NURS 225 Test 1 Book Questions, Ch. 13 - Legal & Ethical Issues, Ch. 16 - Data Analysis: Descriptive & Inferential Statistics, Ch. 15 - Reliability & Validity, Ch 12 - Sampling, Ch 6 - Qualitative Approaches to Research, Ch 5 - Introduction to Qualit...

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Which of the following most accurately describes the focus of outcomes research?

comparing and contrasting groups on selected preexisting variables

Demographic variables are attributes of subjects that are collected to allow the researcher to

develop a description or profile of the sample

quasi experimental design

dictates manipulation of the independent variable and random assignment and control groups or absent

Essential elements of informed consent include which of the following

disclosure of essential information regarding the study, comprehension of essential study information, and competency to give consent

Threats to internal Validity: Testing

effect of taking a pretest on post test score, sensitizes subject to information

Nonprobability

elements chosen by non-random methods.

primary resource? which journal has mostly primary resources?

first hand reports of facts or findings; in research, the original report prepared by the investigator who conducted the study.

Florence Nightingale

first to begin EBP, focused on the importance of a healthy environment for patients, and "mother of statistical data"

Hypothesis

formal statements of expected relationships among variables

Content Clustering

integration of findings from scientifically sound research to determine what is currently known or not known

Aim/Goal

intent of the study

Discussion

interpretation of the findings.

Levels of Evidence: Level 4

-Single non-experimental study --> case-control. correlational, cohort studies.

In interrator reliability, the reliability/consistency of the ____ is tested.

Observer.

Level VII

Opinion or authorities and/or report of expert committees

Sources for nursing research come primarily from two sources:

Academic and healthcare settings.

Experimental studies are most often conducted in which of the following settings?

Highly controlled setting

Results (IMRAD)

Study findings

What term is used to describe the specific goal or aim of a study?

Study purpose

Describe a Purpose

Study's aim or objective

Describe a Hypothesis

Study's question.

Deduction

Generalizations --> confirming specific observation Testing a theory

External validity is concerned with ability to ___

Generalize findings

How far back should your literature review go?

Generally - 3 years Preferred - 5 years Up to - 10 years

The process of external criticism is used in which of the following qualitative research methodologies?

Historical

The literature may be actual source of data in which of the following qualitative methodologies?

Historical research

Internal validity looks at what factors?

History Maturation Testing Instrumentation Mortality Selection bias

The ____ of an instrument means that all of the items in an instrument measure the same concept, variable, or characteristics.

Homogeneity

Which of the following would require the researcher to increase the sample size?

Increasing the number of dependent variables

Between the independent and dependent variables, which one is manipulated?

Independent

Manipulation of which variable is connected to control? Independent Dependent Extraneous Attribute

Independent

Give examples of types of questions a qualitative researcher would ask?

open ended, close ended, descriptive

In a study examining cause-and-effect interactions, the cause portion of the interaction is represented by the

Independent variable

The _______ is the estimate of homogeneity used for instruments that have a dichotomous response format.

Kuder-Richardson (KR-20) Coefficient

HIPPA

protect private health information

IRB

protect pts rights

IRB

protect rights and welfare, voluntary informed consent, and benefits exceed risks

Ethical Study

protect subjects and are carried out using scientific principles

What level of measurement is most often associated with categorical data such as gender? Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Nominal

2 types of research?

Quantitative & qualitative

Reliability

Ability of an instrument to measure the attributes of a variable or construct consistently

________ are errors are difficult to control and unsystematic in nature.

Chance or random errors

Triangulation in mixed method research is utilized for the purposes of supporting _____ validity. Criterion Convergent Construct Variable

Convergent

For convergent validity, we want a ___ correlation. For divergent validity, we want a _____ correlation.

Convergent - postive Divergent - negative

which of the following will provide the most sensitive measurement of a concept such as pain intensity? A visual analogue scale

...

Cronbach's Alpha

"coefficient alpha"; test reliability of measurement

Ethnography

"portrait of people" study that explores the culture of a specific group of people or organization

Levels of Evidence: Level 5

-Case reports program evaluation, systematic reviews of qualitative research.

Meta-analysis Criteria

-research question in all studies need to be nearly identical -research needs to be well designed and not biased

Dissemination of Findings

...

