Psychology Quiz Questions

__________means that there is a relationship between two or more variables.

Correlation

Who created the very first modern hospice?

Florence Nightingale

Which theorist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Which theorist developed the approaches called "Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and scaffolding?

Lev Vygotsky

_________research studies the same groups of participants overtime.

Longitudinal

What type of degree must someone who refers to themselves as a "clinical psychologist' have? Hint: Your professor, Dr. Costa is this type of psychologist, and has a Ph.D. in clinical psychology.

A doctorate in the philosophy of psychology (Ph.D.)

A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories ________.

Were not testable

Damage to the ________ disrupts one's ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one's ability to produce words intact.

Wernicke's Area

DNR

a "do not resuscitate order" alerting health care providers that the person does not want heroic means to keep them alive

According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ________.

a traumatic life experience

If someone has written a "DNR", it means, that if a person stops breathing or heart stops beating:

a. medical professionals are not to take steps to revive or resuscitate the patient.

falsifiable

able to be disproven by experimental results

recall

accessing information without cues

validity

accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________.

acrostic

retrieval

act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness

fight or flight response

activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, allowing access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that we might fight off a given threat or run away to safety

memory consolidation

active rehearsal to move information from short-term memory into long-term memory

assimilation

adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known

accommodation

adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known

The ________ gland secretes epinephrine.

adrenal

misinformation effect paradigm

after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event

A(n) ________ facilitates or mimics the activity of a given neurotransmitter system.

agonist

dominant allele

allele whose phenotype will be expressed in an individual that possesses that allele

recessive allele

allele whose phenotype will be expressed only if an individual is homozygous for that allele

postdoctoral training program

allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field

developmental milestone

approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events

Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________.

archival research

forensic psychology

area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system

counseling psychology

area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals

clinical psychology

area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

sport and exercise psychology

area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located

peer-reviewed journal article

article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication

range of reaction

asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall

parasympathetic nervous system

associated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body

Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms________.

at least three nights a week for one month

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________.

attrition

consciousness

awareness of internal and external stimuli

terminal button

axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles

Meditation may be helpful in ________.

behavioral therapy

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________.

case study

________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.

cataplexy

soma

cell body

semipermeable membrane

cell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules

neuron

cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system

An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.

central sleep apnea

physical dependence

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use

cause-and-effect relationship

changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

wakefulness

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

neurotransmitter

chemical messenger of the nervous system

hormone

chemical messenger released by endocrine glands

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

circadian

________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.

circadian

meditation

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

The type of psychologist who treats people who suffer from mental health challenges and other conditions such as depression and schizophrenia is the:

clinical psychologist

jet lag

collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals

cross-sectional research

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

inductive reasoning

conclusions are drawn from observations

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body

rehearsal

conscious repetition of information to be remembered

reliability

consistency and reproducibility of a given result

insomnia

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time

personality trait

consistent pattern of thought and behavior

heterozygous

consisting of two different alleles

homozygous

consisting of two identical alleles

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

The view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills is known as ________.

continuous development

long-term memory (LTM)

continuous storage of information

The ___________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

control

autonomic nervous system

controls our internal organs and glands

storage

creation of a permanent record of information

The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as ________.

critical period

The ________ receive(s) incoming signals from other neurons.

dendrites

Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.

depression

operational definition

description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables

statistical analysis

determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open

membrane potential

difference in charge across the neuronal membrane

evolutionary psychology

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

diabetes

disease related to insufficient insulin production

psychosocial development

domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships

Physical Development

domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

cognitive development

domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.

dopamine

The neurotransmitter involved in the development of Parkinson's Disease is:

dopamine

antagonist

drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter

agonist

drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter

stimulant

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

depressant

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

psychotropic medication

drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance

suggestibility

effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.

egocentric bias

action potential

electrical signal that moves down the neuron's axon

psycholgical dependence

emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress

effortful processing

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

automatic processing

encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

The three functions of memory are ________.

encoding, storage, retrieval

pineal gland

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

nurture

environment and culture

________ is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression.

epigenetics

The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________.

essentially limitless

Researchers might use ________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses.

ethics

flashbulb memory

exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

double-blind study

experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments

single-blind study

experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group

persistence

failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones

myelin sheath

fatty substance that insulates axons

euphoric high

feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use

formal operational stage

final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

Using scissors to cut out paper shapes is an example of ________.

