NURS 225 Test 1 Book Questions, Ch. 13 - Legal & Ethical Issues, Ch. 16 - Data Analysis: Descriptive & Inferential Statistics, Ch. 15 - Reliability & Validity, Ch 12 - Sampling, Ch 6 - Qualitative Approaches to Research, Ch 5 - Introduction to Qualit...
Which of the following most accurately describes the focus of outcomes research?
comparing and contrasting groups on selected preexisting variables
Demographic variables are attributes of subjects that are collected to allow the researcher to
develop a description or profile of the sample
quasi experimental design
dictates manipulation of the independent variable and random assignment and control groups or absent
Essential elements of informed consent include which of the following
disclosure of essential information regarding the study, comprehension of essential study information, and competency to give consent
Threats to internal Validity: Testing
effect of taking a pretest on post test score, sensitizes subject to information
Nonprobability
elements chosen by non-random methods.
primary resource? which journal has mostly primary resources?
first hand reports of facts or findings; in research, the original report prepared by the investigator who conducted the study.
Florence Nightingale
first to begin EBP, focused on the importance of a healthy environment for patients, and "mother of statistical data"
Hypothesis
formal statements of expected relationships among variables
Content Clustering
integration of findings from scientifically sound research to determine what is currently known or not known
Aim/Goal
intent of the study
Discussion
interpretation of the findings.
Levels of Evidence: Level 4
-Single non-experimental study --> case-control. correlational, cohort studies.
In interrator reliability, the reliability/consistency of the ____ is tested.
Observer.
Level VII
Opinion or authorities and/or report of expert committees
Sources for nursing research come primarily from two sources:
Academic and healthcare settings.
Experimental studies are most often conducted in which of the following settings?
Highly controlled setting
Results (IMRAD)
Study findings
What term is used to describe the specific goal or aim of a study?
Study purpose
Describe a Purpose
Study's aim or objective
Describe a Hypothesis
Study's question.
Deduction
Generalizations --> confirming specific observation Testing a theory
External validity is concerned with ability to ___
Generalize findings
How far back should your literature review go?
Generally - 3 years Preferred - 5 years Up to - 10 years
The process of external criticism is used in which of the following qualitative research methodologies?
Historical
The literature may be actual source of data in which of the following qualitative methodologies?
Historical research
Internal validity looks at what factors?
History Maturation Testing Instrumentation Mortality Selection bias
The ____ of an instrument means that all of the items in an instrument measure the same concept, variable, or characteristics.
Homogeneity
Which of the following would require the researcher to increase the sample size?
Increasing the number of dependent variables
Between the independent and dependent variables, which one is manipulated?
Independent
Manipulation of which variable is connected to control? Independent Dependent Extraneous Attribute
Independent
Give examples of types of questions a qualitative researcher would ask?
open ended, close ended, descriptive
In a study examining cause-and-effect interactions, the cause portion of the interaction is represented by the
Independent variable
The _______ is the estimate of homogeneity used for instruments that have a dichotomous response format.
Kuder-Richardson (KR-20) Coefficient
HIPPA
protect private health information
IRB
protect pts rights
IRB
protect rights and welfare, voluntary informed consent, and benefits exceed risks
Ethical Study
protect subjects and are carried out using scientific principles
What level of measurement is most often associated with categorical data such as gender? Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Nominal
2 types of research?
Quantitative & qualitative
Reliability
Ability of an instrument to measure the attributes of a variable or construct consistently
________ are errors are difficult to control and unsystematic in nature.
Chance or random errors
Triangulation in mixed method research is utilized for the purposes of supporting _____ validity. Criterion Convergent Construct Variable
Convergent
For convergent validity, we want a ___ correlation. For divergent validity, we want a _____ correlation.
Convergent - postive Divergent - negative
which of the following will provide the most sensitive measurement of a concept such as pain intensity? A visual analogue scale
...
Cronbach's Alpha
"coefficient alpha"; test reliability of measurement
Ethnography
"portrait of people" study that explores the culture of a specific group of people or organization
Levels of Evidence: Level 5
-Case reports program evaluation, systematic reviews of qualitative research.
Meta-analysis Criteria
-research question in all studies need to be nearly identical -research needs to be well designed and not biased
Dissemination of Findings
...
Which type of reliability is examined by Cronbach's alpha?: homogeneity
...
dissemination research examples
...
thematic analysis
...
What is the minimum acceptable power in a study?
.80
Unreliable coefficient
0.00
(a)
0.05
Reliable coefficient
1.00
Which basic ethical principle is described? Human subjects treated fairly. Benefits that are entitled cannot be denied without good reason. Burdens can't be imposed unduly.
3) Justice
Experimental Design: Solomon 4 group
4 groups, 2 pretest, two intervention, all post test.
Qualitative Studies
4 phases comprehension comparison analysis evaluation
1st SD
68%
IRBs have at least ____ of various research backgrounds. Must include ____.
5 members Must include one non-scientific professional (ethicist, clergy, lawyer)
Quantitative Studies
5 phases descriptive vividness methodological congruence analytical & interpretive precision philosophical/theoretical connection Heuristic relevance/Discovery
Quantitative data vs. Qualitative data
54 women ate the apple. Women described the apple as the best thing they have ever ate.
2nd SD
95%
research-practice gap
A delay in using research findings in practice is referred to as what?
Systematic Reviews
A narrowly focused synthesis of research findings from quantitative studies
Nonequivalent control group design
A quasi experimental group that is similar to the true experiment, but subjects are not randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups.
Experimental design
A research design that has the following properties:randomization, control, and manipulation.
Antecedent variable
A variable that affects the dependent variable but occurs before the introduction of the independent variable.
Which statement by a fellow student best describes a confounding variable? "It can take on a wide range of values." "A variable that is restricted to whole numbers." "It describes the characteristics of the study subjects." "A variable that can't be controlled."
A variable that can't be controlled.
Mediating variable
A variable that intervenes between the independent and dependent variable.
Intervening, Extraneous or Mediating Variable
A variable that occurs between the independent and dependent variable; Threat to Validity: something that occurs outside the intervention's expected outcomes.
what is the agency funded mostly nursing research?
ANA
In performing a complex literature search using a computerized database, what term should be between each of the keywords?
AND
A researcher who wishes to study the impact of having a child with cystic fibrosis on family functioning contacts the local chapter of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation for assistance in finding parents to interview. Parents of children with cystic fibrosis in the local chapter are the: Target population. Accessible population. Sample. Participants.
Accessible population
Auditability
Accountability as judged by the adequacy of information leading the reader from the research question and raw data through various steps of analysis to the interpretation of findings
Auditability
Accountability judged by the adequacy of information leading the reader form the research question and raw data through various steps of analysis to the interpretation of findings. You should be able to follow the reasoning of the researcher step-by-step through explicit examples of data, interpretations, and syntheses.
Physiological
Active collection or physical or biological information, requires special equipment. Used to test intervention effect, improve performance.
The purpose of a study applies to EBP when it Adds to the body of nursing knowledge. Is complete and requires multiple readings. Is relevant to the authors. Is hard to find in the literature.
Adds to the body of nursing knowledge.
A problem-focused trigger would generate which of the following PICOT questions?
Adult cardiac patients involved in bedside rounding compared to multidisciplinary rounding have an increased understanding of their treatment plan
The type of knowing which considers the emotions and awareness of beauty and art is called Empirics. Aesthetics. Ethical. Personal.
Aesthetics
Selection of the appropriate statistical technique is based on The research question. The level of measurement of the independent variable or variables. The level of measurement of the dependent variable or variables. All of the above.
All of the above
In published research literature, a primary source refers to
An article written by the people who did the study
After-only design
An experimental design with two randomly assigned groups- a treatment group and a control group. This design differs from the true experiment in that both groups are measured only after the experimental treatment.
Which of the following is a characteristics of qualitative research?
Analysis of the data involves individual interpretation
The definition of a research critique is understood to imply Analytical examination or commentary of a research report. A negative assessment related to the weaknesses of a research report. An analytical evaluation of the literature review. A positive assessment of the research design.
Analytical examination or commentary of a research report.
When a subject's identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual responses, this subject is said to have
Anonymity
History
Another specific event may have an effect on dependent variable. This event may occur inside or outside the experimental setting.
Clinical Guide lines: Evidence Based
Are those developed using published research findings.
Reliability and validity
Area where author(s) of the study discuss potential sources of error in the study
A relational statement says that a relationship of some kind exists between two or more concepts. For the statement "the relationship between two concepts is positive," which of the following is an accurate translation?
As the values of Concept A increase, values of Concept B can be expected to increase
EBP Skills
Ask, Gather, Assess, Act, Evaluate.
What are the steps of implementing evidence-based practice?
Ask, gather, assess, appraise, act, evaluate
Which do children (b/w ages 7-18) give?
Assent
Evidence-based nursing practice requires that nurses initiate a pattern to facilitate effective utilization of research results. The best method for improving a nurse's ability to incorporate research results into practice is Planning a monthly session to complete a literature review. Completing a critique of a single research project. Assessing at least one research report on a weekly basis. Reviewing abstracts from selected research projects.
Assessing at least one research report on a weekly basis.
Random assignment
Assign randomly to group
"6S" hierarchy of pre-appraised evidence
Assists clinicians in their search for the highest level of evidence to facilitate the search for their clinical questions/problem
The statement "People want control of their own health problems" is an example of which of the following?
Assumption
Control prevents ___.
Bias or threats to internal validity
The Tuskegee Syphilis study lasted many years, and none of the human subjects were properly informed about the study's conduct. Which ethical principle was egregiously ignored in this study?
Autonomy
Which of the following statements about outcome variables is true?
Available measuring instruments must be sensitive enough to detect changes over time
Components of a systematic review
Background, Method, Appraisal of literature, Conclusion/summary.
Which of the following are tenets for use when designing a questionnaire? Use a variety of items and approaches to appraise conceptual ideas. Ensure that each question addresses the entire scope of the topic. Use simple but appropriate jargon for the designated topics. Both A and B.
Both A and B
most useful electronic data base
CINAHL
Why do research questions have to be developed carefully?
Carefully developed and refined questions focus the research project
Threats to internal Validity: Instrumentation
Change in the instruments themselves OR change in the data collection procedures that may account for change in the dependent variable.
Instrumentation
Changes in measurement of variables or observational techniques that may account for changes in obtained measurement
Instrumentation
Changes in the measurement of the variables that may account for changes in the obtained measurement.
Which inferential procedure is appropriate when there is one nominal-scale dependent variable and one nominal-scale independent variable? Chi-square t-test One-way ANOVA Factor analysis
Chi-Square
After entering data into a database, the researcher prints a copy of the data and cross-checks all of the data for accuracy. This process is referred to as
Cleaning the data
When a full-text article is found in a bibliographic citation database, how does the researcher obtain the article?
Clicking on the link
The American Nurses Association position statement acknowledges that:
Clinicians identify clinical problems and researchers design them
What is evidence-based practice?
Collection, evaluation, and integration of valid research evidence, combined with clinical expertise and an understanding of pt. and family values and preferences, to inform clinical decisions.
Conceptual
Comparable to dictionary definition of the concept
What level of institutional review board (IRB) review should be undertaken for a study in which the subjects participate in a clinical trial of new medications?
Complete review by only IRB
Construct
Complex concept; usually comprise more than one concept and are "constructed" to fit a purpose.
_____ refers to a search for other measures of the construct. Two or more instruments that theoretically measure the same construct are ID'd, and both are administered to the same subjects.
Convergent validity
Conceptual definition
Conveys the general meaning of a concept.
The ____ is the degree of association, between two or more variables.
Correlation
Existing data
Data already collected for another purpose.
a unique characteristic of prospective cohort studies is that
Data are collected from subjects who are at risk for, but do not currently have the problem identified
Researchers generally continue to recruit participants until they have reached ____.
Data saturation
Quantitative research uses which reasoning approach?
Deductive
Theory-testing uses which type of reasoning?
Deductive reasoning
Logic
Deductive/ Inductive
Purposes of Research
Describe, Explore, Explain, Predict and control.
Institutional review boards (IRBs) I universities, clinical agencies, and managed care centers are responsible for reviewing studies involving human subjects for the express purpose of
Determining if potential benefits of the investigation outweigh any risk that may be present to the subject
_______ uses measurement approaches that differentiate one construct from others that may be similar. Searching for instruments that measure the opposite of a construct.
Divergent validity/Discriminant validity
Levels of evidence for Experimental Quasi-experimental Non-experimental
E - 2 Q - 3 N - 4
In the normal curve, the mean, median, and mode are ___.
Equal
A researcher examines the norms, rules, and values of the staff of a large long-term care facility. Which type of research does this represent? Grounded theory Ethnography Phenomenology Case study
Ethnography
Which of the following types of studies is considered qualitative research? Delphi technique Cross-sectional design Ethnography Survey
Ethnography
Randomization
Every potential subject has an equal and independent chance of being selected for either group.
Four aspects which are included in evidence-based practice are Research, decision-making processes, time, and patient preferences. Evidence, decision-making processes, clinical setting, and patient mix. Evidence, decision-making processes, nursing experiences, and holistic patient care. Research, nursing process, nursing experiences, and nursing care.
Evidence, decision-making processes, nursing experiences, and holistic patient care.
What level of institutional review board (IRB) review should be undertaken for a study in which the participants complete anonymous questionnaires?
Exempt status
Probability sampling is associated with which types of studies?
Experimental Quasi-experimental
Major difference between experimental and quasi-experimental designs?
Experimental has randomization Quasi has NO randomization
Which of the following types of studies would require the largest sample size? Experimental study Descriptive survey Grounded theory Ethnographic study
Experimental study
A researcher who makes up results of a study is guilty of
Fabrication
Scientific misconduct on the part of the researcher is very serious. What constitutes scientific misconduct? Lying about the project to subjects when seeking informed consent Fabrication, falsification of data, and plagiarism Attributing only partial authorship to other contributors when they have done most of the work Making false claims about a project being funded when the researcher is talking about his or her work
Fabrication, falsification of data, and plagarism.
Scientific misconduct on the part of the researcher is very serious. What constitutes scientific misconduct?
Fabrication, falsification of data, and plagiarism
_____ is rudimentary type of validity that basically verifies that the instrument gives the appearance of measuring the concept. Intuitive, appears to reflect concept
Face validity
____ is a procedure that gives the researcher information about the extent to which a set of items measures the same underlying concept (variable) of a construct. This will indicate whether the items in the instrument reflect a single construct or several constructs.
Factor analysis
____ is used to determine whether a scale actually measured the concepts that it is intended to measure.
Factor analysis
_____ assess the degree to which the individual items on scale truly cluster around one or more concepts.
Factor analysis
Ex of interval measurement
Fahrenheit scale Test scores 0 doesn't represent complete loss of temperature 0 doesn't represent complete loss of knowledge.
Fittingness
Faithfulness to everyday reality of the participants, described in enough detail so that others in the discipline can evaluate the importance for their own practice, research and theory development.
Fittingness
Faithfulness to everyday reality of the participants. Whether the study "rings true."
Who is identified as the first nursing research?
Florence Nightingale
Integrative review
Focused review and synthesis of research of theoretical literature in a particular focus area, and includes specific steps of literature integration and synthesis without statistical analysis
Ethnographic method
Focuses on scientific description and interpretation of CULTURAL or social GROUPS and systems.
Accuracy
For all aspects of the study to flow from the research question
Subjects with diminished autonomy require which of the following types of documentation of informed consent?
Formal written consent document signed by the subject and/or parent or legal guardian
Citation management software
Formats and stores your citations so that they are available for electronic retrieval
Qualitative research
Formulae an understanding of a phernomenon
Inductive reasoning
Get data, then make hypothesis; Bottom up Specific --> general More qualitative
You are a BSN-prepared nurse who wants to initiate a research project on your unit. To get the other nurses to participate, you would:
Give a presentation to your peers on the befits of research
_____ describes federal standards to protect patient's medical records and other health information.
HIPAA
Selection bias
Happens when precautions weren't taken to obtain a random sample; this occurs when individuals themselves decide whether to participate in a study
Reactive effects/reactivity is also referred to as the ___.
Hawthorne Effect.
Protection of vulnerable individuals is a critical ethical component in human research studies. How did Edward Jenner fail to meet this standard when he tested swinepox on his 1-year-old son? He thought the new knowledge overrode any concern he should have for the rights of his son. He did not know any better. He ignored the point that he could not get informed consent from his son, who was particularly vulnerable. Given that smallpox was such a lethal disease at that time, it was better for Jenner to ignore his son's vulnerability so to gain new knowledge.
He ignored the point that the could not get informed consent from his son, who was particularly vulnerable.
Which act requires that the privacy of people's health information be Protected?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability (HIPPA)
The subject's right to privacy is protected by ____
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Ex of ratio measurement
Height, weight, pulse, blood pressure
PICO Purpose
Help practitioner develop well-worded questions that facilitate a search for evidence.
Why is qualitative research done in a naturalistic setting?
Helps the researcher to understand what that participant values
Which of the following is the best example of a problem statement containing all parts of the PICOT format? Children whose parents stay with them experience less pain. Hospitalized patients who have a relative with them experience less pain than those who do not. Hospitalized children ages 3-5 years whose parents stay with them during painful procedures experience less pain than those who do not. Patients who have a relative with them during a transfusion will experience less anxiety than those who do not.
Hospitalized children ages 3-5 years whose parents stay with them during painful procedures experience less pain than those who do not.
Which of these PICOT questions or statements demonstrates effective development?
Hospitalized children have less stress and heal quicker when allowed to use play therapy in comparison to pet therapy while recovering from surgery
Effect size
How large the difference is between intervention and control groups for summarized studies.
Level of evidence
How well the study is designed and executed - level does not tell study's worth; rather it is another tool to indicate study's strengths and weaknesses and the nature of the evidence provided in the findings and the conclusions
Qualitative research focuses on ___.
Human experience; subjective data
In the ______, the investigator uses the theory or concept underlying the measurement instruments to validate the instrument.
Hypothesis-testing approach
How is a statistical/null hypothesis rejected?
If a statistically significant relationship emerges between the variables at a specified level of significance
Threats to internal Validity: Selection
If not random or representative
random assignment
In a research study what is used to eliminate the systematic (bias) influence of any other variable?
end of introduction
In critiquing a research report, where does the researcher state the particular question to be investigated?
Weaknesses of quasi-experimental designs?
Inability to make clea C-E statements Inability to control extraneous variables a priori
Purpose of sampling?
Increase efficiency - it wouldn't be feasible to study every element in the population
Inferential statistics are used to decide if differences among treatment groups are due to the Significance. Dependent variable. Confounding variable. Independent variable.
Independent variable
In mixed method research, the collection of quantitative and qualitative data is often treated Synchronously. Stringently. Independently. Statistically.
Independently
Reliability and relevance may exist With dependence on validity. With only independence of validity. Independently of validity. None of the above.
Independently of validity
Non-directional hypothesis
Indicates a relationship exists between the variables, but does not specify the direction.
Qualitative research uses which reasoning approach?
Inductive
Statistical procedures that allow researcher to estimate how reliably they can make predictions and generalize findings based on the data are known as ____. The researcher is trying to draw conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data of the study.
Inferential statistics
_____ provide an objective way to determine if the results of the study are likely to be a true representation of reality.
Inferential statistics
Data
Information systematically collected in the course of a study
_____ is the legal principle that means that potential subjects understand the implications of participating in research and they knowingly agree to participate
Informed Consent
An expedited review does not exempt the researcher from attaining ___.
Informed consent
What is the role of institution in the research process
Institution may be valuable in linking ideas while interpreting findings
What are the three abstract thought process that are important to nursing
Institution, role modeling, and reasoning
Which of the following choices is an example of an item on a Likert scale?
Instructor kept convenient office hours: strongly agree; disagree; neutral; agree; strongly agree
Methodological
Instrument development. Items developed and tested for reliability and validity.
