac disease. This is termed _____.

nonceliac gluten sensitivity

DNA is stored in the ______ of the cell.

nucleus

Identify the part of the cell responsible for genetically controlling the actions that occur in the cell.

nucleus

A compartment, particle, or filament that performs a specialized function within a cell is called a(n)

organelle

The nucleus, Golgi complex, and lysosomes are examples of

organelles

The ________ and the small intestine produce most of the digestive enzymes

pancreas

For several months, Clayton has been experiencing gnawing pain in his abdomen about 2 hours after eating. This morning, he felt ill and vomited what looked like coffee grounds. Which of the following is a likely explanation for his condition?

peptic ulcer

Which of the following substances are present in blood but are NOT present in lymph?

platelets; red blood cells

The mitochondria are sometimes called the ______ of the cell. Multiple choice question.

powerplants

A substance that serves as fuel for bacteria in the large intestine is called a

prebiotic

Which of the following factors increase the risk of developing hemorrhoids?

pregnancy, prolonged sitting, obesity

Enzymes are made of

proteins

Before feces are eliminated, they are held in the

rectum

Identify grains that should be eliminated from the diet of someone with celiac disease.

rye, wheat

Lipase and amylase are two components of ________, which is produced by glands in the mouth.

saliva

The site of most nutrient absorption is in the

small intestine

Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ______.

starch

A mucus lining protects this organ from digesting itself.

stomach

Chyme is the watery mixture of food and digestive secretions that first forms in the

stomach

Depending on the contents of a meal, food moves from the ________into the small intestine over the course of 1 to 4 hourw

stomach

The esophagus is a long tube that connects the pharynx with the _____.

stomach

Very little nutrient absorption occurs here except for some water and alcohol.

stomach

Human metabolism includes

store sources of fuel for later use. release and use energy from foods preparation of waste products for excretion.

The endocrine system is related to nutrition through

the effects of hormones on appetite and blood glucose regulation.

A(n) ______ is a group of cells that works together to perform a specific function.

tissue

The epiglottis prevents a bolus from entering the _____.

trachea

True or false: Cells need water, building supplies, and chemical regulators to function properly.

true

True or false: Each enzyme is specific to only one type of chemical process.

true

True or false: The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer of phospholipids.

true

Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the

type of chemical reaction they catalyze. vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function. pH of the environment in which they function.

When gallstones block the duct that carries bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine, a person usually experiences pain in the

upper right abdomen

Removes waste products from the circulatory system

urinary system

After blood flows through the body, it returns to the heart through the

veins

The cardiovascular system is made up of which of the following components?

veins, heart, arteries

The combined surface area of the _____ increase the surface area for nutrient absorption in the small intestine.

villi microvilli folds of the mucosa

What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation?

water-soluble compunds

Peristalsis refers to

waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract.

Gluten is naturally found in which of the following grains?

wheat, rye, barley