fine motor skills

sensorimotor stage

first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior

stage 1 sleep

first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________.

flashbulb memory

Behaviorism

focus on observing and controlling behavior

psychoanalytic theory

focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior

functionalism

focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the main task of the adolescent?

forming an identity

construction

formulation of new memories

stage 4 sleep

fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

nature

genes and biology

genotype

genetic makeup of an individual

________ refers to a person's genetic makeup, while ________ refers to a person's physical characteristics.

genotype; phenotype

The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are:

glucagon and insulin

empirical

grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing

experimental group

group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance

Dr. Hanson studies the relationship between one's genetic makeup, patterns of behavior, relationships, psychological stress, and health. She is a ________________________ psychologist.

health

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

helix-shaped molecule made of nucleotide base pairs

latent content

hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid, naturalistic observation study in driving behavior?

Watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets.

melatonin

hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle

bias

how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events

Research suggests that cognitive processes, such as learning, may be affected by ________.

hypnosis

________ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion.

hypnosis

The body's biological clock is located in the ________.

hypothalamus

The ________ plays a role in controlling slow-wave sleep.

hypothalamus and thalamus

object permanence

idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists

conservation

idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed

recognition

identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon, is an example of a(n) __________.

illusory correlation

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter.

independent variable; dependent variable

phenotype

individual's inheritable physical characteristics

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep

generalize

inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population

retroactive interference

information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

levels of processing

information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory

Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form.

informed consent

visual encoding

input of images

encoding

input of information into the memory system

acoustic encoding

input of sounds, words, and music

semantic encoding

input of words and their meaning

An action potential involves Na+ moving ________ the cell and K+ moving ________ the cell.

inside; outside

The sleep debt is the result of ________.

insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

biological rhythm

internal cycle of biological activity

sympathetic nervous system

involved in stress-related activities and functions

The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________.

it is closest to -1

cataplexy

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

absentmindedness

lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

When did Psychology become accepted as it's very own academic discipline? Hint: Psychology is a fairly young science, first established in the late 19th century in Leipzig, Germany.

late 1800's

The ________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.

latent

relearning

learning information that was previously learned

threshold of excitation

level of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active

________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks.

light-dark exposure

survey

list of questions to be answered by research participants—given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally—allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people

dissertation

long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidate's doctoral training

chromosome

long strand of genetic information

________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time.

longitudinal research

forgetting

loss of information from long-term memory

amnesia

loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

anterograde amnesia

loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

retrograde amnesia

loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma

empirical method

method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

random assignment

method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

archival research

method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are ________.

mnemonic devices

polygenic

multiple genes affecting a given trait

A(n) ________ is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of DNA.

mutation

Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the ________.

myelin sheath

________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments.

naturalistic observation

glial cell

nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport

reuptake

neurotransmitter is pumped back into the neuron that released it

Jeremy is 3 years old and, after being in bed a few hours, he starts screaming & crying, bolting straight up in bed. When his mother rushes into his run to calm him down, his eyes are open as if he's awake as if he is seeing through her, and she is able to quickly coax him back to sleep. When she asks about the "bad dream" he had, he has no memory of it at all. There is a good chance that Jeremy suffers from a parasomnia called:

night terrors

correlation coefficient

number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r

The idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists is called ________.

object permanence

fact

objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research

naturalistic observation

observation of behavior in its natural setting

clinical or case study

observational research study focusing on one or a few people

proactive interference

old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

Opiate /opioid

one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

hallucinogen

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

parisomnia

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.

operationalize

codeine

opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain

chunking

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

Psychology is considered a "social science" (just like anthropology) because:

our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others.

population

overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in

If your ________ is activated, you will feel relatively at ease.

parasympathetic nervous system

________ are subjects of psychological research.

participants

lucid dream

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

Which people are better able to cope with death?

people with strong religious faith

placebo effect

people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

non-REM (NREM)

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

opinion

personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate

biopsychosocial model

perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's health

humanism

perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

all-or-none

phenomenon that incoming signal from another neuron is either sufficient or insufficient to reach the threshold of excitation

engram

physical trace of memory

The ________ secretes hormones that regulate the body's fluid levels.