Questionaire
Instruments, scales, tools. Over or covert.
2 Important criteria for evaluating bias?
Internal validity External validity
What does it mean when a hypothesis is complex?
It contains more than one independent or dependent variable
Research is often not valued because:
It costs too much
Why is it important that the researcher be competent to conduct research? It is not ethically appropriate for an incompetent person to conduct research. An incompetent researcher will not be able to get informed consent from the vulnerable subject, which is unethical. An incompetent researcher should always work with someone who is competent, so that he or she can learn the process. Research is a complicated process that has to be learned.
It is not ethically appropriate for an incompetent person to conduct research.
The primary restrictions related to the researcher that prevent the use of mixed method research are Lack of understanding about the methods and the research community. Lack of willingness to engage in the use of, and lack of confidence in, one research method. Lack of vision and risk taking. Lack of willingness and overconfidence.
Lack of vision and risk taking.
Generally, always use the ___ sample size possible. The larger the sample size, the more ____.
Largest Representative
RCT generates what level of evidence?
Level 2
Research problems occur when there are gaps in knowledge about how to address a significant clinical problem. Which of the following would indicate that current knowledge is insufficient and that additional study of a clinical problem is needed?
Little is known about the variables, findings of previous studies have been inconclusive and/or conflicting, and ethnic minority and women subjects have not been included in many states
Focus of Phenomenological method is on the ____.
Lived experience - day to day experience
Quality improvement activities result in what type of changes? Generalizable Global Broad, dynamic Local, regional
Local, regional
Validity can be classified as Universal. Concise. General. Logical.
Logical
Mortality
Loss of study subjects from the first data-collection point (pretest) to the 2nd data-collection point (posttest)
Threats to internal Validity: Mortality
Loss of subjects, total or within groups.
Issues related to experimental design include Manipulation of all variables, ethics, and feasibility. The Hawthorne effect, ethics, and sample size. Treatments, interventions, and no manipulation of variables. Feasibility, the Hawthorne effect, and research questions.
Manipulation of all variables, ethics, and feasibility.
Characteristics of True Experimental Study
Manipulation, Control, Randomization.
Power analysis
Mathematical procedure to determine the number for each group needed to test the study's variables
An area of concern in a time-series design is Randomization. Control. Manipulation. Maturation.
Maturation
____ is the arithmetical average of all the scores. Most widely used measure of central tendency. It is affected by every score. It is generally considered the best point for summarizing data when using interval.
Mean
Examples of descriptive statistics?
Mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation, scatter plots
Phenomenological method - key word?
Meaning
Testability means?
Measurable by either qualitative or quantitative methods; means that the variables of the study must lend themselves to observation, measurement, and analysis.
Root cause analysis (RCA) had its origin in Dental industry. Mechanical engineering. Military industry. Business industry.
Military industry
The number of modes contained in a distribution is called the ____.
Modality
The ___ is the most frequent value in a distribution.
Mode
Advantage of Multistage (cluster) sampling
More economical in terms of time & money
Why use parametric over nonparametric?
More powerful More flexible
2 threats to experimental studies?
Mortality Testing
_____ examines the relationship between instruments that should measure the same construct (convergent validity) and between those that should measure different constructs (discriminant validity).
Multitrait-multimethod approach
Analyzing many different variables at once using advanced statical procedures is called ___.
Multivariate statistics
Which entities are protected under HIPAA?
Names Geographical locators smaller than a state Telephone #s Fax #s SSN Email Health plan beneficiary #s Vehicle ID Device IDers/serial #s URLs IP #s Biometric IDers Full-face photographs Any other unique characteristic/code/number
An operational definition of a variable is one that is: Broad and abstract. Narrow and abstract. Concrete and continuous. Narrow and concrete.
Narrow and concrete.
The _____, passed in 1974, created the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Hebavioral Research.
National Research Act
Qualitative studies are usually conducted in a ___ setting
Natural
Qualitative research takes place in ____ settings.
Naturalistic Ex - someone's home
Levels of measurement (types)
Nominal (lowest) Ordinal Interval Ratio
_____ is used to classify variables or events into categories. The categories are mutually exclusive; the variable or event either has or doesn't have the characteristic.
Nominal measurement
Statistical hypothesis is also known as?
Null hypothesis
The _____ is the hypothesis that actually can be tested by statistical methods. States there is no difference between the groups.
Null hypothesis
Quantity
Number of studies that have evaluated the research question, including sample size across studies.
Which of the following was developed in the late 1940s to address ethical conduct of biomedical research?
Nuremberg Code
What does it mean to perform a critical appraisal?
Nurses must be knowledgeable consumers of research, who can evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of research evidence and use existing standards to determine the merit and readiness of research for use in clinical practice.
Quasi- Experimental: Time series
O1 O1 X O2 O2 - a number before or a number of times after the intervention; multiple pretests and post tests; threat= selection/ maturation.
The research question is "Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes in teenage boys." Which of the following is/are the independent variable(s)? Teenage boys with type 2 diabetes Gender and obesity Obesity Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and gender
Obesity
Antecedent variable
Occurs before the study E.g: age, gender, diet, socioeconomic status, educational level.
Evidence-Based practice in nursing should be based
On the synthesis of findings from a collection of research studies addressing nursing practice
Accessible population
One that meets the target population criteria and that is available
Which of the following research methodologies is (are) being used to generate nursing knowledge?
Outcomes research, qualitative research, and quantitative research
The funding agency that focuses most on outcomes research is
The agency of Healthcare Policy and Research
When developing a question to drive the compilation of evidence for a specific practice situation, the five components that can be used to focus the investigation are Patient, situation, intervention, comparison, and practice. Situation, intervention, comparison, outcome, and time. Patient, intervention, comparison, outcome, and time. Patient, situation, intervention, outcome, and data.
Patient, intervention, comparison, outcome and time
What type of reasoning is represented in the following example? Premises
Patients with untreated right-sided heart failure experience shortness of breath. Mr. Jones experiences shortness of breath.: Deductive reasoning
Which of the following correlational procedures looks at the extent of a Relationship between two variables?
Pearson Product Moment Correlation
A ____ represents the percentage of cases a given score exceeds.
Percentile
Which of the following statements abut error in physiologic measurement is True?
Physiologic measures are subject to several sources of error
Feasibility
Pilot study (for pragmatic considerations); time, subject availability, facility/equipment availability, money, research experience, ethics.
What does the design provide?
Plan or blueprint Vehicle for systematically texting research questions and hypotheses Provides structure for maintaining control in study
PICO
Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome.
Literature reviews should mostly implement which type of sources? (primary or secondary)
Primary
If you are conducting a study to examine relationships or predict an event, your study is based on which of the following theories?
Probability theory
When developing questions for an instrument, a researcher should be careful in the wording to Provide hints toward the response. Use jargon as needed. Use single-topic questions. Use cultural aspects to provide context.
Provide hints toward the response.
The research role of the BSN nurse includes:
Providing leadership in integrating research into practice
Open-ended questions provide primarily _____ data. Confirmatory Exhaustive Qualitative Quantitative
Qualiltative
In which type of study are we more likely to see difficulty protecting the right to privacy? Why?
Qualitative studies Small sample size, subject's verbatim quotes
Meta-summary
Quantitatively-oriented aggregation of qualitative findings that are topical or thematic summaries or surveys of data.
Comparison groups are a feature of which of the following research designs?
Quas-experimental study
Nonequivalent control group design
Quasi-experiment design that is similar to the true experiment, but subjects are not randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups
Numbers are to quantitative study as ___ are to a qualitative study.
Quotes
Defining characteristic of probability sampling is ____
Random selection of elements from the population
RCT removes bias by including which 3 factors?
Randomization Control Manipulation
Which is the highest level of measurement?
Ratio measurement
____ shows rankings of events or variables on scales WITH equal intervals AND absolute zeros.
Ratio measurement
One unique aspect present in reports of mixed method research projects is a(an) Rationale for the utilization of the method. Clear delineation of the sampling method. In-depth discussion of the methodology. Listing of the strengths and limitations.
Rationale for the utilization of the method.
Best practice is an excellent example of which kind of testing?
Reality
The ____ of research instrument is defined as the extent to which the instrument yields the same results on repeated measures.
Reliability
The _____ expresses the relationship between the error variance, the true variance, and the observed score.
Reliability coefficient
Which of the following statements about replication studies is true?
Replication studies extent knowledge even if they do not confirm previous study findings
Research utilization has often been Neglected in the literature. Denied by publishers. Reported in the literature. Spurned by EBP.
Reported in the literature
Which of the following describes the basis of grounded theory methodology used in research?
Research continually use data to reformulate, revise, and test propositions until a theory evolves from the data
Literature Review: Secondary Resource
Research documents are descriptions of studies prepared by someone else, literature reviews are secondary sources
A bundle is a group of interventions related to a disease or care process that:
Result sin diverse outcomes when the interventions are implemented individually
The ____ is the extent to which a study's benefits are maximized and the risks are minimized such that the subjects are protected from harm.
Risk Benefit Ratio
Disadvantage of convenience sampling
Risk of bias is greater than in any other type of sample
Grounded theory - key words
SOCIAL
The research question is "Does massage therapy increase satisfaction during cesarean delivery?" Which of the following is/are the dependent variable(s)? Massage therapy Satisfaction Music therapy and satisfaction Satisfaction and type of delivery
Satisfaction
Quota
Select sample on known proportion. Build in representativeness. Try to represent proportions or strata in population. Criteria based on theory.
Extraneous variables may be controlled by
Selecting a homogeneous sample
Describe an abstract
Short, comprehensive synopsis or summary of a study at beginning of an article; it quickly focuses reader unman points of study; it is concise, self-contained, specific, non evaluative, coherent, and readable 50-250 words
Left of zero line
Significant
Types of probability sampling
Simple random sampling Stratified random sampling Cluster sampling
Outcomes in nursing research are considered time dependent for which of the following reasons?
Some findings may not be apparent for a long time, The results may be only temporary, and Outcomes in some instances are immediately seen
The _____ is the measure of average deviation of the scores from the mean and as such should always be reported with the mean.
Standard Deviation (SD)
The ____ is the most stable and useful measure of variability.
Standard deviation
Which test is used to establish the measurement of the accuracy related to reliability? ANOVA Standard error of measure (SEM) Pearson Product Moment (PPM) correlation Reliability coefficient
Standard error of measure (SEM)
Deductive reasoning
Starts with hypothesis, test it, see if data supports it; Top down General --> specific More quantitative
Data analysis/results
Statistical tests used and the results of descriptive and/or inferential tests applied in quantitative studies
When subjects area selected randomly on the basis of their fir in categories of variables important to the study, the sampling method is referred to as
Stratified random sampling
Generalization can _____ a study. Weaken Strengthen Shorten Lengthen
Strengthen
Critiques address both ____ and ____ of a research study.
Strengths and weaknesses
Anonymity
Subject's identity cannot be linked (even by researcher) with their individual responses
Randomization/random assignment
Subjects in either control or experimental group were selected on a purely random basis
The directional hypothesis for a study is
Substantive theory and/or previous research
Domains
Symbolic categories that include smaller categories
Meta-synthesis (Meta-summary)
Synthesis of a number of qualitative research studies on a focused topic using specific qualitative methodology. -No statistics!
Meta-synthesis/meta-summary
Synthesis of a number of qualitative research studies using qualitative methodology. Qualitative
Validity is concerned with ____ error.
Systematic
What is Quality improvement (QI)?
Systematic use of data to monitor outcomes of care processes as well as the use of improvement methods to design and test changes in practice for the purpose of continuously improving the faulty and safety of health care.
Research
Systematic, controlled investigation of presumed relationships among variables.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Tests for differences between 3 or more groups -->(F)
Qualitative data is usually in __?
Text, words
Manipulation is a term used in research to mean
The ability to determine the various treatments given to groups in quasi-experimental and experimental studies
In developing a question for an EBP project involving the fall rate of patients 65 years of age and older, the initial ethical consideration should be
The age of the population.
The AHRQ tool for evaluating the strength of the evidence is used to determine The anticipated benefit and/or harm to the patient. Only the benefit for the nurse. Gaps and consistencies in the research. The harm for the nurse.
The anticipated benefit and/or harm to the patient.
The research process allows for
The best method to address the problems.
The research process allows for The best method to address the problems. Little comparison of outcomes. Limited measures of evaluation. Extra time for the nurse at the bedside.
The best method to address the problems.
As a researcher, you are attempting to gather data about the effects of a drug on individuals between the ages of 20 and 40 years. On the developed tool, the age ranges are provided as follows: 20-25; 25-30; 30-35; 35-40. Which problem is evident in this set of responses related to the question seeking to know a person's current age? The categories are not mutually exclusive. The categories are not exhaustive. The categories are written in a closed-ended format. There is no problem with this set of response categories.
The categories are not mutually exclusive.
A Certificate of Confidentiality may be required to protect both the researched and the researcher. Why?
The certificate protects the researcher and the researched from being coerced by governmental authorities to reveal sensitive information
A Certificate of Confidentiality may be required to protect both the researched and the researcher. Why?
The certificate protects the researcher and the researched from being coerced by governmental authorities to reveal sensitive information.
Internal validity
The degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment, rather than an uncontrolled condition, resulted in the observed effects.
Reactivity
The distortion created when those who are being observed change their behavior because they know that they are being observed.
Selection
The generalizability of the results to other populations.
Experimental group
The group in an experimental investigation that receives an intervention or treatment.
Qualitative sampling focuses on what particular part of a research study?
The incidents in the lives of the participants
Mortality
The loss of subjects from time 1 data collection to time 2 data collection.
Research studies include both a research hypothesis, which states what the researcher thinks will be found, and a null hypothesis is true?
The null hypothesis states that no interaction occurs between variables or that no relationship exists among the variables being studied
which of the following is an example of mortality?
The participant leaves the study in the middle
Design
The plan or blueprint of a conduct of a study.
Sampling
The population that was studied. The number of subjects that participated in the study as well as the number of subjects who dropped out of the study should be enumerated.
Intervention fidelity
The process of enhancing the study's internal validity by ensuring that the intervention is delivered systematically to all subjects.
When developing a nursing research project, why is it important to remember the ethical constraints?
The protection of human subjects underlies all human research projects
When developing a nursing research project, why is it important to remember the ethical constraints? The study will not be approved by the institutional review board without these constraints. The protection of human subjects underlies all human research projects. The results will not be trustworthy and replicable. The nurse researcher will not be able to get funding for the project and, therefore, will not be able to complete the project.
The protection of human subjects underlies all human research projects
What is the issue of greatest concern when developing a research project
The protection of the vulnerable subject
Why does an ethical research environment assist with ensuring scientific integrity?
The researcher always works within an ethical environment, which encourages the practice of ethical research behaviors
Justice
The right to fair treatment, the right to privacy.
Which of the EBP components carries the greatest weight in determining the management of the clinical situation? Thought process Client preferences Research The situation
The situation
The standard deviation is The square of the mean deviation. The square of the variance. The square root of the variance. The square root of the sum of squares.
The square root of the variance.
What is a notable concern related to scoring or grading the level of evidence with the current tools?
The tools lack classification for mixed method studies
Broader, more abstract, overarching categories of meaning in data yield ___.
Themes
Grounded theory is useful because it describes a research approach to construct a ____ where none exists.
Theory
Pros/cons of nondirectional
Theory base may not be as developed Objective/Impartial Data analysis more sensitive
Which of the following statements is a belief reflective of the worldview on which qualitative research is based?
There is not a single reality
Which of the following statements about quasi-experimental designs is true?
They are an alternative for establishing causality when an experimental study might not be ethical or feasible
Problems involving moral or ethical issues are not researchable because They are too costly to perform. Most researchers are not interested in these studies. They are based on individual values. Data collection is problematic.
They are based on individual values.
Which of the following statements about research objectives, questions, and hypotheses is true?
They are used to link the research problem and purpose to the study methods and analysis strategies
Network sampling/snowballing
This is used when locating samples is difficult or impossible to do in other ways. It takes advantage of large social networks and the fact that friends tend to have characteristics in common.
Quality improvement (QI) projects are considered The same as scientific inquiry. Different from scientific inquiry. To focus on only patient satisfaction. A rigorous approach for research.
To focus on only patient satisfaction.
Which of the following statements about historical research is true?
Triangulation of data collection methods and verification from other sources make life histories more valuable
false
True or False: qualitative research ends with statistical reports
true
True or false: A null-significant value may have a practical value.
true
True or false: Critical evaluations of research reports plays a critical role in the advancement of knowledge.
true
True or false: Just because it has a significant value doesn't mean it will have a practical value
true
True or false: Most research studies have adequacies as well as inadequacies
false
True or false: Significant correlations demonstrates causation.
Research hypotheses also may be classified in terms of being simple or complex. Which of the following statements correctly describes a study designed to test a simple hypothesis?
Two variables are included in the hypothesis to be addressed
Convenience sampling
Use of most readily accessible persons or objects as subjects. Elements are convenient and accessible to researcher. ex - volunteers
Theoretical Sampling
Used in grounded theory research to develop a selected theory through the research process
Systematic error can be diminished by
Using a valid measurement tool
Which of the following states the primary characteristic(s) of variables that separate them from concepts?
Values of variables must be able to be measured or manipulated, and the values must vary among the objects, people, or situations in the study
Which of the following are measured in research?
Variables
Who is at higher risk for violation of the Right to self-determination?
Vulnerable populations/diminished autonomy subjects
Level II
Well-designed RCT
field work
What research approach involves prolonged residence with members of a culture that is being studied?
methods
What section of a research report should evidence for the reliability of measuring instruments used in a study appear?
to provide a comparison for the effect of the independent variable
Why do we use control groups in experiments ?
Objectivity
Wish to control for bias; established by reviewing the literature.
A priori
Without observation, experiment, or assessment Before introducing the intervention
Which of the following examples is not a data collection source used as a mechanism for amassing the information? Focus group discussions Observations Work excitement instrument Project progress reports
Work excitement instrument
Which action best supports the healthcare team rounding together to provide patient-centered care?
Working in interdisciplinary teams
Paradigm
World view
What type of evidence is provided by meta-analysis? A. Level I B. Level II C. Level III D. Level IV
a
non experimental research
a descriptive study that does not exhibit a great amount of control over variables
emergent
a design that unfolds in the course of qualitative study as the researcher makes ongoing design decisions reflecting what has already been learned.
Quantitative Research
a formal, objective, systematic research process to describe, test relationships, or examine cause and effect interactions among variables
Critical Thinking
a rationale examination of ideas, inferences, principles, conclusions.
casual (cause and effect) relationship
a relationship between two variables wherein presence or value of one variable (the "cause") determines the presence or value of the other (the "effect")
Qualitative Research
a systematic, subjective research approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning
construct
an abstraction or concept that is deliberately invented (constructed) by researchers for a scientific purpose. (health locus of control ex)
what is the naturalist paradigm?
an alternative paradigm (also called constructivist paradigm) to the positivist paradigm that holds that there are multiple interpretations of reality, and that the goal of research is to understand how individuals construct reality within their natural context; associated with qualitative research.
