Psychology Quiz Questions
__________means that there is a relationship between two or more variables.
Correlation
Who created the very first modern hospice?
Florence Nightingale
Which theorist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages?
Lawrence Kohlberg
Which theorist developed the approaches called "Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and scaffolding?
Lev Vygotsky
_________research studies the same groups of participants overtime.
Longitudinal
What type of degree must someone who refers to themselves as a "clinical psychologist' have? Hint: Your professor, Dr. Costa is this type of psychologist, and has a Ph.D. in clinical psychology.
A doctorate in the philosophy of psychology (Ph.D.)
A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories ________.
Were not testable
Damage to the ________ disrupts one's ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one's ability to produce words intact.
Wernicke's Area
DNR
a "do not resuscitate order" alerting health care providers that the person does not want heroic means to keep them alive
According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ________.
a traumatic life experience
If someone has written a "DNR", it means, that if a person stops breathing or heart stops beating:
a. medical professionals are not to take steps to revive or resuscitate the patient.
falsifiable
able to be disproven by experimental results
recall
accessing information without cues
validity
accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure
When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________.
acrostic
retrieval
act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness
fight or flight response
activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, allowing access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that we might fight off a given threat or run away to safety
memory consolidation
active rehearsal to move information from short-term memory into long-term memory
assimilation
adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known
accommodation
adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known
The ________ gland secretes epinephrine.
adrenal
misinformation effect paradigm
after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event
A(n) ________ facilitates or mimics the activity of a given neurotransmitter system.
agonist
dominant allele
allele whose phenotype will be expressed in an individual that possesses that allele
recessive allele
allele whose phenotype will be expressed only if an individual is homozygous for that allele
postdoctoral training program
allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field
developmental milestone
approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events
Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________.
archival research
forensic psychology
area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system
counseling psychology
area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals
clinical psychology
area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
sport and exercise psychology
area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located
peer-reviewed journal article
article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication
range of reaction
asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall
parasympathetic nervous system
associated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body
Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms________.
at least three nights a week for one month
Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________.
attrition
consciousness
awareness of internal and external stimuli
terminal button
axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles
Meditation may be helpful in ________.
behavioral therapy
Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________.
case study
________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.
cataplexy
soma
cell body
semipermeable membrane
cell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules
neuron
cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system
An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.
central sleep apnea
physical dependence
changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use
cause-and-effect relationship
changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design
wakefulness
characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior
neurotransmitter
chemical messenger of the nervous system
hormone
chemical messenger released by endocrine glands
Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.
circadian
The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.
circadian
________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.
circadian
meditation
clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus
The type of psychologist who treats people who suffer from mental health challenges and other conditions such as depression and schizophrenia is the:
clinical psychologist
jet lag
collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals
cross-sectional research
compares multiple segments of a population at a single time
inductive reasoning
conclusions are drawn from observations
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body
rehearsal
conscious repetition of information to be remembered
reliability
consistency and reproducibility of a given result
insomnia
consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time
personality trait
consistent pattern of thought and behavior
heterozygous
consisting of two different alleles
homozygous
consisting of two identical alleles
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.
construction; reconstruction
The view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills is known as ________.
continuous development
long-term memory (LTM)
continuous storage of information
The ___________ group does not get the experimental treatment.
control
autonomic nervous system
controls our internal organs and glands
storage
creation of a permanent record of information
The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as ________.
critical period
The ________ receive(s) incoming signals from other neurons.
dendrites
Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.
depression
operational definition
description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables
statistical analysis
determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open
membrane potential
difference in charge across the neuronal membrane
evolutionary psychology
discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection
diabetes
disease related to insufficient insulin production
psychosocial development
domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships
Physical Development
domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness
cognitive development
domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.
dopamine
The neurotransmitter involved in the development of Parkinson's Disease is:
dopamine
antagonist
drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter
agonist
drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter
stimulant
drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine
depressant
drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity
psychotropic medication
drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance
suggestibility
effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.
egocentric bias
action potential
electrical signal that moves down the neuron's axon
psycholgical dependence
emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress
effortful processing
encoding of information that takes effort and attention
automatic processing
encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
The three functions of memory are ________.
encoding, storage, retrieval
pineal gland
endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin
nurture
environment and culture
________ is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression.
epigenetics
The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________.
essentially limitless
Researchers might use ________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses.