Which type of reliability is examined by Cronbach's alpha?: homogeneity

...

dissemination research examples

...

thematic analysis

...

What is the minimum acceptable power in a study?

.80

Unreliable coefficient

0.00

(a)

0.05

Reliable coefficient

1.00

Which basic ethical principle is described? Human subjects treated fairly. Benefits that are entitled cannot be denied without good reason. Burdens can't be imposed unduly.

3) Justice

Experimental Design: Solomon 4 group

4 groups, 2 pretest, two intervention, all post test.

Qualitative Studies

4 phases comprehension comparison analysis evaluation

1st SD

68%

IRBs have at least ____ of various research backgrounds. Must include ____.

5 members Must include one non-scientific professional (ethicist, clergy, lawyer)

Quantitative Studies

5 phases descriptive vividness methodological congruence analytical & interpretive precision philosophical/theoretical connection Heuristic relevance/Discovery

Quantitative data vs. Qualitative data

54 women ate the apple. Women described the apple as the best thing they have ever ate.

2nd SD

95%

research-practice gap

A delay in using research findings in practice is referred to as what?

Systematic Reviews

A narrowly focused synthesis of research findings from quantitative studies

Nonequivalent control group design

A quasi experimental group that is similar to the true experiment, but subjects are not randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups.

Experimental design

A research design that has the following properties:randomization, control, and manipulation.

Antecedent variable

A variable that affects the dependent variable but occurs before the introduction of the independent variable.

Which statement by a fellow student best describes a confounding variable? "It can take on a wide range of values." "A variable that is restricted to whole numbers." "It describes the characteristics of the study subjects." "A variable that can't be controlled."

A variable that can't be controlled.

Mediating variable

A variable that intervenes between the independent and dependent variable.

Intervening, Extraneous or Mediating Variable

A variable that occurs between the independent and dependent variable; Threat to Validity: something that occurs outside the intervention's expected outcomes.

what is the agency funded mostly nursing research?

ANA

In performing a complex literature search using a computerized database, what term should be between each of the keywords?

AND

A researcher who wishes to study the impact of having a child with cystic fibrosis on family functioning contacts the local chapter of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation for assistance in finding parents to interview. Parents of children with cystic fibrosis in the local chapter are the: Target population. Accessible population. Sample. Participants.

Accessible population

Auditability

Accountability as judged by the adequacy of information leading the reader from the research question and raw data through various steps of analysis to the interpretation of findings

Auditability

Accountability judged by the adequacy of information leading the reader form the research question and raw data through various steps of analysis to the interpretation of findings. You should be able to follow the reasoning of the researcher step-by-step through explicit examples of data, interpretations, and syntheses.

Physiological

Active collection or physical or biological information, requires special equipment. Used to test intervention effect, improve performance.

The purpose of a study applies to EBP when it Adds to the body of nursing knowledge. Is complete and requires multiple readings. Is relevant to the authors. Is hard to find in the literature.

Adds to the body of nursing knowledge.

A problem-focused trigger would generate which of the following PICOT questions?

Adult cardiac patients involved in bedside rounding compared to multidisciplinary rounding have an increased understanding of their treatment plan

The type of knowing which considers the emotions and awareness of beauty and art is called Empirics. Aesthetics. Ethical. Personal.

Aesthetics

Selection of the appropriate statistical technique is based on The research question. The level of measurement of the independent variable or variables. The level of measurement of the dependent variable or variables. All of the above.

All of the above

In published research literature, a primary source refers to

An article written by the people who did the study

After-only design

An experimental design with two randomly assigned groups- a treatment group and a control group. This design differs from the true experiment in that both groups are measured only after the experimental treatment.

Which of the following is a characteristics of qualitative research?

Analysis of the data involves individual interpretation

The definition of a research critique is understood to imply Analytical examination or commentary of a research report. A negative assessment related to the weaknesses of a research report. An analytical evaluation of the literature review. A positive assessment of the research design.

Analytical examination or commentary of a research report.

When a subject's identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual responses, this subject is said to have

Anonymity

History

Another specific event may have an effect on dependent variable. This event may occur inside or outside the experimental setting.

Clinical Guide lines: Evidence Based

Are those developed using published research findings.