A research problem is
an area of concern or situation in need of a solution
Target Population
an entire set of individuals who meet the sampling criteria
Outcomes Research
an important scientific methodology that was developed to examine the end results of patient care
Individually Identifiable Health Information
any information, including demographic information, collected from an individual that is created or received by health care providers, health plan, or health care clearing house
Internal Validity
ask is it the independent variable (or something else) that caused or resulted in the change in the dependent variable
Research Design
blueprint for conducting a study
Nonexperimental studies provide what type of evidence? A. Level II B. Level III C. Level IV D. Level V
c
Qualitative Rigor
characteristics of a study that gives its findings credibility and greater value
Vulnerable populations
children, prisoners, pregnant women, terminally ill, mentally disabled
Human Rights
claims and demands that have been justified in the eyes of an individual or the consensus of a group of individuals and are protected in research
Research Purpose
clear, concise statement of the specific goal or focus of the study that is generated from the problem
How are predictive models used? A. To synthesize findings from randomized clinical trials to test the effectiveness of an intervention B. To develop measurement techniques to establish causal relationships C. To generalize findings from nonexperimental studies D. To explain the relationships among variables to establish predictive or causal links
d
What is an advantage of using surveys for data collection? A. Causation can be determined. B. Information can be collected in great depth. C. Large-scale surveys are relatively inexpensive. D. A relatively small number of subjects can provide accurate information.
d
Sample
define the selected group from which data are collected for a study
types of qualitative designs
ethnography, grounded, phenomenology
Quasi-experimental design
examine cause and effect when complete control is not possible
Quasi-Experimental Research
examines cause & effect relationships, with samples that are not randomly selected
Descriptive Research
exploration and description of phenomena in real-life situations "new meaning discovered"
Nazi medical experiment
exposed people to extreme conditions, jews
Generalization
extending the findings from the sample to the larger group
Which study would be considered a developmental study? A. Descriptive B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Exploratory E. Comparative F. Cross-sectional
f
Scientific misconduct on the part of the researcher is very serious. What constitutes scientific misconduct?
fabrication, falsification of data, and plagiarism
Preliminary understanding involves?
familiarizing self with content - skimming the content
Identify predicted relationship
find difference between 2 or more variables in population -uses: greater than, positively. difference, relationship, significant.
In qualitative research, when are decisions made about data collection and sampling?
in the field
people in qualitative studies
informant
Emic
insider view
Sample
is a set of elements that make up the population
Research Evidence
is a synthesis of quality, relevant studies to form a body of empirical knowledge for selected area of practice.
Visual Analog Scale
is like a pain scale no pain I______________________I Pain
Diamond
is the effect or significance of the combined studies; more precise as it combines the data from studies.
middle-range theories
look at a piece of reality and that contain clearly defined variables in which the nature and direction of relationships are specified
Correlational Research
look at relationship between two or more variables "explains what is seen"
Experimental Research
looks at cause & effect relationships. It's a controlled experiment, and it measures the independent and dependent variables
To establish a test as an accurate measurement of reliability, the test scores need a relatively _____ standard deviation and a _____ reliability coefficient. High; high Low; low Low; high High; low
low; high
Nominal Data
lowest level of measurement -->Name -->Mode
Conceptual Model
more abstract than theories, explain phenomena of interest and reflect a philosophical stance
Random Sampling
most control, each person has an equal chance of being selected
Mode
numerical value/score that occurs with the greatest frequency -->Nominal Data
Best practices in nursing can be defined as:
nursing actions that produce desirable patient outcomes
Information provided as feelings, convictions, and/or values are designated as which form of evidence? Editorials Observations Ideas Opinions
opinions
Theory
organized set of concepts and statements that serve to describe, explain and predict an event or phenomenon
Etic
outsider view
causality
particular cause leads to specific effect(s) or outcome(s)
Jewish chronic disease hospital study
patient response to liver cancer cells
who is best served by development of a scientific base for nursing practice
patients
gate keeper
person who gives permission
quantitative paradigm
positivist paradigm
Declarative Statement
predicts relationship or differences of variables in results or outcomes.
Sampling
process of selecting subjects who are representative of the population
Qualitative (Ethnography)
provides a framework for studying the meanings, patterns, and lifeways of a culture in a holistic fashion.
Intervention
provoke or not
Grounded Theory
qualitative method that describes social process and proposes a framework of related concepts
External Validity
questions under what conditions can the findings be generalized. Deals with generalizability, outside the study.
3 requirements of a true experiment
randomization, manipulation, control
Likert Scale
rates how a person strongly disagrees to strongly agrees
statiscally significant
real and replication good chance
Best practice is an excellent example of which kind of testing?
reality
If the instrument is not ____it is not _____
reliable, valid
Reflexive Thought
researcher explores their own feelings and experiences
Interval Data
same numerical distance between intervals -->mean
Sampling Plan
sampling method, defines the selection process
Qualitative Research
study of research questions about human experiences. It is often conducted in natural settings, and uses data that are words or text rather than numerical in order to describe the experiences that are being studied. take your word and understand your meaning. NO NUMBERS.
people in quantitative studies
subject
Indirect Measurement
subjective (pain)
Mean
sum of values divided by the number of values being used -->Interval & Ratio
Systematic Reviews
summation and assessment of research studies found in the literature based on a clearly focused question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, critically appraise and analyze relevant data from the selected studies to summarize the findings in a focused area.
Framework
the abstract, theoretical basis for a study that enables the researcher to link the findings to nursing's body of knowledge they explain the theory and give the relationships of variables that leads to a hypothesis that's testable
purposes of research hypothesis
the actual hypthesis a researcher wishes to test (as opposed to the null hypothesis) stating the anicipated relationship between two or more variables.
The nurse is developing a question for an EBP project involving the fall rate of patients 65 years of age and older. What should the initial ethical consideration be?
the age of the population
A sample should be homogenous because
the ample with common characteristics more clearly indicates the impact of a treatment
The research process allows for:
the best method to address the problems
evidence-based medicine
the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients
what does it mean to operationalize a definition?
the definition of a concept or variable in terms of the procedure by which it is to be measured.
The research design that collects data at various intervals is called a(n) Long study. Time-series study. Experimental study. Nonexperimental study.
time-series study
Posthoc Analysis
to determine which groups are significantly different when studying more than two -->ANOVA & CHI square
The Institute of Medicine's publication "Keeping Patients Safe" focuses on:
transforming the work environment for nurses
Comprehensive understanding involves?
understanding the researcher's purpose or intent
Convenience Sampling
whoever is available
Representativeness
a representative sample is one whose key characteristics closely approximate those of the population.
nondirectional hypothesis
a research hypothesis that does not stipulate the expected direction of the relationship between variables
what is the foundations or roots of scientific approach?
a set of orderly, systematic, controlled procedures for acquiring dependable, empirical, and typically quantitative information. the methodological approach is associated with positivist paradigm.
meta-analysis
a statistical method that takes the results of many studies in a specific area, and synthesizes their findings to draw conclusions regarding the state of the science in the area of focus
A research study report states that "Heart rate was recorded using a cardiac monitor." This statement is an example of
an operational definition
participant observation
a technique in anthropological field work. it involves direct observation of everyday life in study participants' natural settings and participation in their lifestyle and activities to the greatest extent possible
an example of systematic error is
a thermometer measurement indicating a body temperature as 0.1 higher than the accurate temperature
what is a continuous variable?
a variable that can take on an infinite range of values along a specified continuum. (height)
what is an extraneous variable?
a variable that confounds the relationship between the independent and dependent variables and that needs to be controlled in either the research design or through statistical procedures; often called confounding variable.
Coding
a way of identifying categories in data
qualitative paradigm
constructive or naturalistic paradigm
Willow book study
contained mentally retarded children who were exposed to hepatitis
grounded theory
discovery of a theory from data that have been systematically obtained through research
Which of the following statements about clarifying and refining a research problem is true?
several alternative problems should be evaluated before one is selected for study
Multicausality
several interrelating variables can cause a particular effect
Conceptual Maps
show interrelationship between concepts and statement; summarize and integrate what is know about the phenomenon
A criterion for content-related validity determination is The inclusion of extraneous variables. Establishment of brief guidelines for using the tool. A well-defined protocol for data collection. The clarification of nuances that might add errors.
A well-defined protocol for data collection.
Population
A well-defined set that has certain properties
For grounded theory, researcher may look at literature, but not conduct an exhaustive literature review. Why?
Allows theory to emerge directly from data
Data-based Literature
Also known as research literature (empirical) and would include both qualitative and quantitative research reports.
True experiment
Also known as the pretest-posttest control group design. In this design , subjects are randomly assigned to an experimental or control group, pretest measurements are performed, an intervention or treatment occurs in the experimental group, and posttest measurements are performed.
Conceptual Literature
Also known as theoretical literature and would include a chapter in a book on (about) family theory. Integrative reviews or clinical article.
A valid test will _____ have some degree of reliability and relevance. Never Sometimes Frequently Always
Always
ID components of this PICO question: Among young women who are moderate smokers, does nicotine replacement therapy increase the probability of smoking cessation?
Among young women who are moderate smokers, does nicotine replacement therapy increase the probability of smoking cessation? Population - young women who are moderate smokers Intervention - nicotine replacement Comparison - no nicotine replacement Outcome - increased probability of smoking cessation
A literature review is Everything that is known about a subject. An analytical summary of research findings. All approved data on a research topic. A compilation of all positive results of research.
An analytical summary of research findings.
Effect size
An estimate of how large of a difference there is between intervention and control groups in summarized studies.
Solomon four-group design
An experimental design with four randomly assigned groups -- the pretest-posttest intervention group, the pretest-posttest control group, a treatment or control group with only posttest measurement, and a control group with only posttest measurement.
Bias
slanting of findings away from the truth
concepts
symbolic statements describing a phenomenon or a class of phenomena
constant comparative method
A form of qualitative stat analysis that categorizes unit of meaning through a process of comparing incident to incident
Theories are A guide for research and practice. Considered to be a specific explanation of an idea. Not essential to research or EBP. Static and do not change over time.
A guide for research and practice
Theories are
A guide for research and practice.
the definition of target population is
A list of all members of the population
the definition of sampling frame is
A list of every member of the population
the definition of a set of sampling criteria is
A list of the characteristics essential to be a member of the target population
The main difference between a research article and a non-research article is A research article reports statistics on surveys and a non-research article does not. A research article describes research by the original author. A non-research article describes the methods of how the study was conducted. A non-research article conducts analysis and statistical testing on the data presented in the article.
A reserach article describes research by the original author.
Sentinel events require The nurse to be fired. The hospital to ignore it. A root cause analysis. The doctor to be present.
A root cause analysis.
Randomization
A sampling selection procedure in which each person or element in a population has an equal chance of being selected to either the experimental group or the control group.
Conceptual framework/theoretical framework
A set of interrelated concepts that represents an image of a phenomenon. Provides guidance for research or practice.
Case study designs can involve in-depth study of
A single institution, Small groups of subjects, A family
Pilot Study
A small, simple study conducted as a prelude to a larger-scale study that is often called the "parent study."
hypothesis
A statement predicted relationships between variables or predicted outcomes
Meta-Analysis
A statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of many research studies on a specific topic in order to identify overall trends.
Concepts identified in a study may or may not be variables in that specific study. In which of the following studies would the concept "gender" also be a variable?
A study comparing men and women in their response to an intervention
Quasi-experimental design
A study design in which random assignment is not used, but the independent variable is manipulated and certain mechanisms of control are used.
What is a landmark study?
A study that changes the literature
Meta-analysis
A technique for quantitatively integrating the result of multiple studies addressing the same or a highly similar research question. Randomized control groups are at the pinnacle of traditional evidence hierarchies
Intervening variable
A variable that occurs during an experimental or quasi-experimental study that affects the dependent variable.
A nurse is seeking a research article to use as the foundation for a change in the manner in which care is provided. An example of a research article is a manuscript that provides:
An overview of guidelines for a particular type of case
Generalizability
Application of outcomes to other populations
What type of quantitative research is conducted to generate knowledge that will directly influence clinical practice?
Applied research
Internal validity
Asks whether the independent variable really made the difference or the chance in the dependent variable. Trying to rule out other factors or threats as rival explanations of the relationship between the variables.
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tools
Assess each study rather than many. Evidence based approach for assessing the quality, quantity and consistency of specific study designs.
Potential areas of nursing research identified by the National Institute of Nursing Research include:
Chronic illness, health promotion, disease prevention, and end-of-life care
Potential areas of nursing research identified by the National Institute for Nursing Research include
Chronic illness, health promotion, disease prevention, and end-of-life care.
Subjects are added to the sample until ____ is reached.
Data saturation
____ usually guides decisions regarding how many interviews are enough. It is the situation of obtaining the full range of themes from the participants, so that in interviewing additional participants, no new data is emerging.
Data saturation
Constancy
Data-collection procedures should reflect to the consumer a cook-book-like recipe of how the researcher controlled the study's conditions
Consent form should be ___ and ____
Dated and signed (by both researcher and subject)
What level of review by an institutional review board (IRB) should be undertaken for a study in which subjects participate in interviews about their lived experience f being a nurse?
Expedited review
As the researcher develops the research problem and purposes of the study, he or she must take into consideration the feasibility of the study. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of feasibility?
It is an evaluation of whether the researcher has the ability and resources (e.g. facilities, time, potential subjects) and ethical protections for participants to carry out the study as proposed
Why is it important that the researcher be competent to conduct researcher?
It is not ethically appropriate for an incompetent person to conduct research
Why is it important that the researcher be competent to conduct research?
It is not ethically appropriate for an incompetent person to conduct research.
Grounded theory is based on the belief that
It is possible to understand the process by which something happens, rather that just describing what is happening
The mean is the basic statistic that forms the base for many more advanced statistical procedures. Which of the following statements about the mean is true?
It is the mathematical average of a set of scores
Which of the following characteristics is not descriptive of quantitative research?
It is used to develop a theory
______ measure the relationship between each of the items and the total scale. When calculated, a correlation for each items on the scale is generated. Items that do not achieve high correlation may be deleted form the instrument.
Item to total correlations
Control
Measure that the researcher uses to hold conditions of the study uniform and avoid possible potential of bias on the dependent variable or outcome variable
____ is the process of assigning numbers to variables or events according to the rules.
Measurement
______ are used to describe differences in dispersion of data.
Measures of variability
Control
Measures used to hold uniform or constant the conditions under which an investigation occurs.
The ____ is the score where 50% of the scores are above it and 50% of scores are below it. It gives a look at the "typical" score.
Median
Which would the researcher use if interested in the "typical" score?
Median
Which of the following statements describes a heterogeneous study?
Members of a sample have different values on study variables
Research is often not valued because It costs too much. Administration wants it. Search engines are easy to access. Staffing is not an obstacle.
It costs too much.
What can stimulate the formation of a research idea?
Practical experience, critical appraisal of scientific literature, gaps in the literature, or interest in untested theory
Factors that can affect the reliability, objectivity, and accuracy of a tool or test include Practice, timing, and environment. Fatigue, subjects, and environment. Precision, homogeneity of the test conditions, and the researcher. Sequencing, practice, and level of ease.
Practice, timing and environment
What goal of the IOM national proficiency list is fundamental to the provision of safe and effective patient care?
Practicing evidence-based medicine
Bias is a term used to indicate that data in a study are being distorted or slanted away from reality by some influencing factor. Which of the following statements about bias in research s true?
Preconceived ideas about what the findings of a study may be could lead to bias in interpreting data
Research hypotheses may be classified as either associative or casual. Which of the following is a characteristic of associative research hypothesis?
It identifies variables that vary or change together in an identified population
Research question
Presents the idea that is to be examined in the study and is the foundation of the research study
Print index
Print resources; time-consuming, tedious form of retrieving data
The ____ of an event is its long-run relative frequency.
Probability
Probability Theory
Probability of an event occurring = (p) value
Which of the 2 will yield a more generalizable and representative sample? Non-probability sampling/Probability sampling
Probability sampling
Which of the following yields more representativeness in a population study? Non-probability vs probability sampling
Probability sampling
The power of a statistical procedure is the
Probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference if one exists
Research question is also known as?
Problem statement
Control
Process by which investigator holds certain conditions constant to limit bias that could influence the dependent variable(s).
Manipulation
Process of "doing something" giving a "dose of something" - manipulating the dependent variable Treatment, teaching plan, medication
What is a critique?
Process of critical appraisal that objectively and critically evaluates a research report's content for specific merit and application to practice
Phenomenological method
Process of learning and constructing the MEANING of human experience through intensive dialogue with persons who are living the experience. It rests on the assumption that there is a structure and essence to shared experiences that can be narrated.
Critical Appraisal
Process of objectively and critically evaluating content for scientific and application to practice =, theory and education. -Research process -Finds Strength and Weakness
Sampling
Process of selecting representative units of a population in a study
A hypothesis may be described by which of the following terms? Results, introduces, criticizes, reviews Findings, improvements, collections, sets Studies, plans, appreciates, concerns Proposes, predicts, supposes, tests
Proposes, predicts, supposes, tests
An advantage of using a mixed method design for a research study is to Increase the biases associated with the use of two designs. Provide insight into the complexity of the problem under study. Impart rigor to the examination of the intricacies of the problem under study. Decrease the impartiality associated with the use of one design.
Provide insight into the complexity of the problem under study.
Why is effectiveness an important consideration when determining the level of evidence?
Psychological aspects of the intervention are included
Which of the following statements gives the major difference between control groups and comparison groups in experimental research?
Random selection of subjects for the sample and random assignment to groups are hallmarks of true control groups
A research study using true experimental design is commonly called a ___.
Randomized clinical trial (RCT)
How to avoid selection bias?
Randomly assign subjects to groups
The ____ is the differences between the highest and lowest scores.
Range
Ordinal Data
Rank -->Order -->median
The ONS method, the Putting Evidence into Practice (PEP) schema is used to Identify the research that was used in the process. Rate the collective evidence that supports a recommendation. Establish the risk and/or benefit of an activity. Rank the research articles for use with a guideline.
Rate the collective evidence that supports a recommendation.
Which are examples of scales
Rating, Likert, Semantic differential
Which of these examples represent an effective application of safe and competent nursing care delivery? The nurse:
Reads peer-reviewed nursing research articles to determine the best care to be provided
Best practice is an excellent example of which kind of testing? Cognitive Reality Didactic Evaluation
Reality
Recommendation/implications
Recommendations for future studies concerning the same subject
Selection
Refers to the generalizability of the results to other populations
Hypothesis
Reflects the interrelationship of theoretical framework, literature review and problem statement.
A correlational study looks at the Cause of two or more variables. Relationship of two or more variables. Effect of two or more variables. Both A and C.
Relationship of two or more variables
The most common purpose for Pearson correlational is to examine
Relationships between two variables
A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population is known as a Random sample. Purposive sample. Representative sample. Probability sample.
Representative sample
When appraising a simple-random sampling study, remember that there is no guarantee that the sample will be ____.
Representative.
Advantages of stratified random sampling
Representativeness of sample is enhanced Researcher has valid basis for making comparisons among subsets if information on the critical variables has been available Researcher is able to oversample a disproportionately small stratum to adjust for their underrepresentation
Box
Represents the size of each study
Cons of a Solomon 4-Group Design?
Requires more funding and a larger sample size
What is the most significant way of acquiring knowledge to develop an empirical knowledge base for nursing practice?
Research
Which of the following terms best describes data compiled for another reason and applied in a different manner? Primary data Secondary data Novice data Experimental data
Secondary data
When conducting a literature review, it is advisable to Seek most information from the Internet. Gather all data from books. Gather all data from journals. Seek assistance from a librarian.
Seek assistance from a librarian.
Purposive
Select those believed to be representative or typical of population. Assume errors in judgment will balance out.
External validity looks at which 3 factors?
Selection effects Reactive effects (reactivity) Measurement effects
_____ don't require informed consent because the return of the questionnaire reflects the respondent's voluntary consent to participate.
Self-adminitered questionnaires
Physiologic measures may be obtained in which of the following ways?
Self-report, Observation, Electronic Monitoring
Which of the following is an advantage of self-reports over interviews?
Self-reports allow respondents to easily writ down measurements and perceptions soon after the event
the amount of change in a physiologic measure that can be detected reflects an instrument is
Sensitivity
Sample
Set of elements that make up the population
Theory
Set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon
Theory
Set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions
Variables
Something that varies; researchers use these to determine why variances in 1 aspect may influence a change in another
Threats to Internal Validity: History
Specific event outside the study that affects the dependent variable.
Induction
Specific observations --> generalizations Making a theory
what is inductive reasoning?