ethics
flashbulb memory
exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
double-blind study
experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments
single-blind study
experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group
persistence
failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones
myelin sheath
fatty substance that insulates axons
euphoric high
feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use
formal operational stage
final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations
Using scissors to cut out paper shapes is an example of ________.
fine motor skills
sensorimotor stage
first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior
stage 1 sleep
first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep
An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________.
flashbulb memory
Behaviorism
focus on observing and controlling behavior
psychoanalytic theory
focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior
functionalism
focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the main task of the adolescent?
forming an identity
construction
formulation of new memories
stage 4 sleep
fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
nature
genes and biology
genotype
genetic makeup of an individual
________ refers to a person's genetic makeup, while ________ refers to a person's physical characteristics.
genotype; phenotype
The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are:
glucagon and insulin
empirical
grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing
experimental group
group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance
Dr. Hanson studies the relationship between one's genetic makeup, patterns of behavior, relationships, psychological stress, and health. She is a ________________________ psychologist.
health
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
helix-shaped molecule made of nucleotide base pairs
latent content
hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams
Which of the following would be the best example of a valid, naturalistic observation study in driving behavior?
Watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets.
melatonin
hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle
bias
how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events
Research suggests that cognitive processes, such as learning, may be affected by ________.
hypnosis
________ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion.
hypnosis
The body's biological clock is located in the ________.
hypothalamus
The ________ plays a role in controlling slow-wave sleep.
hypothalamus and thalamus
object permanence
idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists
conservation
idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed
recognition
identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue
The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon, is an example of a(n) __________.
illusory correlation
The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter.
independent variable; dependent variable
phenotype
individual's inheritable physical characteristics
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep
generalize
inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population
retroactive interference
information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information
levels of processing
information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory
Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form.
informed consent
visual encoding
input of images
encoding
input of information into the memory system
acoustic encoding
input of sounds, words, and music
semantic encoding
input of words and their meaning
An action potential involves Na+ moving ________ the cell and K+ moving ________ the cell.
inside; outside
The sleep debt is the result of ________.
insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
biological rhythm
internal cycle of biological activity
sympathetic nervous system
involved in stress-related activities and functions
The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________.
it is closest to -1
cataplexy
lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles
absentmindedness
lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else
When did Psychology become accepted as it's very own academic discipline? Hint: Psychology is a fairly young science, first established in the late 19th century in Leipzig, Germany.
late 1800's
The ________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.
latent
relearning
learning information that was previously learned
threshold of excitation
level of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active
________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks.
light-dark exposure
survey
list of questions to be answered by research participants—given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally—allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people
dissertation
long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidate's doctoral training
chromosome
long strand of genetic information
________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time.
longitudinal research
forgetting
loss of information from long-term memory
amnesia
loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma
anterograde amnesia
loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma
empirical method
method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities
random assignment
method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group
archival research
method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are ________.
mnemonic devices
polygenic
multiple genes affecting a given trait
A(n) ________ is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of DNA.
mutation
Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the ________.
myelin sheath
________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments.
naturalistic observation
glial cell
nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport
reuptake
neurotransmitter is pumped back into the neuron that released it
Jeremy is 3 years old and, after being in bed a few hours, he starts screaming & crying, bolting straight up in bed. When his mother rushes into his run to calm him down, his eyes are open as if he's awake as if he is seeing through her, and she is able to quickly coax him back to sleep. When she asks about the "bad dream" he had, he has no memory of it at all. There is a good chance that Jeremy suffers from a parasomnia called:
night terrors
correlation coefficient
number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r
The idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists is called ________.
object permanence
fact
objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research
naturalistic observation
observation of behavior in its natural setting
clinical or case study
observational research study focusing on one or a few people
proactive interference
old information hinders the recall of newly learned information
Opiate /opioid
one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine
hallucinogen
one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations
parisomnia
one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep
Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.
operationalize
codeine
opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain
chunking
organizing information into manageable bits or chunks
Psychology is considered a "social science" (just like anthropology) because:
our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others.
population
overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in
If your ________ is activated, you will feel relatively at ease.
parasympathetic nervous system
________ are subjects of psychological research.
participants
lucid dream
people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content
Which people are better able to cope with death?
people with strong religious faith
placebo effect
people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
non-REM (NREM)
period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
opinion
personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate
biopsychosocial model
perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's health
humanism
perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans
all-or-none
phenomenon that incoming signal from another neuron is either sufficient or insufficient to reach the threshold of excitation
engram
physical trace of memory
The ________ secretes hormones that regulate the body's fluid levels.