pituitary

The ________ secretes messenger hormones that direct the function of the rest of the endocrine glands.

pituitary

Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep.

pituitary gland

Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment.

placebo

American Psychological Association

professional organization representing psychologists in the United States

receptor

protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach

Developmental psychologists study human growth and development across three domains. Which of the following is not one of these domains?

psychological

________ refers to drug craving.

psychological dependence

cognitive-behavioral therapy

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

Sympathetic activation is associated with ________.

pupil dilation and increased heart rate

deception

purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment

________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study.

random sampling

sleep spindle

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

false memory system

recall of false autobiographical memories

attrition

reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

correlation

relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does

somatic nervous system

relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS

replicate

repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research's reliability

experimenter bias

researcher expectations skew the results of the study

sleep debt

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

deductive reasoning

results are predicted based on a general premise

Getting an education in psychology offers students the opportunity to gain important, and generalizable skills, including:

scientific literacy, communication and critical thinking

developmental psychology

scientific study of development across a lifespan

Psychology refers to the ________.

scientific study of the mind & behavior

psychology

scientific study of the mind and behavior

preoperational stage

second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically

stage 2 sleep

second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

pituitary gland

secretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands in the endocrine system

pancreas

secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar

thyroid

secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite

gonad

secretes sexual hormones, which are important for successful reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior

The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style?

secure

illusory correlation

seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists

gene

sequence of DNA that controls or partially controls physical characteristics

endocrine system

series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones

LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.

serotonin

control group

serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups

hospice

service that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting

adrenal gland

sits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response

sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

obstructive sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

night terror

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

narcolepsy

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times

restless leg syndrome

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

central sleep apnea

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

The research interests of biological psychologists span a number of domains, including

sleep, drug use and abuse, ingestive behavior, reproductive behavior, neurodevelopment, plasticity of the nervous system, and biological correlates of psychological disorders.

sleep rebound

sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.

slow-wave sleep

synapse

small gap between two neurons where communication occurs

Dr. Cline studies what attracts people to one another, in addition to why we behavior differently when we're in groups, versus alone. Dr. Cline is a ____________________ psychologist.

social

Our ability to make our legs move as we walk across the room is controlled by the ________ nervous system.

somatic

equipotentiality hypothesis

some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories

________ is another word for sleepwalking.

somnambulism

allele

specific version of a gene

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep.

stage 2

________ is(are) described as slow-wave sleep.

stage 3 and stage 4

sleep

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

homeostasis

state of equilibrium—biological conditions, such as body temperature, are maintained at optimal levels

hypnosis

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

tolerance

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect

theory of evolution by natural selection

states that organisms that are better suited for their environments will survive and reproduce compared to those that are poorly suited for their environments

zone of proximal development

the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem-solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers

Up until the 1960's, most of our underlying assumptions about human behavior were that gender had no influence on psychology (human behavior and mental processes). This is mainly because:

the experimental subjects of psychology were mostly white men.

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________.

the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting

The major limitation of case studies is ________.

the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population

resting potential

the state of readiness of a neuron membrane's potential between signals

collective unconscious

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

elaborative rehearsal

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

concrete operational stage

third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events

stage 3 sleep

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.

tolerance

identical twins

twins that develop from the same sperm and egg

fraternal twins

twins who develop from two different eggs fertilized by different sperm, so their genetic material varies the same as in non-twin siblings

negative correlation

two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation

positive correlation

two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller

mathamphetamine

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

semantic memory

type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

episodic memory

type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory

procedural memory

type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim

declarative memory

type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience

theta wave

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep

delta wave

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

alpha wave

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep

confounding variable

unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.

unconditional positive regard

structuralism

understanding the conscious experience through introspection

methadone clinic

uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

independent variable

variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group

dependent variable

variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had

withdrawal

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

K-complex

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

genetic environmental correlation

view of gene-environment interaction that asserts our genes affect our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes

continuous development

view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills

discontinuous development

view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages

biological perspective

view that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems

A person's participation in a research project must be ________.

voluntary

theory

well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

debriefing

when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion

observer bias

when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations

rotating shift work

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

________ is another name for short-term memory.

working memory

What begins as a single-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge at conception?

zygote

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?

zygote, embryo, fetus

sleepwalking

(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors

short-term memory (STM)

(also, working memory) holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used

PhD

(doctor of philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences

PsyD

(doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context

schema

(plural = schemata) concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information

hypothesis

(plural: hypotheses) tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation?