Specific to general. Constructivist paradigm. Qualitative.
Operational
Specifies exactly how the concept will be measured, specifies procedures and operations necessary to measure concept.
Operational definition
Specifies how the concept will be measured; Defines what instruments will be used to assess the presence of the concept and will be used to describe the amount or degree to which the concept exists.
Directional hypothesis
Specifies the expected direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
____ involves dividing a scale into 2 halves and making a comparison.
Split-half reliability
An instrument is though to exhibit ____ when the same results are obtained on repeated administration of the instrument. Expecting the instrument to measure a concept consistently over a period of time.
Stability
The ____ of an instrument refers to the instrument's ability to produce the same results with repeated testing.
Stability
The 3 main attributes of a reliable scale are
Stability Homogeneity Equivalence
Systematic Review
Summation and assessment of a group of quantitative studies on a focused clinical question.
Literature review
Systematic and critical appraisal of the most important literature on a topic; it provides the basis of a research study
Which of the following does not affect the reliability of measurements in a Study?
Systematic error
Which of the following is a synonym for the concept of research
Systematic inquiry
_____ is measurement error that is attributable to relatively stable characteristics of the study sample that may bias their behavior and/or cause incorrect subject calibration.
Systematic or constant errors
Level I
Systematic review or meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines based on systematic reviewa
Level V
Systematic reviews of descriptive or qualitative study
If every fifth baby born in a city is entered into a study, the sampling method is called
Systematic sampling
Quality Improvement
Systematic use of data to monitor outcomes of care processes as well as continuously improving the quality and safety of care.
Research is _____.
Systematic, rigorous, critical investigation that aims to answer questions about nursing phenomena
Clinical Guidelines
Systematically developed statements or recommendations that link research and practice and serve as a guide for practitioners.
Clinical guidelines
Systematically developed statements or recommendations that serve as a guide for practitioners. Assist in bridging practice and research
Levels of "6S" hierarchy of pre-appraised evidence
Systems Summaries Synopses of Syntheses Syntheses Synopses of Studies Studies
The purpose section of a research study usually Tells the geographic location of the study. Tells why the study was done. Is the methodology of the study. Tells what the study is about.
Tell why the study was done.
A study requires diabetic subjects to perform one or more blood glucose determinations per day. The level of discomfort or risk for the subjects is rated as
Temporary discomfort
Quasi-experimental design
Test cause-and-effect relationships A study design in which random assignment is not used, but the independent variable is manipulated and certain mechanisms of control are used.
Selection bias
The internal validity threat that arises when pretreatment differences between the experimental group and the control group are present.
History
The internal validity threat that refers to events outside of the experimental setting that may affect the dependent variable.
Which of the following is true in relation to structure interviews?
The interviewer is required to ask the questions precisely as it has bee designed
A variable in a study is characterized by which of the following essential elements?
a concept, a conceptual definition, a method of measurement
The focus of significant research problems and purposes are
addressing research priorities in nursing, building on previous research, potential impact on clinical practice
Alpha = 0.80
adequate
Informed Consent
agreement by a prospective subject to participate voluntarily in a study after he or she has indicated understanding of the essential information about the study
Alpha = 0.9-0.95
aim
Research Problem
a gap in knowledge needed for practice
Theories are:
a guide for research and practice
null hypothesis
a hypothesis stating no relationship between the variables under study; used primarily in statistical testing as the hypothesis to be rejected
directional hypothesis
a hypothesis that makes a specific prediction about the direction of the relationship between two variables
Which of the following statements describes how the effect size of a sample influences the null hypothesis?
a large effect size results in rejection of the null hypothesis
surveys
a method of collecting data to describe, compare, or explain knowledge, attitudes, or behaviors
Validity
the extent to which an instrument reflects the concept being examined
The purpose statement of a qualitative study is expected to identify
the focus of the investigation (e.g. an event, a phenomenon, a culture)
Which of the following statements correctly describes the research problem and purpose of the study in a quantitative study?
the purpose statement is very specific about what will be studied, whereas the problem statement is more abstract
The reliability and validity of historical research are based on which of the following concerns?
the reliability of the primary data source
Introduction (IMRAD)
the research problem and its context
Dependent Variable
the response, behavior, or outcome that is predicted or explained in research; changes in this variable are presumed to be caused by the independent variable
Beneficence
the right to freedom from harm and discomfort, the right to proctection rom exploitation
The term representativeness means that
the sample must be like the population in as many ways as possible
Methods (IMRAD)
the strategies used to answer research questions.
According to sampling theory, findings can be generalized to
the target population
Independent Variable
the treatment or experimental activity that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable
dependent variable
the variable hypothesized to depend on or be caused by another variable (the independent variable); the outcome of interest
independent variable
the variable that is believed to cause or influence the dependent variable; in experimental research, the manipulated (treatment) variable.
Sampling that helps to develop theory is called
theoretical sampling
Readers of theoretical literature often experiences confusion in the use of the terms "conceptual model" and "theory." Which of the following statements reflect(s) general consensus about the use of these terms in nursing?
theories present a view of phenomenon that is specific enough to be used to guide research, the scope of the theories is limited in comparison with that of conceptual models, and conceptual models are broad and abstract and reflect a philosophical position
3 Types of validty
Content Criterion-related Construct
The most common type of reported validity is _____.
Content validity
______ represents the universe of content, or the domain or a given variable construct. The universe of content provides the basis for developing the items that will adequately represent the content.
Content validity
______ calculates an index of interrater agreement of relevance. This calculation faces a researcher more confidence or evidence that the instrument truly reflects the concept of construct.
Content validity index
Qualitative researchers believe that reality is socially constructed and _____.
Context dependent
A ____ is used to represent a measure that contains a range of values along a continuum and may include ordinal, interval, and ratio-level
Continuous variable
In the ______ the research ID's 2 groups of individuals who are suspected to score extremely high or low in the characteristics being measured by the instrument. The instrument is administered to both groups and the differences in the scores are examined.
Contrasted-groups approach/ Known-groups approach
One of the most common and important characteristics of a quantitative design is The dependent variable. The independent variable. Control. The relationship.
Control
How does one determine that a quantitative study was conducted?
Control, treatment group, survey, coorelational, ex post facto, random sample are mentioned Variables are measured on scales, Reliabity/validity of instruments are discussed Statistical analysis are used for data
Control & fidelity
Control= holding the conditions of the study constant & controlling for extraneous variables.
Level III
Controlled trial without randomization (quasiexperimental study)
Controlling the treatment is one of the elements of a good design. Which of the following statements about this element is true?
Controlling the treatment is enhanced with a clear description of all steps of the treatment
Both ___ and ____ sampling should be regarded with caution
Convenience Purposive
A researcher has decided to conduct a satisfaction survey among all of the patients who presented to the emergency department over a two-month period of time. This is an example of Stratified random sampling. Cluster sampling. Convenience sampling. Purposive sampling.
Convenience sampling
The sampling method most desired for outcome studies is
Convenience sampling using large heterogeneous samples
Which of the following is not a descriptive statistic?
Correlation
What type of research involves the systematic investigation of relationships among variables?
Correlational research
Findings of a study and their ____ are weakened when power analysis is not calculated.
Generalizability
Experimental group
Introduced to intervention
Which of the following are the four major parts most often included in a research report?
Introduction, methods, results, discussion
Probability Sampling
random sampling technique in which every member of the population has a probability higher than zero of being selected
Network Sampling
"snowball sampling" takes advantage of social networks to get the sample; one person in the sample asks another to join the sample, and so on
Professional care models give nurses
(All of the above.) Accountability. Authority. Responsibility.
Independent variable
(X), variable that has the presumed effect on the dependent variable
Dependent variable
(Y), Varies with a change in the independent (X) variable
Population/ Sample
(well defined set that has certain properties) is either specified or implied in the research question.
Clinical Guide lines: Expert-developed/Consensus
Developed by an agreement of experts in the field.
Theoretical sampling
Allows researcher to test hunches and ideas to gather complete information about developing concepts
Outcomes Research
-Clinical end points -Functional status -General well-being -Satisfaction with care
Research Article
-Follows steps of research process -Not a how to but answered a question with all components of research clearly presented.
Clinical Article
-How to -Overview of a process -Case Report -Info about new process, technique, standard, review.
Levels of Evidence: Level 1
-Meta Analysis -Systematic Review of RCT's/Experimental Studies -EB clinical practice guidelines based on systematic reviews
Level of Evidence: Level 7
-Opinion of respected authorities
P.I.C.O
-P = PT or population (what are the characteristics of the pt or people) -I = intervention/issue of interest (intervention, influence, or exposure) -C = comparison intervention/group -O = outcome -T = time frame
Levels of Evidence: Level 3
-Quazi-experimental studies -->Controlled trial w/o randomization
Levels of Evidence: Level 2
-RCTs -Experimental studies
Level of Evidence: Level 6
-Single descriptive or qualitative study
Meta-analysis Advantages
-power: can detect a true relationship, the probability of detecting a true relationship between variables. By combining effects across multiple studies, power is increased. -precision: can draw up conclusions by looking at multiple things Offers Objectivity,
A line 100mm long with right-angle stops at each end indicating bipolar describing sensations is referred to as: Visual analogue scale
...
Analyses performed in studies with more than two groups often indicate that the groups are significantly different but do not identify which groups are different. In such instances, a second analysis is then performed to identity significant differences between groups. These analyses are referred to as: Post hoc analyses
...
Many decisions need to be made in selecting the appropriate statistical procedure for a study. Which of the following statements about selection of statistical procedures is true?: Specifying the purpose of the study and stating the hypotheses or research questions will narrow the options of statistical procedures considerably
...
what is the NINR?
...
what is the most important goal of nursing research?
...
which of the following I not an example of a Scale? Questionnaire
...
Reliability coefficients greater than _____ are considered to be high. 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.8
Lowest acceptable coefficient
0.80
The closer the reliability coefficient is to ___, the more reliable the instrument.
1
Quasi-Experimental: One group
1 group, pretest, intervention, post-test.
Right to self determination is violated by the use of ____.
1) Coercion 2) Covert data collection 3) Deception
In what situations can you receive expedited approval from the IRB?
1) Collection of specimens is noninvasive 2) Research is conducted ni established educational situations and subjects are de-identified 3) Research is for clinical purposes 4) Collection of external secretions 5) Voice recordings 6) Study of existing data, documents, records, pathological specimens, or diagnostic data
Characteristics of hypotheses
1) ID's predicted relationship 2) Testability 3) Theory-based
Parametric studies have which attributes?
1) Involve estimation of at least 1 population parameter 2) Require measurement on at least an interval scale 3) Involve certain assumptions about the variables being studied
Critical reading involves what steps?
1) Preliminary understanding 2) Comprehensive understanding 3) Analysis understanding 4) Synthesis understanding
Which basic ethical principle is described? People have right to self-determination and to treatment as autonomous agents. They have freedom to participate or not participate in research
1) Respect for persons
The Belmont Report discusses which 3 basic ethical principles?
1) Respect for persons 2) Beneficence 3) Justice
What are the Human Rights?
1) Right to self-determination 2) Right to privacy and dignity 3) Right to anonymity & confidentiality 4) Right to fair treatment 5) Right to protection from discomfort and harm
Assent
1) basic understanding of what the child will be expected to do and what will be done to the child 2) comprehension of the basic purpose of the research 3) ability to express a preference regarding participation
Quantitative (empirical)
13) collecting data and 14) preparing data for analysis
Build in approximately ____ of extra subjects to combat subject mortality.
15%
Quantitative (dissemination)
17) communicating the findings and 18) efforts to promote the use of the study evidence in nursing practice.
The first issue of Nursing Research was published in
1952
The first issue of Nursing Research was published in 1858 1952 1985 1992
1952
What year was the first issue of "Nursing Research" published?
1952
The Joint Commission mandated RCAs in 1967 1977 1987 1997
1997
Experimental Design: After only
2 groups no pretest, 1 intervention, both post test
Quasi- Experiential: After only
2 groups no pretest, 1 intervention, both post test
Experimental design: True
2 groups pretest, 1 Intervention, Both post test.
Quasi- Experimental: Non-equivalent group
2 groups pretest, 1 intervention, both post test
Which basic ethical principle is described? Obligation to do no harm and maximize possible benefits. Persons are treated in an ethical manner. Decisions are respected. Protected form harm, and efforts made to secure well-being
2) Beneficence
The reading level of the informed consent should be at ___ level.
8th grade
According to the theoretical normal curve, what percent of the scores un a data set are within 2 standard deviations (above and below) the mean?
95%
3rd SD
99.7%
(p)
<0.05
complex hypothesis
?
what are some current priorities for clinical nursing research?
?
what is positivism, empiricism, determination, naturalism? what are fundamental beliefs?
?
what types of studies would be investigated by qualitative designs? quantitative designs?
?
Literature Review
A critical summary of research on a topic, often prepared to put a research on a topic, often prepared to put a research problem in context or to summarize existing evidence.
Variable
A defined concept; something that varies, take on different values, properties that research study.
Bias
A distortion in the data-analysis results.
Refereed/peer-reviewed journal is more reliable because?
A panel of internal and external reviewers review submitted manuscripts for possible journal publication
After-only nonequivalent control group design
A quasi-experimental design similar to the after-only experimental design, but subjects are not randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups.
Time series design
A quasi-experimental design used to determine trends before and after an experimental treatment. Measurements are taken several times before introduction of experimental treatment, treatment is introduced, and measurements are taken again at specified times afterward. No control group
Time series design
A quasi-experimental design used to determine trends before and after an experimental treatment. Measurements are taken several times before the introduction of the experimental treatment, the treatment is introduced, and measurements are taken again at specified times afterward.
Randomized Control Trial
A research study using true experimental design.
Which of the different rating scales serves to address the clinical routine aspect of EBP? Turning Research into Practice (TRIP) Joanna Briggs Institute's FAME AHRQ strength of the evidence tool SUNY Downstate Medical Center's pyramid
AHRQ strength of the evidence tool
Sources for nursing research come primarily from two sources: Business and occupational settings. Academic and healthcare settings. Both urban and rural settings. Pharmaceutical and business settings.
Academic and healthcare settings
The more the variables are matched, the more difficult to obtain an ____.
Adequate sample size.
Manipulation
Administer treatment, program or intervention to one group different from a second group. (experimental and control group)
Effects of Measurement
Administration of a pretest in a study affects the generalizability of the findings to other populations Giving a pretest may prime subjects, will affect researcher's ability to generalize to other situations
Measurements effects
Administration of a pretest in study that affects the generalizability of the findings to other populations.
Independent variable
Administration of the program, treatment, or intervention to only one group within the study and not to the other subjects of the study.
Ex of strata to be used in quota sampling studies?
Age Gener Religion Ethnicity Medical diagnosis SE status Education level Occupational rank
A high correlation coefficient indicates ____ between two measures and evidence of concurrent validity.
Agreement
Purpose
Aims or objectives the investigator hopes to achieve with the research
Accuracy
All aspect of a study systematically and logically follow from the research question or hypothesis
Privacy and confidentiality are always issues in human subject research. What are the important steps to ensure that they are protected? The researcher does not talk about what the subject shares until the project's results are published in a peer-reviewed journal. All data are kept securely locked in a safe place and destroyed when the study is completed. Care with replication studies must be taken so that original data are not shared in the second study. All data are kept securely locked in a safe place and may be destroyed only according to IRB instructions.
All data are kept securely locked in a safe place and may be destroyed according to IRB instructions.
Privacy and confidentiality are always issues in human subjects research. What are the important steps to ensure that they are protected?
All data are kept securely locked in a safe place and may be destroyed only according to IRB instructions
Privacy and confidentiality are always issues in human subject research. What are the important steps to ensure that they are protected?
All data are kept securely locked in a safe place and may be destroyed only according to IRB instructions.
A database differs from a search engine in the following manner: A database stores the information. A search engine takes you to the information. Databases are specialized by area of knowledge. All of the above.
All of the above
Professional care models give nurses Accountability. Authority. Responsibility. All of the above.
All of the above
The gaps in the literature are Missing pieces in the knowledge of the research area. Questions about the research that have not been explained. Suggestions for future research made by the author. All of the above.
All of the above
The purpose of the literature review is to Identify a problem that has not been resolved. Clarify the importance of a research problem. Identify gaps in the literature. All of the above.
All of the above
Which of the following would be the strongest method for assigning 50 subjects to treatment and control groups in an experimental study? Group subjects according to attending physician. List subjects alphabetically, divide the list in half, place the first 25 names in the treatment group and the last 25 in the control group. Assign each participant a number, place even numbered participants in the treatment group and the odd numbered in the control group. Assign each participant a number, place the numbers in a box, draw numbers from the box, alternating placement in either the treatment group or the control group.
Assign each participant a number, place the numbers in a box, draw numbers from the box, alternating placement in either the treatment group or the control group.
Hypothesis
Attempts to answer the research question; intelligent hunch, guess, prediction A declarative statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables that suggests an answer to the research question
Pros/cons of directional
Developed from sound theory base Potential for bias Data analysis more sensitive
Evidence-based guidelines
Developed using published research findings
Purposive sample researchers assume that errors of judgment in over/under-representing elements of the population in the sample will _____
Balance out However, there is no
What characteristics are descriptive of quantitative research?
Basic elements of analysis are numbers, data are analyzed with statistics, and generalization of findings is important
Both the International Council of Nurses and the American Nurses Association make it clear that the ethical standards of the profession require the same obligations from the nurse researcher. Why?
Because of an obligation inherent within the nursing profession
When is a hypothesis made? Why?
Before the study; this is to provide direction for the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data
Pilot study
Beginning study in an area conducted to test and refine a study's data collection methods Helps to determine sample size needed for a larger study Determine feasibility of studies
The emic approach to ethnographic research involves studying
Behavior from within the culture
ethical principles
Benefiance, Respect for human dignity, Justice
Randomization helps to eliminate Confounding data. Ethics. Subjects. Bias.
Bias
Several problems can occur during data collection. Which f the following is a researcher-related problem?
Bias
Inclusion/exclusion criteria are used to eliminate
Bias Variability within population
A comparative design has No manipulation and control of the dependent variable. Only measurement of the dependent variable. No manipulation and control of the independent variable. Both B and C.
Both B and C
When using the phenomenological method, the researcher's perspective is ____ - meaning that _____.
Bracketed - Researcher ID's their own personal biases about the phenomenon of interest to clarify how personal experience and beliefs may color what is heard and reported.
Data collection and data analysis occur simultaneously in qualitative research. One technique that is used to help the research to not misinterpret the phenomenon as the subject experiences it is to set aside what is known about the experiences. This technique is called
Bracketing
Grand tour question
Broad, overview interview questions that seek to illustrate the "big picture"
Integrative
Broadest category of review. But no statistical analysis. Review of both qualitative and quantitative studies or both, theory reviews, methodological studies. Statistics are not used to summarize and generate conclusions about the studies. Systematic review of the literature using EBP approach
Survey
Can be descriptive, exploratory or comparative. Data are collected by questionnaires or interviews.
When attempting to critique a qualitative research endeavor, individuals must be able to Easily identify the hypothesis(es). Carefully assess the data collection and management processes. Quickly determine the conceptual framework utilized. Effectively understand the statistical results.
Carefully assess the data collection and managment processes.
Why do research questions have to be developed carefully?
Carefully developed and refined questions focus the research project.
Why do research questions have to be developed carefully? The wrong question for the study means the wrong answer. Carefully developed and refined questions focus the research project. Without careful development of the questions, the research results will be meaningless. It is unethical not to develop questions carefully.
Carefully developed and refined questions focus the research project.
When the information is presented as a close examination of individuals, transactions, solutions, events, and projects, the type of evidence is listed as Case studies. Opinions. Editorials. Observations.