Reliability and validity

Area where author(s) of the study discuss potential sources of error in the study

A relational statement says that a relationship of some kind exists between two or more concepts. For the statement "the relationship between two concepts is positive," which of the following is an accurate translation?

As the values of Concept A increase, values of Concept B can be expected to increase

EBP Skills

Ask, Gather, Assess, Act, Evaluate.

What are the steps of implementing evidence-based practice?

Ask, gather, assess, appraise, act, evaluate

Which do children (b/w ages 7-18) give?

Assent

Evidence-based nursing practice requires that nurses initiate a pattern to facilitate effective utilization of research results. The best method for improving a nurse's ability to incorporate research results into practice is Planning a monthly session to complete a literature review. Completing a critique of a single research project. Assessing at least one research report on a weekly basis. Reviewing abstracts from selected research projects.

Assessing at least one research report on a weekly basis.

Random assignment

Assign randomly to group

"6S" hierarchy of pre-appraised evidence

Assists clinicians in their search for the highest level of evidence to facilitate the search for their clinical questions/problem

The statement "People want control of their own health problems" is an example of which of the following?

Assumption

Control prevents ___.

Bias or threats to internal validity

The Tuskegee Syphilis study lasted many years, and none of the human subjects were properly informed about the study's conduct. Which ethical principle was egregiously ignored in this study?

Autonomy

Which of the following statements about outcome variables is true?

Available measuring instruments must be sensitive enough to detect changes over time

Components of a systematic review

Background, Method, Appraisal of literature, Conclusion/summary.

Which of the following are tenets for use when designing a questionnaire? Use a variety of items and approaches to appraise conceptual ideas. Ensure that each question addresses the entire scope of the topic. Use simple but appropriate jargon for the designated topics. Both A and B.

Both A and B

most useful electronic data base

CINAHL

Why do research questions have to be developed carefully?

Carefully developed and refined questions focus the research project

Threats to internal Validity: Instrumentation

Change in the instruments themselves OR change in the data collection procedures that may account for change in the dependent variable.

Instrumentation

Changes in measurement of variables or observational techniques that may account for changes in obtained measurement

Instrumentation

Changes in the measurement of the variables that may account for changes in the obtained measurement.

Which inferential procedure is appropriate when there is one nominal-scale dependent variable and one nominal-scale independent variable? Chi-square t-test One-way ANOVA Factor analysis

Chi-Square

After entering data into a database, the researcher prints a copy of the data and cross-checks all of the data for accuracy. This process is referred to as

Cleaning the data

When a full-text article is found in a bibliographic citation database, how does the researcher obtain the article?

Clicking on the link

The American Nurses Association position statement acknowledges that:

Clinicians identify clinical problems and researchers design them

What is evidence-based practice?

Collection, evaluation, and integration of valid research evidence, combined with clinical expertise and an understanding of pt. and family values and preferences, to inform clinical decisions.

Conceptual

Comparable to dictionary definition of the concept

What level of institutional review board (IRB) review should be undertaken for a study in which the subjects participate in a clinical trial of new medications?

Complete review by only IRB

Construct

Complex concept; usually comprise more than one concept and are "constructed" to fit a purpose.

_____ refers to a search for other measures of the construct. Two or more instruments that theoretically measure the same construct are ID'd, and both are administered to the same subjects.

Convergent validity

Conceptual definition

Conveys the general meaning of a concept.

The ____ is the degree of association, between two or more variables.

Correlation

Existing data

Data already collected for another purpose.

a unique characteristic of prospective cohort studies is that

Data are collected from subjects who are at risk for, but do not currently have the problem identified

Researchers generally continue to recruit participants until they have reached ____.

Data saturation

Quantitative research uses which reasoning approach?

Deductive

Theory-testing uses which type of reasoning?

Deductive reasoning

Logic

Deductive/ Inductive

Purposes of Research

Describe, Explore, Explain, Predict and control.

Institutional review boards (IRBs) I universities, clinical agencies, and managed care centers are responsible for reviewing studies involving human subjects for the express purpose of

Determining if potential benefits of the investigation outweigh any risk that may be present to the subject

_______ uses measurement approaches that differentiate one construct from others that may be similar. Searching for instruments that measure the opposite of a construct.