pituitary
The ________ secretes messenger hormones that direct the function of the rest of the endocrine glands.
pituitary
Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep.
pituitary gland
Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment.
placebo
American Psychological Association
professional organization representing psychologists in the United States
receptor
protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach
Developmental psychologists study human growth and development across three domains. Which of the following is not one of these domains?
psychological
________ refers to drug craving.
psychological dependence
cognitive-behavioral therapy
psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia
Sympathetic activation is associated with ________.
pupil dilation and increased heart rate
deception
purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment
________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study.
random sampling
sleep spindle
rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory
false memory system
recall of false autobiographical memories
attrition
reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time
correlation
relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does
somatic nervous system
relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS
replicate
repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research's reliability
experimenter bias
researcher expectations skew the results of the study
sleep debt
result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
deductive reasoning
results are predicted based on a general premise
Getting an education in psychology offers students the opportunity to gain important, and generalizable skills, including:
scientific literacy, communication and critical thinking
developmental psychology
scientific study of development across a lifespan
Psychology refers to the ________.
scientific study of the mind & behavior
psychology
scientific study of the mind and behavior
preoperational stage
second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically
stage 2 sleep
second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles
pituitary gland
secretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands in the endocrine system
pancreas
secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar
thyroid
secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite
gonad
secretes sexual hormones, which are important for successful reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior
The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style?
secure
illusory correlation
seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists
gene
sequence of DNA that controls or partially controls physical characteristics
endocrine system
series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones
LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.
serotonin
control group
serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups
hospice
service that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting
adrenal gland
sits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response
sleep apnea
sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep
obstructive sleep apnea
sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams
night terror
sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment
narcolepsy
sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times
restless leg syndrome
sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs
central sleep apnea
sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing
The research interests of biological psychologists span a number of domains, including
sleep, drug use and abuse, ingestive behavior, reproductive behavior, neurodevelopment, plasticity of the nervous system, and biological correlates of psychological disorders.
sleep rebound
sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep
________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.
slow-wave sleep
synapse
small gap between two neurons where communication occurs
Dr. Cline studies what attracts people to one another, in addition to why we behavior differently when we're in groups, versus alone. Dr. Cline is a ____________________ psychologist.
social
Our ability to make our legs move as we walk across the room is controlled by the ________ nervous system.
somatic
equipotentiality hypothesis
some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories
________ is another word for sleepwalking.
somnambulism
allele
specific version of a gene
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep.
stage 2
________ is(are) described as slow-wave sleep.
stage 3 and stage 4
sleep
state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness
homeostasis
state of equilibrium—biological conditions, such as body temperature, are maintained at optimal levels
hypnosis
state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli
tolerance
state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect
theory of evolution by natural selection
states that organisms that are better suited for their environments will survive and reproduce compared to those that are poorly suited for their environments
zone of proximal development
the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem-solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers
Up until the 1960's, most of our underlying assumptions about human behavior were that gender had no influence on psychology (human behavior and mental processes). This is mainly because:
the experimental subjects of psychology were mostly white men.
The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________.
the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting
The major limitation of case studies is ________.
the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population
resting potential
the state of readiness of a neuron membrane's potential between signals
collective unconscious
theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung
elaborative rehearsal
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
concrete operational stage
third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events
stage 3 sleep
third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.
tolerance
identical twins
twins that develop from the same sperm and egg
fraternal twins
twins who develop from two different eggs fertilized by different sperm, so their genetic material varies the same as in non-twin siblings
negative correlation
two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation
positive correlation
two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller
mathamphetamine
type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused
semantic memory
type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
episodic memory
type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory
procedural memory
type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim
declarative memory
type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience
theta wave
type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep
delta wave
type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep
alpha wave
type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep
confounding variable
unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables
Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.
unconditional positive regard
structuralism
understanding the conscious experience through introspection
methadone clinic
uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
independent variable
variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group
dependent variable
variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had
withdrawal
variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued
K-complex
very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli
genetic environmental correlation
view of gene-environment interaction that asserts our genes affect our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes
continuous development
view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills
discontinuous development
view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages
biological perspective
view that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems
A person's participation in a research project must be ________.
voluntary
theory
well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
debriefing
when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion
observer bias
when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations
rotating shift work
work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis
________ is another name for short-term memory.
working memory
What begins as a single-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge at conception?
zygote
Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?
zygote, embryo, fetus
sleepwalking
(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors
short-term memory (STM)
(also, working memory) holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used
PhD
(doctor of philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences
PsyD
(doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context
schema
(plural = schemata) concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information
hypothesis
(plural: hypotheses) tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables
Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation?