Case studies
A primary reason for using mixed research methodologies is the opportunity to _____ that might otherwise be overlooked. Catch complexities Define concepts Describe problems Uncover opportunities
Catch complexities
Nominal variables that are ____ still have mutually exclusive categories but have more than two true values.
Categorical
What reason is key for using a level of evidence hierarchy to rate evidence considered for EBP reviews? Understanding what is in the evidence Clarifying that only research evidence is used Determining the risk and benefit of the research Categorizing the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence
Categorizing the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence
You are a BSN-prepared nurse who wants to initiate a research project on your unit. To get the other nurses to participate, you would Ask the doctors what they think. Check the educational level of other nurses on the unit. Ignore your desire to learn more at this time. Give a presentation to your peers on the benefits of research.
Check the educational level of other nurses on the unit.
Which statistic is often used for nominally scaled variables? t-test ANOVA Chi-square Pearson product moment
Chi-square
Which statistical test has a dependent variable that is nominal in nature? Chi-square t-test ANOVA Two-way ANOVA
Chi-square
Which of the following statements about obtaining permission to study children is true?
Children aged 7 or older, with normal cognitive development, may be asked to assent to participating in research
Which of the following potential research subjects have diminished autonomy and are considered incompetent to give informed consent?
Children, Mentally ill, cognitively impaired elderly
A researcher can undertake random sampling by which of the following strategies?
Choosing the participants out of a hat, Using a computer program, Assigning each volunteer a number and then choosing the participants using a random numbers tabe
Potential areas of nursing research identified by the National Institute for Nursing Research include Stem cell research. Application of pharmaceuticals in clinical practice. Chronic illness, health promotion, disease prevention, and end-of-life care. Healthcare literacy.
Chronic illness, health promotion, disease prevention, and end-of-life care.
Ex of ordinal measurement?
Class rankings Students are ranked higher/lower than one another. The intervals between students are equal. It comes down to the differences between GPAs. Level of wellness, ability to carry out activities of daily living
Which of the following statements is true concerning observation? Clear directions related to the operational definitions of the selected behavior must be determined. Ethical considerations are a minor concern within this method of data collection. Observation data collection strategies result in manageable amounts of field notes to analyze. Within observational sessions, the observer is always known to the participant.
Clear directions related to the operational definitions of the selected behavior must be determined.
The process of describing clinical problems, identifying possible courses action, assessing the probability of outcomes, and calculating a optimal course of action is referred to as
Clinical decision analysis
The American Nurses Association position statement acknowledges that
Clinicians identify clinical problems and researchers design them.
The American Nurses Association position statement acknowledges that Researchers identify clinical problems and study them. Faculty members identify clinical problems and study them. Clinicians identify clinical problems and researchers design them. Faculty members and researchers identify clinical problems and study them.
Clinicians identify clinical problems and researchers design them.
Both open-ended and closed-ended questions are used to collect data for research endeavors. Which of the following statements is true? Open-ended questions are used to collect primarily quantitative data. Closed-ended questions are used to collect quantitative data information, because the researcher provides the answers for selection. Open-ended questions provide confirmatory information, because the data are focused by the question. Closed-ended questions are used to collect exploratory data, because the information is left up to the individual.
Closed-ended questions are used to collect quantitative data information, because the researcher provides the answers for selection.
Constant comparative method
Coded data are continuously compared with new data as they are acquired during research
Consent requires a relatively advanced level of ___. A person must be ____ or older to give adequate consent.
Cognitive ability 18 years
If the distribution is symmetrical and unimodal, the mean, median, and mode will ___
Coincide
A researcher investigated the relationship between vitamin C (none, 500 mg, 1,000 mg) and workers (office, outdoors) in terms of the frequency of colds. Which of the following is (are) the dependent variable(s)? Colds Vitamin C Colds and workers Vitamin C and workers
Colds
Intervention Fidelity
Collect data from every subject in the same way and under the same conditions. *sameness in data collection*
Longitudinal/ Prospective/ Cohort
Collect data from same group at different points in time; repeated measures.
Like grounded theory, in the ethnographic method, data is ____
Collected and analyzed simultaneously
When a researcher endeavors to use mixed method design to answer an identified research problem, the blending of the methods is based on Combining the methods to capitalize on their strong points while negating their flaws. Combining the methods to blend both their strengths and their weaknesses. Separating the strengths from the weaknesses within the different designs. Separating the weaker method from the stronger method.
Combining the methods to capitalize on their strong points while negating their flaws.
A researcher decides to use observation as the data collection method for a study. To effectively collect the needed data from college-age students, the researcher enrolls in a selected college course to be able to observe and collect data about the behaviors of the students. The researcher is using which observation role? Complete participant Participant-as-observer Observer-as-participant Complete observer
Complete participant
Adults using guided-imagery relaxation have a lower heart rate, blood pressure, and perceived anxiety level that adults not using a relaxation technique. Which of the following set of characteristics best describes this hypothesis?
Complex, casual, research hypothesis
What does an EBP provide to an expanding healthcare environment?
Compliance with the medical plan of care
Weaknesses of experimental designs?
Complicated to design and can be costly to implement May be difficult or impractical to carry out in a clinical setting May be disruptive to the setting's usual routine Many important variables that are related to patient care outcomes are not amenable to manipulation for ethical reasons. Health status varies with age and socioeconomic status. No matter how careful a researcher is, no one can assign subjects randomly by age or by a certain income level.
Quantitative research design tends to be easier to critique due to the Length of the research reports. Incorporation of triangulation into the process. Use of convenient sampling methodology. Concreteness of the research design.
Concreteness of the research design.
_____ refers to the degree of correlation of one test with the scores of another more established instrument of the same concept when both are administered.
Concurrent validity
Intrinsic case study
Conducted to have a better understanding of the case
Theory based
Confirm or refute theories
When writing up a research project, the researcher describes in detail how biases, assumptions, and personal perspectives were identified and set aside, or bracketed. Which criterion for reliability and validity was met? Credibility Transferability Dependability Confirmability
Confirmability
A variable that can interfere with an intervention but cannot be controlled is a(an)
Confounding variable
When the evidence is understood to represent the outcome resulting from the discussion by a majority of the participants, it is what type of evidence? Editorials Observations Expert opinions Consensus
Consensus
In developing a strategy for observational measurement, the researcher needs to ensure
Consistency
The most critical goal of proper research design is
Consistency
The term "reliability" is best understood reflecting
Consistency of measurement obtained with use of the identified instrument
Reliability is defined as the case in which an instrument Consistently measures the same thing. Measures what it is supposed to measure. Measures demographic data. Consistently measures the same sample.
Consistently measures the same thing.
Systematic errors are also called _____ errors.
Constant
____ is based on the extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct, attribute, or trait. It attempts to validate the theory underlying the measurement by testing of the hypothesized relationships.
Construct validity
A study presented the results from the development of a new tool. This tool was established to measure the level of anxiety perceived by children. Which type of validity would this study need to document for the tool? Content-related validity Criterion-related validity Construct-related validity Concurrent validity
Construct-related validity
Concepts are often called ____ in instrumental development studies.
Constructs
Middle-range nursing theory
Contain a limited number of concepts and are focused on limited aspects of reality
Limitations related to the use of mixed method strategies include the Cost and additional time required. Extensive and comprehensive research questions involved. Vivacity of the evidence provided. Complementary insights and perceptions provided.
Cost and additional time required.
A class of preschool children is observed via a one-way mirror for a research project designed to determine the aggressive behaviors of boys and girls. The parents of the students are not informed about the research project, as no intervention is planned. Which type of data is being collected? Quantitative Covert Overt Time sequence
Covert
For nursing as a discipline to be effective in research, which of the following should be the focus of research-directed activity?
Creating a culture within nursing that value, uses, and supports research
A researcher was comparing alternative methods for establishing a child's core body temperature for a study. The testing included the measurement of anal, oral, and aural temperatures. This example reflects which type of validity determination? Construct-related validity Criterion-related validity Content-related validity Predictive validity
Criterion-related validity
_____ indicates to what degree the subject's performance on the instrument and the subject's actual behavior are related.
Criterion-related validity
Steps to EBP
Critical reading, Critical thinking, Read widely, Understand specific principles, Be an intelligent consumer of knowledge, Able to develop EBP interventions
The most commonly used test of internal consistency/homogeneity is the _____. This is used when the measurement instrument utilizes a Likert Scale.
Cronbach's alpha
Which of the following indexes(indices) is the most helpful in locating sources for a nursing research proposal?
Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)
Electronic database
Current-time method of retrieving data
Examples of nominal measurement types.
Gender Marital status Religious affiliation
External validity
Deals with possible problems of generalizability of the study's findings to other populations and to other environmental conditions. Questions under what conditions and with what types of subjects the same results can be expected to occur.
Inclusion/eligibility criteria Exclusion/deliminations Function to...
Define attributes to restrict the population to a homogenous group of subjects
Boolean operator
Defines relationships between words or groups of words in your literature search; uses - AND, OR, NOT
Consistency
Degree to which studies have similar and different designs but have same research question and similar findings.
Other than data related to the concepts being measured to address the research objectives, questions, or hypotheses, what data can be controlled in the data collection process?
Demographic data such as age, gender, and the like, Information related to the diagnosis (For clinical studies), and Cormorbid conditions or problems in addition to the admitting diagnosis
Expert based
Depend on having a group of nationally known experts in the field who meet and solely use opinions of experts along with whatever research evidence is developed to date.
When writing up a research project, the researcher describes in detail the audit trail used as conclusions about data were drawn. Which criterion for reliability and validity was met? Credibility Transferability Dependability Confirmability
Dependability
Which variable is observed and assumed to vary with changes in the independent variable?
Dependent
Symbolic/theoretical model
Depicts a phenomenon that is not directly observable and is expressed in language or symbols.
Qualitative data analysis seeks _____ in understanding a phenomenon. Rigor Depth Numbers Statistics
Depth
Evidence-based nursing literature provides the nurse with the ability to Choose only those practice activities based on evidence. Describe and analyze published research results. Use textbook information. Problem-solve all nursing issues.
Describe and analyze published research results.
Which of the following should be done before analyzing data designed to test the hypotheses or questions for a research study?
Description of the sample, Establishing the reliability of measuring instruments, and Exploratory analysis of the data
Literature Review: Primary Resource
Descriptions of studies written by the researchers who conducted them
the design for a study to gain more information about characteristics within a particular field of a study should be
Descriptive
The purpose of a study was to identify caring behaviors desired by patents with (AIDS) or (HIV) infection. This purpose statement indicates that the study probably is an example of
Descriptive research
Procedures that allow researcher to describe and summarize data are known as ____.
Descriptive statistics
One-group (pretest-posttest) design
Design used by researchers when only one group is available for study. Data are collected before and after an experimental treatment on one group of subjects. In this type of design, there is no control group and no randomization.
When reading the port of a Phenomenological study, the reader should find that ______ is used to convey the complex meaning of the lived experience that offers the evidence for this qualitative method.
Detailed descriptive method
What aspect within the process of evidence-based practice controls the path of the literature review? Determination of the question Use of MeSH terms Location of adequate research articles Determination of a rating system to be used
Determination of the question
Nurses must critically assess research studies to Understand that all research is scientifically sound. Determine the applicability of their findings to practice. Know that all studies are perfect. Identify a negative approach to research utilization.
Determine the applicability of their findings to practice.
When the nurse strives to facilitate the implementation of evidence-based practice to change the culture of the institution, what positive theme may emerge during the process?
Development of partnerships
Threats to internal Validity: Maturation
Developmental, biological or physiological processes that occur within subjects that are independent of the intervention or study variables.
Maturation
Developmental, biological, or psychological processes that operate within an individual as a function of time and are external events of the study Product promotes wound healing (how do you know it's not time itself?)
Maturation
Developmental, biological, or psychological processes that operate within an individual as a function of time and are external to the events of the investigation.
A ____ nominal variable is one that only has two true values. Ex: Yes/No
Dichotomous
Nominal level variables can also be categorized as either ______ or _____.
Dichotomous Categorical
Measurement Error
Difference between what really exists and what is measured in a given study.
In studies, the intervention is expected to have a small effect size. Which of the following statements about effect size is true?
Differences between groups will be more difficult to detect
Evidence of validity of measurement can be obtained by examining
Different groups
Obstacles of Stratified random sampling
Difficulty of obtaining a population list containing complete critical variable information Time-consuming effort of obtaining multiple enumerated lists Challenge of enrolling proportional strata Time and money
Interviews
Direct questioning- depth, content, wording structured or unstructured, need interview guide, require a qualitative analysis.
Due to theoretical sampling and constant comparative method.... Data collection, analysis, and theory generation have a ____ relationship.
Direct, reciprocal
Which section of a quantitative research report includes the implications of the findings for nursing practice and theory and the recommendation for further research?
Discussion
A researcher has elected to conduct a mixed method research project. Within this project, the decision has been made to conduct the two types of data collection concurrently, with each type of data having equal weight within the analysis process. Based on these decisions, what must the researcher make sure is done for the reporting of the process? Establish a team to aid in the management of the study. Reevaluate the decision, because quantitative research is the stronger method. Ensure that confidentiality is maintained within the process. Document the rationale for the decisions made within the process.
Document the rationale for the decisions made within the process.
Control group
Doesn't receive intervention
Non-experimental designs (DO/DON'T) manipulate the independent variable
Don't
Randomization
Each subject in a population has an equal chance of being selected Eliminates bias, aids in attainment of representative sample
The literature review should occur Near the end of the research process. Shortly before the analysis of the problem. Early in the research process. None of the above.
Early in the research process.
Advantage of convenience sampling
Easier for the researcher to obtain subjects
Obstacles to using nursing research in practice include lack of Education, beliefs/attitudes, and support/resources. Faculty, knowledge, and cost. Time, beliefs/attitudes, and consumers. Outcomes, values, and motivation.
Education, beliefs/attitudes, and support/resources.
Testing
Effect of taking a pretest on subject's posttest score - pretest may sensitive an individual and improve the score of posttest
Examples of vulnerable groups include____
Elderly Children Pregnant women Unborn Emotionally/physically disabled Prisoners Deceased Students AIDS pts..
Non-probability sampling Definition and types
Elements are chosen by non-random methods Convenience Quota Purposive sampling
Encouraging the participation to keep talking is a strategy used in interviews to
Elicit more information n a specific area
Which of the following is not part of the balancing of benefits and risk for a study?
Eliminating all risk of the study
Graphic model
Empirical and can be readily represented
The four types of knowing are designated as Deontology, empiric, clinical, and aesthetics. Empirics, aesthetics, ethical, and personal. Facts, opinions, case studies, and consensus. Decision making, clinical, ethical, and client.
Empirics, aesthetics, ethical, and personal.
Purpose
Encompasses the aims or objectives the investigator hopes to achieve with the research, not the question to be answered. -Suggests the manner in which the researcher planned to study the question and level of evidence to be obtained through study findings
Intervention fidelity
Ensuring that the intervention is delivered systematically to all objects in the intervention group. Standardizing the intervention - administering intervention to each subject in same manner under same conditions Constancy
Target population
Entire set of cases about which the researcher would like to make generalizations
Random selection
Equal and independent chance of being in either group.
An instrument is said to exhibit ____ if it produces the same results when equivalent or parallel instruments or procedures are used.
Equivalence
An instrument is thought to demonstrate ____ when two or more observers have a high percentage of agreement of an observed behavior or when alternate forms of a test yield a high correlation.
Equivalence
_____ is the consistency/agreement among observers using the same measurement instrument OR is the consistency of agreement between alternative forms of an instrument.
Equivalence
Experience
Established Belief
Power analysis is conducted to Determine a large effect size. Estimate sample size. Test for internal validity. Set the level of significance.
Estimate sample size
Which qualitative research methodology requires the understanding of culture before initiating data collection?
Ethnographic
Which type of qualitative research method was used by the theorist Leinger in her study of nursing practice?
Ethnographic
Applied research builds a body of knowledge for nursing practice because it is the basis of Evidence-based practice. Clinical pathways. Nursing process. Nursing diagnosis.
Evidence-based practice
Applied research builds a body of knowledge for nursing practice because it is the basis of
Evidence-based practice.
Retrospective/Ex post Facto/ Case control
Examine attempts to link present events to past.
Cross sectional
Examines data at one point in time
Correlational (descriptive or Predictive)
Examines the relationship between two or more variables, strength of variables, does NOT manipulate variables. Not testing if one variable causes another.
For a study that involves a chart review to obtain information abut a patient's smoking history, age, gender, and incidence of cardiovascular disease, which of the following types of review by an institutional review board (IRB) will be required?
Exempt review
How has the Affordable Care Act most directly impacted the nursing profession?
Expanding nursing roles and responsibilities
Experimental Design
Experimental or RCTS, clinical trial. Only design that tests true cause and effect relationships. Most powerful because threats to internal validity are controlled. Provide level 2 evidence.
Consensus guidelines
Expert-based guidelines; developed by an agreement of experts in the field
What should the informed consent include?
Explanation of study Purpose Procedures Risks Discomforts Benefits Expected duration of participation Any alternative procedures
Which of the following best illustrates the emic perspective in research? Finding a quality of a phenomenon and looking for examples of the quality Taking an outsider's view of a phenomenon Exploring the way members of a group view themselves Validating perspectives about a group through interviews
Exploring the way members of a group view themselves.
Which of the following represents a simple hypothesis? Exposure to pet therapy increases appetite in elderly patients. Family support and positive attitude decrease symptoms of dysreflexia in spinal cord injured patients. Social support, balanced diet, and regular exercise decrease the incidence of postpartum depression. Daily exercise and eliminating carbohydrates from the diet will result in a significant weight reduction in obese diabetic patients.
Exposure to pet therapy increases appetite in elderly patients.
Error variance
Extent of variability in test scores that is attributable to error rather than a true measure of the behaviors
Quality
Extent to which a study's design, implementation and analysis minimizes bias.
Validity
Extent to which an instrument measure the attributes of a concept accurately
If a study can't represent one group, ____ may be limited or not present at all.
External validity
In interpreting quantitative research results, the representativeness of the sample is most closely tied to Internal validity. External validity. Sample validity. Research validity.
External validity
If a research study hasn't established internal validity, then ____ can't be established. Consequently, the research study will not be able to be ____.
External validity, generalized
Why does an ethical research environment assist with ensuring scientific integrity?
Federal regulations related to ethical standards are adhered to, increasing the likelihood of integrity.
what is deductive reasoning?
General to specific. Positivist Paradigm. Quanitative
Why does an ethical research environment assist with ensuring scientific integrity? Within this environment, expectations for scientific integrity are laid out. Federal regulations related to ethical standards are adhered to, increasing the likelihood of integrity. The researcher always works within an ethical environment, which encourages the practice of ethical research behaviors. Scientific integrity ensures funding, which means that the study will be completed.
Federal regulations related to ethical standards are adhered to, increasing the likelihood of integrity.
Confirmability
Findings that reflect implementation of credibility, auditability and fittingness standards.
Integrative Review (Narrative Review)
Focused review and synthesis of research or theoretical literature in a particular focus area and includes specific steps of literature integration and synthesis with out statistical analysis. - Can include both quantitative and qualitative articles - Allows for experimental, non-experimental designs to be assessed.
Ethical concerns for qualitative study: Naturalistic setting
Focuses on the need to gain informed consent. It is not always easy to obtain in naturalistic settings.
Both the International Council of Nurses and the American Nurses Association make it clear that the ethical standards of the profession require the same obligations from the nurse researcher. Why?
For the protection of vulnerable clients and patients
Both the International Council of Nurses and the American Nurses Association make it clear that the ethical standards of the profession require the same obligations from the nurse researcher. Why? For the protection of vulnerable clients and patients For the protection of the nurse researcher Because of an obligation inherent within the nursing profession Because practice on which these ethical standards are built focuses nursing research
For the protection of vulnerable clients and patients.