+0.2

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?

-.90

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.

1

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure.

2/3

Humans have ________ pairs of chromosomes.

23

________ is most well-known for proposing his "hierarchy of needs".

Abraham Maslow

Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed?

All of the above

Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that:

As height increases, typically weight increases.

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school?

Bachelor's Degree

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.

Biological

Which theorist countered Kohlberg's moral development theory, stating that it was "biased" against females?

Carol Gilligan

Who was the first African American Psychologist?

Cecil Sumner

Scientific knowledge is ________.

Empirical

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n)___________.

Experiment

________ are defined as observable realities.

Facts

psyche

Greek word for soul

________ is to animal research as ________ is to human research.

IACUC; IRB

A(n) ________ uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue.

MRI

One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist.

Master's

Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components.

Max Wertheimer

Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?

Melatonin initiates the waking cycle.

Your friend Akari asks you to describe to them what a "negative correlation" means, to which you reply that it is the result of when:

One variable decreases as the other increases.

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a ________ degree in psychology.

PhD

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________.

Philosophy

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________.

Proposed Explanation

The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on the application of therapeutic skills.

PsyD

Ravi and his boyfriend Craig we're having a disagreement about a recent research finding that the longer in man is in a relationship the more but he becomes clearly. This means that living with you for the past 10 years has caused me to go bald his boyfriend exclaims Ravi a psychologist didn't argues that no just because two things are correlated. It doesn't mean one causes the other house there could be other factors. Who is correct, Ravi or Craig?

Ravi is correct, we can't infer causation and correlation.

The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.

SIDS

The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning.

Skinner

________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.

Sleep debt

Psyche is a Greek word meaning ________.

Soul

Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam?

Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams

Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable.

Testable

How is lifespan development defined?

The study of how we grow and change from conception to death.

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

biological

circadian rhythm

biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________.

blocking

Talking on a cell phone while driving is dangerous because the conversation distracts you from the road, leading to more accidents. Thus, when we divide our attention between two tasks, we perform:

both more poorly than we would if we focused on just one of them.

The central nervous system is comprised of ________.

brain and spinal cord

central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

sleep regulation

brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

dendrite

branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons

The frontal lobes become fully developed ________.

by 25 years old

What was Randy Pauch's main message in his "Last Lecture?

c. To live each moment as if it were the last and do what you dream of doing

axon

major extension of the soma

The self-referencing effect refers to ________.

making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

inter-rater reliability

measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event

________ has its roots in religious practice.

meditation

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

melatonin

________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.

melatonin

implicit memory

memories that are not part of our consciousness

explicit memory

memories we consciously try to remember and recall

mnemonic device

memory aids that help organize information for encoding

transience

memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time

blocking

memory error in which you cannot access stored information

misattribution

memory error in which you confuse the source of your information

Atkinson-Shiffrin model (A-S)

memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

memory

system or process that stores what we learn for future use

egocentrism

preoperational child's difficulty in taking the perspective of others

reversibility

principle that objects can be changed, but then returned back to their original form or condition

introspection

process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts

reconstruction

process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information

informed consent

process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person's consent to participate

psychosocial development

process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood

psychosexual development

process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life

stage of moral reasoning

process proposed by Kohlberg, but expanded on by Gilligan; humans move through different stages of moral development

sensory memory

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

synaptic vesicle

storage site for neurotransmitters

manifest content

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

arousal theory

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

longitudinal research

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time

cognitive psychology

study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions

normative approach

study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones

epigenetics

study of gene-environment interactions, such as how the same genotype leads to different phenotypes

Biopsychology

study of how biology influences behavior

personality psychology

study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

meta-analysis

study that combines the results of several related studies

participants

subjects of psychological research

random sample

subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

sample

subset of individuals selected from the larger population

Which of the following is not a structure of the forebrain?

substantia nigra

mutation

sudden, permanent change in a gene

ology

suffix that denotes "scientific study of"

A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form.

survey

methadone

synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

memory-enhancing strategy

technique to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory

self-reference effect

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

confirmation bias

tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

homeostasis

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

The ________ is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes before being sent to other areas of the brain for further processing.

thalamus