+0.2
Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?
-.90
People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.
1
In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure.
2/3
Humans have ________ pairs of chromosomes.
23
________ is most well-known for proposing his "hierarchy of needs".
Abraham Maslow
Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed?
All of the above
Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that:
As height increases, typically weight increases.
Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school?
Bachelor's Degree
A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.
Biological
Which theorist countered Kohlberg's moral development theory, stating that it was "biased" against females?
Carol Gilligan
Who was the first African American Psychologist?
Cecil Sumner
Scientific knowledge is ________.
Empirical
The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n)___________.
Experiment
________ are defined as observable realities.
Facts
psyche
Greek word for soul
________ is to animal research as ________ is to human research.
IACUC; IRB
A(n) ________ uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue.
MRI
One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist.
Master's
Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components.
Max Wertheimer
Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?
Melatonin initiates the waking cycle.
Your friend Akari asks you to describe to them what a "negative correlation" means, to which you reply that it is the result of when:
One variable decreases as the other increases.
If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a ________ degree in psychology.
PhD
Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________.
Philosophy
In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________.
Proposed Explanation
The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on the application of therapeutic skills.
PsyD
Ravi and his boyfriend Craig we're having a disagreement about a recent research finding that the longer in man is in a relationship the more but he becomes clearly. This means that living with you for the past 10 years has caused me to go bald his boyfriend exclaims Ravi a psychologist didn't argues that no just because two things are correlated. It doesn't mean one causes the other house there could be other factors. Who is correct, Ravi or Craig?
Ravi is correct, we can't infer causation and correlation.
The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.
SIDS
The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning.
Skinner
________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.
Sleep debt
Psyche is a Greek word meaning ________.
Soul
Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam?
Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams
Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable.
Testable
How is lifespan development defined?
The study of how we grow and change from conception to death.
Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.
biological
circadian rhythm
biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________.
blocking
Talking on a cell phone while driving is dangerous because the conversation distracts you from the road, leading to more accidents. Thus, when we divide our attention between two tasks, we perform:
both more poorly than we would if we focused on just one of them.
The central nervous system is comprised of ________.
brain and spinal cord
central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
sleep regulation
brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world
dendrite
branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons
The frontal lobes become fully developed ________.
by 25 years old
What was Randy Pauch's main message in his "Last Lecture?
c. To live each moment as if it were the last and do what you dream of doing
axon
major extension of the soma
The self-referencing effect refers to ________.
making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you
inter-rater reliability
measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event
________ has its roots in religious practice.
meditation
What hormone does the pineal gland release?
melatonin
________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.
melatonin
implicit memory
memories that are not part of our consciousness
explicit memory
memories we consciously try to remember and recall
mnemonic device
memory aids that help organize information for encoding
transience
memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time
blocking
memory error in which you cannot access stored information
misattribution
memory error in which you confuse the source of your information
Atkinson-Shiffrin model (A-S)
memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
memory
system or process that stores what we learn for future use
egocentrism
preoperational child's difficulty in taking the perspective of others
reversibility
principle that objects can be changed, but then returned back to their original form or condition
introspection
process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts
reconstruction
process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information
informed consent
process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person's consent to participate
psychosocial development
process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood
psychosexual development
process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life
stage of moral reasoning
process proposed by Kohlberg, but expanded on by Gilligan; humans move through different stages of moral development
sensory memory
storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes
synaptic vesicle
storage site for neurotransmitters
manifest content
storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams
arousal theory
strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories
longitudinal research
studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
cognitive psychology
study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions
normative approach
study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones
epigenetics
study of gene-environment interactions, such as how the same genotype leads to different phenotypes
Biopsychology
study of how biology influences behavior
personality psychology
study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique
meta-analysis
study that combines the results of several related studies
participants
subjects of psychological research
random sample
subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
sample
subset of individuals selected from the larger population
Which of the following is not a structure of the forebrain?
substantia nigra
mutation
sudden, permanent change in a gene
ology
suffix that denotes "scientific study of"
A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form.
survey
methadone
synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
memory-enhancing strategy
technique to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory
self-reference effect
tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
confirmation bias
tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs
homeostasis
tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system
The ________ is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes before being sent to other areas of the brain for further processing.
thalamus