Quota sampling
Form of non probability sampling in which knowledge about the population of interest is used to build some representativeness into the sample ID's the stata of the population and proportionally represents the state in the sample Reseacher recruits and enrolls subjects until the quota for each stratum has been filled
Design
Framework that a researcher creates
Which of the following statements about frameworks in research is true?
Frameworks are important in both qualitative and quantitative research
Unethical Study
Fraud, plagiarism, putting subject at risk without consent
In a ____ the number of times each event occurs is counted.
Frequency distribution.
A priori
From latin : the former; before the study or analysis.
Which of the following best represents a dichotomous variable? Blood pressure Age at death Gender Weight
Gender
Using research in practice requires the nurse to be most aware of Limited funding. Generalizability of the results to current practice. Exclusion of subjects. The credentials of the researcher.
Generalizability of the results to current practice.
The AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation) Collaboration tool is used to Grade the evidence used within the guideline. Score the research articles to be used for a guideline. Establish the anticipated benefit and/or harm of the guideline. Provide an additional tool to be used at the bedside.
Grade the evidence used within the guideline
3 types of nursing theories?
Grand Middle-range Situation-specific
Model
Graphic/symbolic representation of a phenomenon.
Forest Plot- Blobboggram
Graphically depicts the results of analyzing a number of studies
The ___ the number of points plotted on the graph, the smoother the resulting graph.
Greater
A researcher explores the phenomenon of how nurses make decisions about when to discuss end-of-life issues with clients. From this research, a model is developed to explain the decision-making process. Which type of research does this represent? Grounded theory Ethnography Phenomenology Case study
Grounded theory
Which of the following qualitative research methods uses a minimal literature review?
Grounded theory
Which type of qualitative research was used by Fagerhaugh and Strauss in their study of pain management?
Grounded theory
a measurement strategy that is fairly new to nursing studies is the use of focus groups. Which of the following statements about focus group studies is true?
Groups are made up of subjects who are similar to ach other to encourage candid discussion
What is the independent variable in the following hypothesis? Adults using guided-imagery relaxation have a lower heart rate, blood pressure, and perceived anxiety level than those in adults not using a relaxation technique
Guided-imagery relaxation/no relaxation
Solomon 4-Group Design
Has 2 groups that are identical to those used in the classic experimental design, plus 2 additional groups: an experimental after-group and a control group 1 - Pretest, decision aid, immediate posttest 2 - Pretest, no decision aid, immediate posttest 3 - No pretest, decision aid, posttest 4 - No pretest, no decision, posttest
Protection of vulnerable individuals is a critical ethical component in human research studies. How did Edward Jenner fail to meet this standard when he tested swinepox on his 1-year old son?
He ignored the point that he could not get informed consent from his son, who was particularly vulnerable
Protection of vulnerable individuals is a critical ethical component in human research studies. How did Edward Jenner fail to meet this standard when he tested swinepox on his 1-year-old son?
He ignored the point that he could not get informed consent from his son, who was particularly vulnerable.
appraising evidence
Hierarchy of evidence from strongest (clinical trials) to weakest (opinion) is referred to as what?
The ___ the level of measure, the greater the flexibility the researcher has in choosing statistical procedures.
Higher
The process of reading and critiquing an article includes
Highlighting or noting important content and ideas throughout the article
Integrative Reviews
Identifies, analyzes, and synthesizes results from independent quantitative and qualitative studies to determine current knowledge
The research role of the baccalaureate degree nurse includes Identifying clinical problems that require investigation, assisting experienced investigators to gain access to clinical sites, and collecting data. Creating a climate in the practice setting that promotes scholarly inquiry, scientific integrity, and scientific investigation of clinical nursing problems. Collaborating with experienced investigators in proposal development, data collection, data analysis, and interpretation of results. Providing leadership in integrating research into practice.
Identifying clinical problems that require investigation, assisting experienced investigators to gain access to clinical sites, and collecting data.
The research role of the baccalaureate degree nurse includes:
Identifying clinical problems that require investigation, assisting experienced investigators to gain access to clinical sites, and collecting data.
Internal criticism in historical research refers to
Identifying possible biases, which threaten the accuracy of what was said
phenomenology approach
If your primary goal as a researcher is to gain access to individuals' inner world of experience, what approach do you use?
Concept
Image or symbolic representation of an abstract idea; the key identified element of a phenomenon that is necessary to understand it.
The determination of the mixed method design approach must address the meshing of the qualitative and quantitative methodologies through the use of which of the following criteria? Implementation, prioritization, and integration Implementation, analysis, and investigation Analysis, prioritization, and integration Collection, prioritization, and analysis
Implementation, prioritization, and integration
implications
In critiquing a research report, where would recommendations made by the researcher for nursing practice be found?
introduction
In critiquing a research report, where would the researcher find a discussion related to findings associated with the conceptual basis of the study?
data-gathering procedures
In critiquing a research report, where would the researcher find information on possible sources of sampling error and sample size?
introduction
In critiquing a research report, where would the researcher make clear why a particular study is important to investigate?
_____ are used to describe the pattern of responses among a sample. (Mean, median, mode)
Measure of central tendency
Internal validity looks at
Independent and dependent variables
Confidentiality
Individual identities of subjects will not be linked to the information they provide and will not be publicly divulged
Key informants
Individuals who have special knowledge, status, or communication skills, and who are willing to teach the ethnographer about the phenomenon
Qualitative research is discovery-oriented, it is explanatory, descriptive, and ____ in nature.
Inductive
Grounded theory method
Inductive approach involving a systemic set of procedures to arrive at a theory about basic SOCIAL processes.
The following set of statements is an example of what type of reasoning? An altered level of comfort is experienced with facial surgery. Therefore, all surgeries result in an altered level of comfort
Inductive reasoning
Theory generating research uses which type of reasoning?
Inductive reasoning
Which type of reasoning moves from the specific to the general
Inductive reasoning
____ are boards that review studies to assess that ethical standards are met interrelation to the protection of the rights of human subjects.
Institutional Review Boards (IRB)
Evidenced Based Practice
Integrating individual clinical expertise and the best evidence to guide (mutual) decision making and patient preference.
Quasi- Experimental Design
Intend to test cause and effect when full control is not possible. Has experimental treatment but lacks randomization or control group. Provides level 3 evidence.
Dividing scores on a pain questionnaire (with 0-5 items) into odd-numbered and even-numbered scores is a mechanism that can be used to determine External consistency. Relevance. Internal consistency. Validity.
Internal consistency
In ______, the items within the scale reflect or measure the same concept. This means that the items within the scale correlate or are complementary to each other. It means that the scale is unidimensional.
Internal consistency/homogeneity
Web browser
Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Chrome, Safari
Analogy for ethnographic researcher?
Interpreter entering an alien world attempting to makes sense of the insider's point of view
Meta-synthesis
Interpretive integration of qualitative findings that are interpretive synthesis of data, including the phenomenologies, ethnographies, grounded theories, and other integrated and coherent descriptions or explanations of phenomena, events, or cases that are the hallmarks of qualitative research. Offer coherent description/explanation of a target event/experience, instead of summary view of unlinked features or that event/experience.
To accomplish ____, two or more individuals should make an observation or one observer should examine the behavior on several occasions.
Interrator reliability
Sources on a multiple-choice final examination represent an example of which of the following levels of measurement?
Interval
_____ shows ranking of events or variables on a scale with equal intervals between the numbers. The zero point remains arbitrary and not absolute.
Interval measurement
____ expresses the level of agreement observed beyond the level that would be expected by chance alone
Kappa (K)
Simple Random
Know all elements. Select elements from a sampling frame.
Concealment
Know or not
Basic research is also known as bench research and is defined as research to gain knowledge for Use in academia. Use in clinical practice. Knowledge's sake. Use in biochemistry.
Knowledge's sake
Basic research is also known as bench research and is defined as research to gain knowledge for
Knowledge's sake.
Cochrane collaboration reviews
Largest repository of meta-analyses. Contribute to practice as data are based on accumulated studies. Various data bases- full reviews, critical assessments, conference findings, bibliographic references.
Quasi-experimental studies provide which level of evidence?
Level 3
The ____ is the probability of making Type 1 Error, the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis. The minimal level of significance at 0.05
Level of Significance If the study were done 100 times, the decision to reject the null hypothesis would be wrong 5 times.
As a nurse on a medical-surgical hospital unit, you begin to question the amount of time your hospital policy requires for taking a patient's oral temperature. Your hospital uses an EBP approach to nursing care. Which hospital resources would you expect to be able to connect with to assist with the accessing of a computer? Ward clerk or CNA Doctor or lawyer Charge nurse or supervisor Librarian or library
Librarian or library
Cronbach's alpha is used when the instrument uses a ____.
Likert Scale
A nurse identifies individuals who seem to comply better with a treatment plan when several different teaching methods are used within the discharge planning process. In developing a mixed method design for researching which educational methods work best, a question concerning the type of data to be collected is confronted. Which of the following groups of data collection methods represents a mixed method format? Likert scale tool with a demographic component Observation of teaching sessions with videotaping Focus group discussion with audiotaping Likert scale tool with focus group discussion
Likert scale tool with focus group discussion
Sometimes a search strategy identifies too many sources. How might the researcher limit the number of citations to retrieve and critique?
Limit the years from which the researcher wishes to use citations usually the most recent, combine concepts using AND so that only citations that address all of the concepts are identified, and Request citations only for articles that can be downloaded as the full-text version
Qualitative studies have been ranked _____ in the hierarchy of evidence for research design. (lower/higher)
Lower
Nominal-level measurement is the ____ level and allows for the least amount of statistical manipulation.
Lowest
The database that is considered the premier bibliographic database for providing access in the North Americas for biomedical literature is Google. MEDLINE. CINAHL. Yahoo!
MEDLINE
EBP projects in your institution are not required to obtain IRB approval. However, as the nurse in charge of an EBP project, you must still
Maintain anonymity and confidentiality of patient information.
EBP projects in your institution are not required to obtain IRB approval. However, as the nurse in charge of an EBP project, you must still Maintain anonymity and confidentiality of patient information. Maintain professionalism in gathering patient information. Provide all staff access to the patient information. Provide patient information obtained to the hospital board of directors.
Maintain anonymity and confidentiality of patient information.
Which of the following statements correctly describes a true experiment?
Making modifications to true experimental designs decreases their internal and external validity
Control is acquired by ____.
Manipulating the independent variable
As a novice nurse on a medical-surgical hospital unit, you want to get involved in a research study that is being proposed for your unit. Because your hospital is involved with evidence-based nursing practice, which aspects of EBP are essential for you to have? Sound bedside nursing skills Basic knowledge of your unit Method for accessing published information Fundamental safety knowledge
Method for accessing published information
Tradition
Method of tenacity
A small urepresentative sample s an example of which of the following?
Methodologcal limitation
Constancy
Methods and procedures of data collection are the same for all subjects.
Disadvantages of Multistage (cluster) sampling
More sampling errors tend to occur than with simple random or stratified random sampling Appropriate handling of the statistical data from cluster samples is very complex
Element
Most basic unit about which information is collected
In the past, nurses were often taught that while research might be a good thing to do, only faculty could do research because Faculty members are the only ones prepared to do research. Most nurses have not been taught research. Most nurses don't need to use research. Faculty members know what's best for nursing.
Most nurses have not been taught research
Strengths of experiemental designs?
Most powerful for testing C-E relationships Better chance of measuring effect of interventions
Convince
Most readily accessible
Situation-specific theory
Most specific theory; composed of a limited number of concepts. Narrow in scope, explain a small part of a phenomena and processes of interest to nurses, and are usually limited to specific populations or field of practice
Clinical pathways are developed by Nursing teams. Physician teams. Educator teams. Multidisciplinary teams.
Multidisciplinary teams
Clinical pathways are developed by:
Multidisciplinary teams
Clinical pathways are developed by
Multidisciplinary teams.
Another term used within the literature for mixed method design is Quantitative design. Qualitative design. Multimethod design. Experimental design.
Multimethod design
_____ measures the relationship between one interval-level-dependent variable and several independent variables. It is used when the researcher wants to determine what variables contribute to the expansion of the dependent variable and to what degree.
Multiple regression
Ethical concerns of a qualitative study?
Naturalistic setting Emergent nature of design Researcher-participant interaction Researcher as an instrument
Ethical concerns for qualitative study: Emergent Nature of Design
Need for ongoing negotiation of consent with participants. In the course of a study, situations change, and what was agreeable at the beginning may become intrusive. Requires ongoing negotiation in the researcher-participant relationship.
After-only design
Neither group is pretested or measured. Process of randomly assignment subjects is assumed to be sufficient to ensure lack of bias so that the researcher can still determine whether intervention created significant differences between the 2 groups.
Another name for snowball sampling is
Network sampling
Meta-analysis is the examination of multiple studies through statistical analysis to establish The nonexistence of bias. New data sets for analysis. The nonexistence of confounding variables. Correlation of the variables.
New data sets for analysis
Nonrefereed Journals
Non-peer-reviewed, not blind.
Sampling strategies are divided into which two categories?
Non-probability sampling Probability sampling
Using decision theory, if the alpha level of significance for determining differences between groups is set at .05, which of the following probability levels calculated during data analysis has the most significant difference?
None of the Above
Which quasi-experimental design is used most often in clinical setting?
Nonequivalent control group design
Types of quasi-experimental designs
Nonequivalent control group designs After-only nonequivalent control group design One-group (pretest-posttest) design Time series design
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study lasted many years, and none of the human subjects were properly informed about the study's conduct. Which ethical principle was egregiously ignored in this study?
Nonmaleficence
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study lasted many years, and none of the human subjects were properly informed about the study's conduct. Which ethical principle was egregiously ignored in this study? Autonomy Respect Nonmaleficence Justice
Nonmaleficence
_____ are not based on estimation of population parameters, so they involve less restrictive assumptions about the underlying distribution.
Nonparametric statistics
The ____ is one that is symmetrical about the mean and is unimodal.
Normal curve
______ can only be used if two comparable forms of the same instrument exist. Ex. "I am able to tell my partner how I feel." &"My partner tries to understand my feelings."
Parallel or alternate form reliability
Right of zero line
Not significant
Best practices in nursing can be defined as
Nursing actions that produce desirable patient outcomes.
Best practices in nursing can be defined as A well-written plan of nursing care. A systems approach to nursing care. Nursing actions that produce desirable patient outcomes. A way for nurses to justify their care.
Nursing actions that produce desirable patient outcomes.
Grand nursing theory
Nursing conceptual models; include theories/models that were developed to describe the discipline of nursing as a whole
Sources of research problems for nursing research include
Nursing practice, Areas of health concern, and the literature
In a study of nursing students' attitudes toward caring for patients with hypertension who are noncompliant with their medications, the researcher randomly selected a sample of nursing students from a list of all students enrolled in each of five nursing programs that had been randomly selected from one state. Because the sample was randomly selected, to which population can the findings be generalized? Nursing students in the programs that were randomly selected Nursing students in the state from which the programs were randomly selected Nursing students in the United States All nursing students
Nursing students in the state from which the programs were randomly selected
Which of the following best represents a well-constructed problem statement? What affects pain perception? Obesity negatively impacts self-image in first graders. This study will compare the effectiveness of antacids. Does time of day affect appetite?
Obesity negatively impacts self-image in first graders.
A research study was developed to consider the assessment of skin color. Nurses on a medical-surgical unit were asked to record their judgments of the skin color from four pictures of individuals with differing skin tones. This process is an example of which area of reliability measurement? Accuracy Objectivity Feasibility Equivalency
Objectivity
Which of the following is a method of data collection? Experimental Grounded theory Observation Cross-sectional
Observation
When measuring blood pressure, the actual score is the Observed score on the instrument. Estimated score determined by the nurse. Perfect score without error. First sound heard by the nurse.
Observed score on the instrument.
A ____ is a characteristic of a population.
Parameter
Parameter - Statistic -
Parameter - Population Statistic - Sample
What is the difference between a null hypothesis and a directional hypothesis? One is a declarative sentence; the other is a question. One assumes a relationship; the other denies that one exists. One is researchable; the other is statistical. One includes at least two variables; the other does not.
One assumes a relationship; the other denies that one exists.
Which of the following processes is not a major method of data collection? Observations Open-ended questions Secondary (existing) data Tests
Open-ended questions
Scientific rigor in qualitative studies requires
Openness in collecting data
Which of the following statements about operational definitions is true?
Operational definitions are developed so that variables can be measured in research
Scientific Approach
Order, control, empirical, generalization
_____ is used to show relative ranking of variables or events. The numbers assigned to a category can be compared. A member of a higher category can be said to have e more of an attribute than a person of a lower category. The intervals between numbers on a scale are not necessarily equal, and there is no absolute zero.
Ordinal measurement
Original copy of informed consent goes to ___. Copy of informed consent goes to___.
Original -- Researcher Copy -- Subject
Which of the following is not an independent variable? Outcome Treatment Intervention Experiment
Outcome
Quota sampling solves the issue of?
Over/underrepresentation We increase representativeness of sample
It is appropriate to use key word searches in which of the following contexts? Evidence-based medicine Ovid MEDLINE Evidence-based nursing
Ovid
EBP project uses a ___ question.
PICO
When considering the different data collection schemes, researchers must be careful to contemplate the presence of the Hawthorne effect. The Hawthorne effect is defined as a process in which the: Participant does not modify his or her behavior to meet the expectations of the study. Researcher modifies his or her behavior because of conducting the study. Researcher modifies the participants' behavior based on the data collected. Participant modifies his or her behavior as a result of engagement in the study.
Participant modifies his or her behavior as a result of engagement in the study.
Refereed journals
Peer-reviewed, blind review (unbiased) by an external reviewer(s). Judged with a set of criteria.
IV & DV example
Perception of pain (DV) will vary in relation to a person's gender (IV).
Within the process of providing evidence-based nursing care, which types of research results are incorporated to ascertain the plan of treatment? Personal experiences and medical knowledge Client values and medical knowledge Personal experiences and client values Medical knowledge and identified challenges
Personal experiences and client values
Which type of qualitative research method was used by the theorist Benner in her study of nursing practice?
Phenomenological
A researcher conducts a study in which participants are asked to describe the lived experience of being a caregiver of a parent with Alzheimer's disease. Which type of qualitative study does this represent? Grounded theory Ethnography Phenomenology Case study
Phenomenology
Which of the following research methodologies is used to study lived experiences?
Phenomenology
All research is based on ____.
Philosophical beliefs Worldview Paradigm
PICO/clinical questions has what 4 components?
Population Intervention Comparison Outcome You're kind of asking if there is any research for a subject; sounds almost like a research question
A nurse working in a cancer follow-up setting has been asked to consider the development of a transition program to help young people adjust to the adult program. The initial question suggested for use in focusing the identification of evidence is "What is it like to have care transferred from a pediatric center to an adult clinic?" Which aspects of this question need to be strengthened to make it more searchable? Population and outcome Population and intervention Intervention and outcome Comparison and outcome
Population and intervention
Stratified Random
Population divided into homogenous strata, appropriate number from each strata chosen randomly, like quota. Stratify on important variable. Equal number of per group or proportional.
After-only design also called?
Post-test only design
How do we determine the appropriate sample size for quota sampling?
Power analysis
It is possible to estimate the sample size needed by using ___.
Power analysis
Sample size in quantitative studies is best determined by
Power analysis
Strengths of quasi-experimental designs?
Practical Less costly Feasible Generalizable More adaptable to real-world practice
From what field(s) did many nursing theories derive their ideas?
Psychology, physiology, sociology
Which of the following regulations is(are) used to protect animals in research studies?
Public health service policy on humane care and use of laboratory animals, animal welfare assurance statement, state and federal law
Secondary source
Published articles or books that are written by persons other than the individual(s) who conducted the research study or developed the theory
If the distribution is skewed (asymmetrical), the mean will be _____.
Pulled in the direction of the long tail of the distribution and will differ from the median.
When a researcher in a qualitative study chooses the participants based on what they ma be able to contribute to the study, the sampling method is called
Purposive sampling
Which of the following statements is true with regard to comparing qualitative and quantitative research methods? Qualitative studies often require a larger sample size than quantitative studies. Qualitative studies don't require evidence of reliability and validity. Qualitative studies don't allow for the use of computerized data analysis. Qualitative research is often inductive in nature, whereas quantitative research is deductive in nature.
Qualitative research is often inductive in nature, whereas quantitative research is deductive in nature.
When a nurse desires to conduct an investigation about decreasing the level of noise in his critical care units due to family complaints, what type of study best serves the purpose of this institutional problem?
Qualitative study
_____ research seeks to interpret meaning, whereas _____ research seeks to test a hypothesis or answer research questions using statistical methods.
Qualitative, quantitative
Qualitative research examines which of the following characteristics of a phenomenon? Frequency Quantity Quality Intensity
Quality
Evaluate the body of evidence by looking at what 3 things?
Quality - extent of design Quantity - degree of study Consistency - repetition of study
Evidence comes in many forms. Examples of the data that could best be utilized for EBP are Quality improvement data and integrated reviews. Integrated reviews and non-peer-reviewed journal articles. Collegial relationships and lay journals. Verbal data and practice guidelines.
Quality improvement data and integrated reviews
After-only nonequivalent control group design
Quasi-experimental design similar to after-only experimental design, but subjects are not randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups. No pretest, no randomization
The researcher want o collect data abut the evaluation process of staff nurses on a unit. Which of the following measurement tool is best to gather the data?
Questionnaire
Nonexperimental designs generate _____ for _____ designs. Answers; quasi-experimental Questions; experimental Solutions; quantitative Problems; experimental
Questions; experimental
An example of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design is as follows (where R = randomization, O = measurement, and X = treatment): R O X O O X O O O X O O O O O X O O O
R O X O
What is the gold standard for discovering cause-and-effect relationships?
RCTs
Demographic variables
Race, ethnicity, gender, age, income, education, and marital status
Chance errors are also called ____ errors.
Random
Reliability is concerned with ____ error.
Random
Which of the following elements are required in an experimental design?
Random assignment of subjects to groups, control of variance in sampling, and carefully defined variables
which of the following is an example of cluster sampling?
Random hospitals are selected in a region, and then nurses in each hospital intensive care unit (ICU) are asked to participate in the study
Which of the following statements about sampling is true?
Random or probability sampling methods require more rigor and research control
A systematic review considers Reports about clinical standards. Research and other documents which address the topic being reviewed. Only opinion documents that address a topic of interest. Only quantitative research reports.
Research and other documents which address the topic reviewed.
Ethnography
Research approach designed to produce cultural theory. The ethnographic method scientifically describes cultural groups. The goal of the ethnographer is to understand the natives' view of their world.
Phenomenology
Research approach that aims to describe experience as it is lived through. A research method aimed at obtaining s description of an experience as it is lived in order to understand the meaning of that experience for those who have it.
Primary source
Research articles and books by the original author
In some studies, researchers make a formal statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables in a specified population. This formal statement is a
Research hypothesis
Many nurses don't understand research because Research isn't necessary for their practice. Most nurses are too old. Research is like a foreign language. Patients don't expect them to use research.
Research is like a foreign language
Nurses have a responsibility to use research because Doctors order it done. Administrators don't have time for research. Research is nice to know. Research is the "hallmark of a profession."
Research is the "hallmark of a profession."
What type of evidence is paramount to use when providing health care? Outcomes based on the unique situation Opinions held by multiple individuals Research is the only form of evidence The weight of the evidence is not as important as the amount
Research is the only form of evidence
Community-based participatory research (CPBR)
Research method that systematically assesses the voice of a community to plan context-appropriate action
Primary source
Research or Data-based, Presentation of an original theory
The data collected in mixed method research and the emphasis given to each type of data should be determined by the _____ and goals of the study. Source of funding Preference of the research team Research problem Literature
Research problem
Qualitative research answers which? Hypothesis or research question?
Research question
Describe quantitative research
Research questions that describe phenomena, test relationships, assess differences, seek to explain cause-and-effect relationships b/w variables, and test for intervention effectiveness
One of the primary foundations for evidence-based nursing practice is Medical knowledge. Research results. Everyday health care. Textbook information.
Research results
Which of these forms of evidence carries the highest degree of credibility?
Research study using random control sample
What's the difference between research and EBP & QI?
Research supports new knowledge EBP & QI uses currently available knowledge to improve health care delivery
Simple random sampling
Researcher defines the population, lists all units of the population, and selects a sample of units from which the sample will be chosen. Population (set) Units of the population (sampling frame) Sample of units (subset) ex: drawing 700 names out of 2500 that meet the criteria
Ethical concerns for qualitative study: Researcher as an instrument
Researcher must acknowledge any personal bias and strive to interpret data in a way that accurately reflects the participants POV.
Purposive sampling
Researcher selects subjects who are considered to be typical (homogenous) of the population
Which of the following biophysiological tests is an example of in vivo data? Complete blood count Urinalysis Respiratory rate Bacterial count
Respiratory rate
Which of the following is a concept?
Restlessness
Data analyses are conducted to reduce, organize, and give meaning to the data. Data analyses are used to produce which of the following?
Results
A bundle is a group of interventions related to a disease or care process that
Results in better outcomes than when the interventions are implemented individually
A bundle is a group of interventions related to a disease or care process that Results in better outcomes than when the interventions are implemented together. Results in diverse outcomes when the interventions are implemented individually. Results in confusing information about a single disease or care process. Provides insufficient evidence to alter clinical practice related to individualized interventions.
Results in better outcomes than when the interventions are implemented together.
Components of qualitative research study
Review of literature Study design Study setting Sample Data collection Data analysis Study findings Conclusions Implications for practice and research
Which of the following is not a human right that requires protection during the conduct of a study?
Right to experience the treatment
A reliable measure is one that can produce the ____ results.
Same
As an example of consistency and stability in EBP, when a urinalysis is done four times in a 24-hour period, the urine sample needs to be the _____ amount. Correct Same Smallest Largest
Same
Probability
Sample chosen using random methods, likely to be more representative and more rigorous
The tendency for statistics to fluctuate from one sample to another is known as the ____.
Sampling error
The research designs are merged within which sections of the report on the research project? Introduction, sampling, and problem identification Problem identification, data collection, and analysis Sampling, data collection, and analysis Introduction, data collection, and analysis
Sampling. data collection, and analysis
The researcher collecting data notices that she is beginning to hear the same things repeatedly and that no new themes are emerging. The researcher recognizes that what has occurred? Triangulation Saturation Quantizing Redundancy
Saturation
Which of the following characteristics is not part of a quantitative research design? Randomization Manipulation Saturation Control
Saturation
Determination of the appropriate sample size in qualitative research is based on the principle(s) of Power analysis. The "rule of 30." Saturation and redundancy. Convenience.
Saturation and redundancy
Quantitative research is often identified with which method of gathering data? Triangulation Saturation Ethnography Scientific
Scientific
A ____ is that which the researcher believes will be the outcome of a study.
Scientific hypothesis
Research hypothesis is also known as?
Scientific hypothesis
Research follows the steps of which process?
Scientific process
Nursing Research
Scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge & generates new knowledge that directly/indirectly influences nursing practice
Observational
Scientific, selection of behaviors or phenomenon related to scientific concepts consistent with study's aims standardized observational guide. There is a plan for checking and controlling observations, and recording observations.
Data saturation depends on which of the following criteria?
Scope of the study, Nature of the topic, and Quality of the data
Abstract
Short, comprehensive synopsis or summary of a study at the beginning of an article
Determining if studying the problem will lead to results that are applicable to nursing practice is essential when analyzing the _________ of the problem. Feasibility Profitability Cost Significance
Significance
In regards to measurement, every variable in a study that is assigned a specific number must be ____ to every other variable assigned that number.
Similar
The initial baseline measurement in a nonequivalent control group is used to determine if the subjects assigned to the group are Different. Equal. Bonded. Similar.
Similar
Stratified random sampling
Similar to proportional stratified quota sampling - but random!
Homogeneity
Similarity of conditions. Also called internal consistency.
Homogeneity
Similarity with respect to the extraneous variables relevant to particular study
Grounded theory - data collection and analysis occur ___.
Simultaneously - hunches about emerging patterns in the data are noted in memos
Level VI
Single descriptive or qualitative study
Level IV
Single non experimental study (Case-control, correlation, cohort studies)
Median is the score that is best used when the data is ____.
Skewed
Reading and critiquing research reports constitutes an important step in the review of literature. The first step in reading a research report is to review it by
Skimming the article to get an overall sense of the content
Sample sizes in qualitative research studies tend to be ___ in number. Why?
Small - Because of the enormous amounts of written text that will need to analyzed by the researcher.
Developing a research study to investigate the availability of health care for minority children whose families are on welfare is an example of a research problem generated primarily from Practice. Social issues. Healthcare trends in society. Theory.
Social issues
Qualitative researchers believe that reality is ____.
Socially constructed and context dependent
Research hypothesis
Statement about the expected relationship of the variables; can be either directional or non-directional
Statistical hypothesis
States that there is no relationship b/w independent and dependent variables
A ___ is a characteristic of a sample.
Statistic
Treatment effect/effect size
Statistical detection of differences between those who receive intervention and those who do not. Quantitative strength of the phenomenon
_____ allows researchers to make objective decisions about the outcomes of their study. Asks, "How strongly are these two variables associated with each other?"
Statistical hypothesis
Meta-analyses
Statistically pools results from previous studies into single quantitative analysis
Matching
Strategy used to construct an equivalent comparison sample group by filling it with subjects who are similar to each subject in another sample group in relation to reestablished variables such as age, gender, level of education, medical diagnosis, or SE status the point? Any variable other than the independent variable that could affect the dependent variable should be matched.
Nonprobability quota sampling is most closely related to which of the following probability sampling techniques?
Stratified random sampling
Although many aspects are discussed within a research critique, the basic aspects that the critique is attempting to identify are Hypothesis(es) and literature review. Strengths and limitations. Research design and sampling methodology. Shortcomings and critical problems.
Strengths and limitations.
What critical element most likely impacts the day-to-day positive health outcomes for integrating patient preferences?
Strong administration
Of the nine types of critiques, which of the following are considered essential to EBP? Student, practicing nurse, and peer review critiques Abstracts, presentations, and email critiques Program of research, letters to the editors, and lay-journal critiques National Institute of Nursing Research, educator groups, and newspaper critiques
Student, practicing nurse, and peer review critiques.
Communicating results
Study can be presented through a research article, poster, or paper presentation.
Case study method
Studying the peculiarities and commonalities of a specific case - they focus on an individual case
Reactive effects/reactivity
Subjects' responses to being studied - subjects may respond to an investigation solely because they know they're being investigated.
Multistage (Cluster)
Successive random sampling of clusters from large to small. Each step is random.
Multistage (cluster) sampling
Successive random sampling of units that progress from large to small and meet sample eligibility criteria. ex: 500 people who meet broad criteria --> down to 100 people who meet more specific criteria --> down to 20 who meet even more specific criteria
The "Methods" section of a research report should include a subsection on the measurement methods used. Which of the following statements related to the information to be included in this subsection?
Sufficient information about the instrument must be provided for he reader to see the link between the concept and the way it was operationalized in the study
Meta-analysis
Summary of a number of studies focused on one question, or topic, and uses a specific statistical methodology to synthesize the findings in order to draw conclusions about the area of focus.
Secondary Source
Summary of material, critique, analysis of a theory, topic, practice.
Systematic review
Summation and assessment of a group of quantitative research studies on a focused clinical question
The t-test is used to Adjust for initial differences within the groups. Estimate the error of prediction. Test whether two groups differ significantly. Test whether more than two groups differ significantly.
Test whether two groups differ significantly.
_____ is the administration of the same instrument to the same subjects under similar conditions on two or more occasions.
Test-retest reliability
A research question must be ____.
Testable
Which of the following can be achieved using a correlational design?
Testing of relationships proposed in a theoretical proposition
In developing a question for an EBP project involving the fall rate of patients 65 years of age and older, the initial ethical consideration should be The age of the researcher. The number of falls. The age of the population. The sample size of the population.
The age of the population.
A Certificate of Confidentiality may be required to protect both the researched and the researcher. Why? The nurse researcher will not lose his or her license to practice and do research because of the sensitive topic being researched. If the research topic is particularly sensitive, this certificate protects patients from divulging issues uncomfortable to them. The certificate protects the researcher and the researched from being coerced by governmental authorities to reveal sensitive information. The certificate means that no information is shared with those who should not be informed.
The certificate protects the researcher and the researched from being coerced by governmental authorities to reveal sensitive information.
Finding an appropriate measurement tool is based on which of the following assumptions?
The concept to be measured has been clearly defined
Why is informed consent a crucial issue in research projects?
The consenting subject will understand what the research is about and will have the choice to participate (or not)
Informed consent is a crucial issue in research projects because
The consenting subject will understand what the research is about and will have the choice to participate (or not).
Informed consent is a crucial issue in research projects because Research results will be more meaningful. The researcher will be adhering to international codes of ethics from which federal regulations are drawn. The project will be rejected by the IRB, because the subject is not informed about the study. The consenting subject will understand what the research is about and will have the choice to participate (or not).
The consenting subject will understand what the research is about and will have the choice to participate or not.
An essential component of a critique is a description of how the data were collected. Which of the following statements provides the best data collection description? Data collection was timely and used a tool developed by the researcher. Multiple tools were used to collect the data. The data was collected at 2-week intervals using a pre-test/post-test procedure. The score for the tool is easily understood and needs little description.
The data was collected at 2-week intervals using a pre-test/post-test procedure.
External validity
The degree to which findings of a study can be generalized to other populations or environments.
which of the following is a condition for determining causality in research studies?
The effect should not occur unless the cause is, or has been, present
Testing
The effects of taking a pretest on the scores of a post test.
A quasi-experimental design is one in which The dependent variable is manipulated with randomization and a control group. The independent variable is manipulated with randomization and a control group. The independent variable is manipulated with no randomization and no control group. The dependent variable is manipulated with no randomization and no control group.
The independent variable is manipulated with no randomization and no control group.
Generalizability
The inferences that the data are representative of similar phenomena in a population beyond the studied sample.
You are examining several instruments to find the one most appropriate for your study. Which of the following findings should be of greatest concern?
The instrument has been used in a number of studies that have not reported validity and reliability data. You find a recent article written by a credible researcher criticizing the validity and reliability and evidence that the instrument is invalid for measuring the concept of interest
Regarding citation dates of literature to be included in a literature review for a research study, which of the following statements is true?
The literature review should include backgrounds on the variables in the study
Power analysis
The mathematical procedure to determine the number for each arm (group) of a study.
Which of the following topics would be inappropriate for a researchable problem? The morality of abortion as a form of birth control The relationship between cigarette smoking and weight loss The effect of severe dietary restrictions on well-being The relationship between religious beliefs and pain perception
The morality of abortion as a form of birth control.
Negative Pearson correlation
The more X, the less Y
Positive Pearson correlation
The more X, the more Y
Several basic guidelines can be used to make the research critiquing procedure less threatening. Which of the following reflects the utilization of these guidelines? The nurse reads the entire discussion section carefully to gain an overview of the research report. The nurse identifies shortcomings that are unfamiliar, to clarify the limitations within the study. The nurse reads the entire study meticulously to acquire a general understanding of the research report. The nurse identifies modifications for the selected research report.
The nurse reads the entire study meticulously to acquire a general underestanding of the research report.
When developing a nursing research project, why is it important to remember the ethical constraints?
The protection of human subjects underlies all human research projects.
What is the issue of greatest concern when developing a research project?
The protection of the vulnerable subject
What is the issue of greatest concern when developing a research project? The competence of the researcher to do the research The availability of funding The protection of the vulnerable subject Informed consent
The protection of the vulnerable subject.
Manipulation
The provision of some experimental treatment, in one way or varying degrees, to some of the subjects in the study.
HIPAA, which was designed to protect all humans and their medical records in this era of electronic paperless records, has imposed another restraint on conducting research. Why?
The regulations protect against unauthorized disclosure; although IRB permission includes this protection, additional care is taken under HIPAA
HIPAA, which was designed to protect all humans and their medical records in this era of electronic paperless records, has imposed another restraint on conducting research. Why?
The regulations protect against unauthorized disclosure; although IRB permission includes this protection, additional care is taken under HIPAA.
HIPAA, which was designed to protect all humans and their medical records in this era of electronic paperless records, has imposed another restraint on conducting research. Why? It is more difficult to obtain IRB permission to conduct a research project. With paperless medical records, there are no data to analyze, even when interview data and surveys are involved. The regulations protect against unauthorized disclosure; although IRB permission includes this protection, additional care is taken under HIPAA. HIPAA ensures that highly sensitive data (e.g., HIV/AIDS status) is not disclosed.
The regulations protect against unauthorized disclosure; although IRB permission includes this protection, additional care is taken under HIPAA.
In health sciences it is unlikely that researchers will be able to establish absolute causality. Therefore, most nursing research studies must deal with relative cause and probabilities of a cause leading to an effect. Which of the following statements about probability is true?
The researcher investigates the likelihood that an effect will occur under specific circumstances
Which of the following statements about a one-tailed test of significance is True?
The researcher is interested in extreme scores in only one tail of the distribution
Written informed consent may be waived in some circumstances that present no more than minimal risk to the potential subject-for example, completion of questionnaires not asking for sensitive data. What is the researcher's responsibility in this case?
The researcher is obliged to inform the potential subject of all of the usual elements of consent (e.g., disclosure of the purpose of the study, obligations of the participant, and voluntary nature of participation) in a cover letter or in some other identified fashion
In searching databases, it is important that the researcher identify keywords to enter into the search process. Which of the following statements about these keywords is true?
The researcher may need to find synonyms of alternate terms to describe the concepts
Which of the following is an example of random measurement error?
The researcher presses the wrong key when entering data into the computer
In nursing research, which of the following researcher factors is most important in relation to statistical analysis?
The researcher should understand the meaning underlying the choice and interpretation of statistics
Ethical concerns for qualitative study: Researcher-Participant Interaction
The researcher-participant relationship may evolve into a therapeutic relationship. In the process of "getting the picture," nurse may offer advice/form therapeutic relationship/promote healing.
What do statistically significant findings imply? The results are very important. The results are not very important. The results are likely due to chance differences among groups. The results are likely due to real differences among groups.
The results arelikely due to real differences among groups.
A type I error occurs when
The results indicate a statistically significant difference when in reality no significant difference exist
Respect for Human Dignity
The right to self determination, the right to full disclosure
In evidence-based practice, a nurse using quantitative research for clinical decision making must be most knowledgeable about how To calculate statistics. To write research reports. The study design applies to practice. To design a research study.
The study design applies to practice
For a study using one independent variables and one dependent variable, a good sample size would result if
The study had 40 participant, and 3 dropped out
Theories link interrelated concepts to present a view of phenomenon or something that is happening in nursing. Which of the following statements about theories is (are) true?
Theories begin when research findings are organized and synthesized to explain what is happening in an identified situations, theories may originate from abstract ideas, institution, or personal experiences, and many theories are needed to stimulate new and different nursing interventions or protocols
Grounded Theory
Theory that is constructed inductively from the base of observations of the world as it is lived by a selected group of people. Grounded theory method is a research approach that uses a systematic set of procedures to arrive at theory about basic social processes.
Which statement best represents the relationship between a causal and an associative hypothesis? They are the opposite of each other. One is written in as a question, the other as a declarative sentence. One assumes a relationship, the other denies that one exists. They are similar to each other.
They are the opposite of each other.
Exclusion criteria
Things you do not want in our study; this way you can tell if the outcome is from the intervention.
Inclusion criteria
Things you want in your study
References
This list supports the material presented by ID'ing the sources in a manner that allows for easy retrieval
Why do federal regulations specify that the makeup of the institutional review board should reflect cultural and gender diversity and an awareness of local mores?
This practice ensures that all research projects presented to the IRB will receive fair examination and not be denied without discussion.
Why do federal regulations specify that the makeup of the institutional review board should reflect cultural and gender diversity and an awareness of local mores? This practice ensures that all research projects presented to the IRB will receive fair examination and not be denied without discussion. Gender studies have not been common until recently, and females react differently to different treatments. Awareness of local customs and culture means that both IRB members and researchers understand issues of concern in a non-American population. There is now great interest in researching healthcare issues in persons of different cultures.
This practice ensures that all research projects presented to the IRB will receive fair examination and not be denied without discussion.
Why do federal regulations specify that the makeup of the institutional review board should reflect cultural and gender diversity and an awareness of local mores?
This practice ensures that all research projects presented to the IRB will receive fair examination and will not be denied without discussion
Describe a Theoretical framework
This section includes main concepts investigated.
What factors do you consider to determine whether a research question is feasible?
Time, availability of subjects, facilities, equipment, money, experience of researchers, ethical considerations
Major disadvantage of simple random sampling?
Time-consuming Inefficient
Some ways of controlling variables for nonexperimental or quasi-experimental designs are Timing of test intervals and the setting. Randomization of subjects and control groups. Flexible inclusion and exclusion criteria. Control of history and maturation.
Timing of test intervals and the setting.
Research is conducted for which of the following reasons?
To test theory, to develop new knowledge, and to generate theory
When writing up a research project, the researcher describes in detail the sample, setting, and data. Which criterion for reliability and validity was met? Credibility Transferability Dependability Confirmability
Transferability
The ACA, IOM/RWJF and Carnegie Foundation reports are national movements to Reaffirm current nursing practice. Ignore current nursing practice. Transform current nursing practice. Eliminate current nursing practice.
Transform current nursing practice
The ACA, IOM/RWJF, and Carnegie Foundation reports are national movements to:
Transform current nursing practice
What type of nursing leadership best serves the expanding healthcare environment and patient-centered care?
Transformational leadership
The Institute of Medicine's publication Keeping Patients Safe focuses on
Transforming the work environment for nurses.
The Institute of Medicine's publication Keeping Patients Safe focuses on Building a safer health system. Processes to report medication errors. Transforming the work environment for nurses. Healthcare reform.
Transforming the work environment for nurses.
Intervention fidelity is also referred to as?
Treatment fidelity
A randomized clinical trial is used to study what kind of effect?
Treatment outcome
the consent form in a research proposal needs to include all the following except
Treatments provided to the control group
Combining qualitative and quantitative methods in a single study is known as Systematic analysis. Transferability. Prospective design. Triangulation.
Triangulation
false
True or false: The more errors you describe when you review an article means your critique is rigorous
false
True or false:Publication of a research report indicates that the study was of high quality
Observed test score
True score + error
When making good decisions in evidence-based practice, _____ of the data is necessary. Confirmability Trustworthiness Independence Timing
Trustworthiness
Credibility
Truth of findings as judged by participants and others within discipline
Credibility
Truth of findings as judged by participants and others within the discipline.
A ____ occurs when the researcher rejects a null hypothesis when it is actually true.
Type 1 Error
Which of the errors is considered more serious? why?
Type 1 Error Due to the potential for patient care to be affected adversely
A ____ occurs when a researcher accepts a null hypothesis that is actually false.
Type 2 Error
Unfortunately, decreasing the risk of making a Type 1 Error increases the risk for making a ____.
Type 2 Error
Analysis understanding involves?
Understanding the terms and parts of the study
Synthesis understanding involves?
Understanding the whole article and each step of the research process in a study - assess the study's validity
Results of the study should include Unexpected findings. Unanswered questions. Pictures of subjects. Endorsements of peers.
Unexpected findings
When creating a questionnaire, it is essential to do each of the following except Be concise and reasonably brief. Code and weight the responses prior to the administration of the tool. Conduct a pilot testing of the tool with a select group of the target population. Use double-negative questions regularly within the tool.
Use double-negative questions regularly within the tool.
One-group (pretest-posttest) design
Used when ONLY ONE group is available for study. Data are collected before and after an experimental treatment on one group of subjects. No control, no randomization
How can we control the risk of committing Type 1 Errors?
Using the Level of Significance
Triangulation
Using two pieces of information to locate a 3rd, unique finding. Ex: Quantitative + qualitative = ???
When an instrument is ____, it truly reflect the concepts it is supposed to measure.
Valid
QA/QI data are now considered Valid research to guide practice. Valid evidence to guide practice. Generalizable to all practice. Unlimited to any practice.
Valid research to guide practice
QA/QI data are now considered
Valid research to guide practice.
Nursing research is a scientific process that
Validates existing knowledge, refines existing knowledge, and generates new knowledge
Whether the evidence is gained by research or other sources, the information must be scrutinized for Uniqueness. Individuality. Validity. Reliability.
Validity
_____ is the extent to which an instrument measure the attribute of a concept accurately.
Validity
The atrocities performed on prisoners in Nazi Germany violated which ethical principles? Value of life, justice, and respect Beneficence, nonmaleficence, and value of life Autonomy, nonmaleficence, and respect Justice, autonomy, and nonmaleficence
Value of life, justice and respect
The atrocities performed on prisoners in Nazi Germany violated which ethical principles?
Value of life, justice, and respect
____ should be kept as separate as possible from the conduct of research.
Values
Independent Variable (x)
Variable that has the presumed effect on the dependent variable. -Experimental= it is manipulated -Non-experimental= not manipulated and is assumed to have occurred naturally before/ during study.
Extraneous variable
Variable that interferes with the operations of the phenomena being studied. Also called mediating variable.
The two essential parts of the research problem statement are the population and the Setting. Theory. Concepts. Variables.
Variables
Testability
Variables observed, measured and analyzed.
Intervening, extraneous, or mediating variable
Variables that interferes with the operations of the variables being studied
Antecedent variables
Variables that occur within the subjects prior to the study - before introduction of intervention Pts. motivation to learn about medical condition might affect effect of educational program
Dependent Variable (Y)
Varies with a change in the independent variable. It is not manipulated. It is observed and assumed to vary with changes in the I.V. -Researcher is interested in understanding, explaining or predicting.
Culture
Viewed as a system of knowledge and linguistic expression used by social groups that allows the researcher to interpret or make sense of the world
The "Nursing Studies Index", the first annotated index of nursing research, was the work of:
Virginia Henderson
The Nursing Studies Index, the first annotated index of nursing research, was the work of Florence Nightingale. Virginia Henderson. Marita Titler. Dorothea Orem.
Virginia Henderson
The Nursing Studies Index, the first annotated index of nursing research, was the work of
Virginia Henderson.
Which of the following variables can be directly measured?
Vital signs (temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure)
Subjects should not be asked to waive their _____ in order to release the investigator from liability for negligence.
Waive their rights
A research study recommendation should include No further need for research. No benefits for use in practice. Ways to change practice based on results. Ways to avoid using the results in other studies.
Ways to change practice based on results.
Population
Well-defined set that has specified properties Ex - People, animals, objects, blood samples, urine samples, patient documents, or events
true experiments
What are designed primarily to determine causal connections?
adequate disclosure, comprehension, and freedom from coercion
What are the 3 parts to informed consent
use of scientific evidence
What is a distinguishing characteristic of evidence-based practice as compared with traditional nursing practice?
anthropology
What is ethnography's disciplinary origin in?
sociology
What is grounded theory's disciplinary origin in?
expert opinion
What is on of the weakest pieces of evidence a researcher can identify when addressing and answering clinical questions?
philosophy
What is phenomenology's disciplinary origin in?
random assignment
What is the best way to control confounding extraneous variables?
generalizability
What is the extent to which research findings can be generalized beyond the given research situation?
The research question of a phenomenological study of the birth of a first child might be
What is the meaning of a woman's lived experience of having a first child
isolate and identify the effect produced by the independent variable
What is the primary goal in an experimental research design?
What is the initial question the researcher should ask when selecting a research design for a particular study?
What is the primary reason for the study?
ethnography
What is used to describe cultural characteristics of a group of people?
large randomized experimental studies with control groups
What leads to strongest evidence generated from a research study?
What are nonparametric studies indicated?
When data are not at the interval level of measurement When sample is small and data do not approximate normal distribution
Random selection
When each element of the population has an equal and independent chance of being included in the sample
Data saturation
When nothing new is emerging form the interviews - usually not a predetermined number
Instrumental case study
When researchers are pursuing insight into an issue or want to challenge some generalization
When is purposive sampling utilized?
When studying a highly unusual group
Describe an Introduction
Where researcher presents a background picture of the area researched and its significance to practice
Discussion
Where researchers tie together all of study's pieces to give a picture of a study as a whole Also where researchers go back to literature reviewed and discuss how their study is similar/different
Use of a one-tailed versus a two-tailed test of significance of the difference between two samples is determined by Whether there is expected overlap between the error curves of the two sample distributions. Whether the difference is expected to be in one direction only. The size of the samples relative to population size. Whether the subjects were matched or chosen randomly.
Whether the difference is expected to be in one direction only.
Ethical and legal considerations with regard to research first received attention after _____.
World War II - Nazi Trials
Which of the following hypotheses would be linked with a Pearson correlation coefficient analysis?
X and Y occur together
A researcher identified modifiable risk factors that had an impact on smoking. If you wanted to do an approximate replication of that study, could you change the operational definition of the concept of "smoking"?
Yes, but the new operationalization would need to be similar to the conceptual definition
Graduates of nursing programs were surveyed 6 months postgraduation to determine their perspectives on the adequacy of their nursing education. What type of study is this an example of? A. A cross-sectional study B. A prospective study C. An ex post facto study D. A longitudinal study
a
What is the role of an investigator in a correlational study? A. Examines the relationship between two or more variables. B. Evaluates data-collection instruments. C. Determines a cause-and-effect relationship among variables. D. Uses each subject as his or her own control
a
Which of the following types of studies is concerned specifically with a time perspective? A. Developmental studies B. Cross-sectional studies C. Descriptive studies D. Causal modeling studies
a
Which type of study is a comparative study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental
a
In one retrospective study, a researcher demonstrated that cigarette smoking appeared to be a determinant of lung cancer. Why was the researcher unable to conclude a causal relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer? (Select all that apply.) A. The independent variable was not manipulated. B. Subjects were not randomly assigned to groups. C. The researcher did not have a high level of control. D. The causal event did not occur before the effect event.
a, b
What is another name for longitudinal studies? (Select all that apply. A. Prospective studies B. Cohort studies C. Repeated measures studies D. Ex post facto studies
a, b, c
What are potential disadvantages of longitudinal studies? A. Subject loss as a result of attrition B. Loss of a control group C. The Hawthorne effect D. Superficiality of data
a, c
The nurse researcher has decided to determine factors predictive of parenting self-efficacy at 12 to 48 hours after childbirth and at 1 month postpartum. Which design of types would be applicable? (Select all that apply). A. Cohort B. Descriptive C. Longitudinal with retrospective D. Prospective
a, d
Which studies would be considered survey studies? (Select all that apply). A. Descriptive B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Exploratory E. Comparative F. Cross-sectional
a, d , e
Sources for nursing research come primarily from two sources:
academic and healthcare settings
Respresentativeness
accessible and target population are alike in as many ways as possible
Serendipity
accidental discovery of something useful
Professional care models give nurses:
accountability, authority, responsibility
Quantitative (analytic)
analyzing the data through statistical analysis and (16) interpreting the results
The atrocities performed on prisoners in Nazi Germany violated which ethical principles?
autonomy, nonmaleficence, and respect
A study was designed to assess whether motion had an effect on the mood of elderly residents in a nursing home. The researcher examined whether residents who ambulated for an hour every day were more engaged in their environments than those who did not ambulate. This is an example of which type of study? A. Prospective B. Comparative C. Ex post facto D. Correlational
b
How are psychometrics used? A. To interpret research data to determine cause-and-effect relationships B. To use the research process to develop tools or techniques for use in measurement C. To combine data from multiple research studies and summarize their findings D. To analyze data collected for another purpose
b
Which of the following statements are true about nonexperimental designs? A. In nonexperimental studies, the independent variable is manipulated. B. Nonexperimental designs are used to test relationships among variables. C. Nonexperimental designs can be used to construct a picture of a phenomenon at one point in time. D. In nonexperimental studies, subjects are randomly selected.
b, c
The nurse researcher has decided to assess patient and provider responses to a computerized symptom assessment system. Which design of types would be applicable? (Select all that apply). A. Exploratory B. Descriptive C. Longitudinal with retrospective D. Longitudinal medical records review
b, c, d
Which study would be considered a relationship-difference study? (Select all that apply). A. Descriptive B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Exploratory E. Comparative F. Cross-sectional
b, c, f
What is another name for retrospective studies? A. Repeated measures studies B. Case-control studies C. Cohort studies D. Ex post facto studies
b, d
A researcher explored the nursing practice of new graduates to measure the frequency of medical errors they made over time. A cohort of new graduates was surveyed at 6 months, 9 months, and 1 year postgraduation. Which of the following designs best describes this study? A. Correlational predictive B. Retrospective correlational C. Descriptive longitudinal D. Comparative descriptive
c
Which type of study is a case-control study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental
c
Which type of study is a cohort study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental
c
Which type of study is a longitudinal study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental
c
Which type of study is a prospective study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental
c
Which type of study is an ex post facto study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental
c
Why are nonexperimental correlational studies used frequently in nursing research? A. Findings of nonexperimental correlational studies can be generalized to larger populations. B. Independent variables can be manipulated very precisely in correlational studies. C. Many of the phenomena of clinical interest do not lend themselves to manipulation, control, or randomization. D. To determine the best clinical practices, nurses must be aware of cause-and-effect relationships.
c
Variables
concepts measured, manipulated, or controlled in a study
Quantitative phases
conceptual, planning, empirical, analytic, and dissemination phases
Research Question
concise interrogative statement developed to direct a study
When subjects are selected because they happen to be in the right place at the right time, the sampling method is referred to as
convenience sampling
Phenomenolgy
describes and captures "lived experience" of the study participants
Possible choices for the variables "Education" are given as
did not graduate from high school; high school graduate; college degree; graduate degree. This set of choices is an example of which of the following levels of measurement?: Ordinal
Quantitative (planning)
entails 6) selecting a research design 7) developing intervention protocols if the study is experimental 8) specifying the population 9) developing a plan to select a sampl 10) specifying a data collection plan and methods to measure the research variables 11) developing strategies to safeguard subjects right and 12) finalizing research plan.
target
entire population of interest
Qualitative (phenomenology)
focuses on the lived experiences of humans and is an approach to gaining insight into what the life experiences of people are like and what they mean.
Privacy Act
freedom of an individual to determine the time, extent, and general circumstances under which private information will be shared with or withheld from others
Ratio
highest level of measurement with equal distance between intervals -->absolute zero -->mean
There is never a ____ in qualitative research. They only have _____.
hypothesis, research questions
purposes of research
identification and description. exploration. explanation. prediction and control.
bracketing
identification of any previous knowledge, ideas, or beliefs about the phenomenon under investigation
In developing a questionnaire, the researcher should
identify the essential content to be covered
In a study of the use of simulation in nursing education, the researcher specifies that participants must be nursing students 18 years of age or older who are in their first clinical nursing course. These specifications are an example of Demographic variables. Exclusion criteria. Extraneous variables. Inclusion criteria.
inclusion criteria
The ANA's "Nursing's Safety and Quality Initiative"
initiative to identify indicators of quality nursing practice and to collect data using these indicators across the United States •Goal was to develop nursing -sensitive quality measures
what are some ways to measure research variables
instruments, tools, measure? examples?
Evidence-Based Practice
integration of best research evidence, goal is implementation of quality cost-effective care to promote positive outcomes
Quantitative (conceptual)
involves 1) defining the problem to be studied. 2) doing a literature review 3) engaging in clinical fieldwork for clinical studies; 4) developing a framework and conceptual definitions 5) formulating hypotheses to be tested.
Element
is the most basic unit about which information is collected.
what is basic research?
knowledge for knowledge base. background questions. "what is COPD?"
Basic research is also known as bench research and is defined as research to gain knowledge for:
knowledge's sake
interval
level of measurement characterized by a constant unit of measurement or equal distances between points on a scale
Alpha (a)
level of statistical significance
Probability
likelihood of accurately predicting an event
EBP projects in your institution are not required to obtain IRB approval. What must the nurse in charge of the EBP project still do?
maintain anonymity and confidentiality of patient information
Applied research build body of knowledge for nursing practice because it is the basis of:
nursing processes
Direct Measurement
objective (O2 sat, temp)
Qualitative research gathers data by
observation, interviews, and text
Range
obtained by subtracting lowest score from the highest score -->sensitive to outliers
Non-probability Sampling
sampling in which not every element of the population has an opportunity for selection, such as convenience sampling, quota sampling, purposive sampling, and network sampling
Qualitative (grounded theory)
seeks to describe and understand key social and psychological processes that occur in a social setting.
Sampling
selecting representative units of a population in order to represent a population.
Research outcomes should focus on
specific recommendations for implementation (or not) of the findings in practice, what the findings contribute to building knowledge, and specific recommendations for future research
Standard deviation
square root of the variance; the average difference score
Assumptions
statements taken for granted or are considered to be true
Quantitative Rigor
striving for excellence in research and adherence to detail. Uses logical reasoning and precision
The ____ tests whether two group means are different. This statistic is used when the researcher has 2 groups and the question is whether the mean scores on some measure are more different than would be expected by chance.
t statistic
Which of the following is an inferential statistic? Mode t-test Standard deviation Range
t-test
Secondary analysis
takes previously collected data and analyzed data from one study and reanalyzes data for a secondary question or research purpose
Chi Square
test differences among nominal (naming) variables -->(X2)
t-test
test for difference between two groups -->(t)
Pearson r
test for relationship between two variables -->(r)
population
the entire set of individuals or objects having some common characteristics (e.g. all RNs in New York); sometimes called universe
A researcher reports that a finding in a study comparing effectiveness of two interventions is statistically significant. Which of the following statements about this study is true?
the level of significance of the statistical finding reveals nothing about the actual size of the difference
research design
the overall plan for addressing a research question, including strategies for enhancing the study's integrity.
Which of the following statements describes the special relationship between the participants and the researcher in qualitative research?
the participants are considered to be colleagues
Philosophy influences the way in which people view the world, what they consider to be real, and the beliefs, values, and attitudes they hold. Which of the following statements about nursing philosophy, practice, and research is true?
the philosophies of the nursing support both quantitative and qualitative approaches to research
purpose of a literature review
the primary purpose of literature reviews is to integrate research evidence to sum up what is known and what is not known.
Which of the following statements about use of descriptive statistics is true?
they are used in every research study, qualitative as well as quantitative, they are used to identify patterns in data, and they are used to address objectives of some studies
What is the best definition of intervention theories?
they show why a procedure works
cluster sampling
type of sampling in which the researcher selects groups of subjects rather than individual subjects
visual analogue scale
type of scale that measures subjective phenomena -100 mm long w/anchors at each end quantifying intensity
The best definition of outliers is that they are
unusual scores that should be examined
what is applied research?
use knowledge to solve/educate/help. foreground questions. What is best treatment used for nausea?
two-tailed test
used when a researcher does not have a sound reason to make a directional prediction
QA/QI data are now considered:
valid evidence to guide practice
Median
value in exact center of a frequency distribution; obtained by rank ordering values from least to greatest -->Ordinal data
Tuskegee syphilis study
withheld the syphilis vaccine from certain individuals to see how they would cope without it
Standards of Care
•Clinical guidelines •Critical paths •Care maps