Divergent validity/Discriminant validity

Levels of evidence for Experimental Quasi-experimental Non-experimental

E - 2 Q - 3 N - 4

In the normal curve, the mean, median, and mode are ___.

Equal

A researcher examines the norms, rules, and values of the staff of a large long-term care facility. Which type of research does this represent? Grounded theory Ethnography Phenomenology Case study

Ethnography

Which of the following types of studies is considered qualitative research? Delphi technique Cross-sectional design Ethnography Survey

Ethnography

Randomization

Every potential subject has an equal and independent chance of being selected for either group.

Four aspects which are included in evidence-based practice are Research, decision-making processes, time, and patient preferences. Evidence, decision-making processes, clinical setting, and patient mix. Evidence, decision-making processes, nursing experiences, and holistic patient care. Research, nursing process, nursing experiences, and nursing care.

Evidence, decision-making processes, nursing experiences, and holistic patient care.

What level of institutional review board (IRB) review should be undertaken for a study in which the participants complete anonymous questionnaires?

Exempt status

Probability sampling is associated with which types of studies?

Experimental Quasi-experimental

Major difference between experimental and quasi-experimental designs?

Experimental has randomization Quasi has NO randomization

Which of the following types of studies would require the largest sample size? Experimental study Descriptive survey Grounded theory Ethnographic study

Experimental study

A researcher who makes up results of a study is guilty of

Fabrication

Scientific misconduct on the part of the researcher is very serious. What constitutes scientific misconduct? Lying about the project to subjects when seeking informed consent Fabrication, falsification of data, and plagiarism Attributing only partial authorship to other contributors when they have done most of the work Making false claims about a project being funded when the researcher is talking about his or her work

Fabrication, falsification of data, and plagarism.

Scientific misconduct on the part of the researcher is very serious. What constitutes scientific misconduct?

Fabrication, falsification of data, and plagiarism

_____ is rudimentary type of validity that basically verifies that the instrument gives the appearance of measuring the concept. Intuitive, appears to reflect concept

Face validity

____ is a procedure that gives the researcher information about the extent to which a set of items measures the same underlying concept (variable) of a construct. This will indicate whether the items in the instrument reflect a single construct or several constructs.

Factor analysis

____ is used to determine whether a scale actually measured the concepts that it is intended to measure.

Factor analysis

_____ assess the degree to which the individual items on scale truly cluster around one or more concepts.

Factor analysis

Ex of interval measurement

Fahrenheit scale Test scores 0 doesn't represent complete loss of temperature 0 doesn't represent complete loss of knowledge.

Fittingness

Faithfulness to everyday reality of the participants, described in enough detail so that others in the discipline can evaluate the importance for their own practice, research and theory development.

Fittingness

Faithfulness to everyday reality of the participants. Whether the study "rings true."

Who is identified as the first nursing research?

Florence Nightingale

Integrative review

Focused review and synthesis of research of theoretical literature in a particular focus area, and includes specific steps of literature integration and synthesis without statistical analysis

Ethnographic method

Focuses on scientific description and interpretation of CULTURAL or social GROUPS and systems.

Accuracy

For all aspects of the study to flow from the research question

Subjects with diminished autonomy require which of the following types of documentation of informed consent?

Formal written consent document signed by the subject and/or parent or legal guardian

Citation management software

Formats and stores your citations so that they are available for electronic retrieval

Qualitative research

Formulae an understanding of a phernomenon

Inductive reasoning

Get data, then make hypothesis; Bottom up Specific --> general More qualitative

You are a BSN-prepared nurse who wants to initiate a research project on your unit. To get the other nurses to participate, you would:

Give a presentation to your peers on the befits of research

_____ describes federal standards to protect patient's medical records and other health information.

HIPAA

Selection bias

Happens when precautions weren't taken to obtain a random sample; this occurs when individuals themselves decide whether to participate in a study

Reactive effects/reactivity is also referred to as the ___.

Hawthorne Effect.

Protection of vulnerable individuals is a critical ethical component in human research studies. How did Edward Jenner fail to meet this standard when he tested swinepox on his 1-year-old son? He thought the new knowledge overrode any concern he should have for the rights of his son. He did not know any better. He ignored the point that he could not get informed consent from his son, who was particularly vulnerable. Given that smallpox was such a lethal disease at that time, it was better for Jenner to ignore his son's vulnerability so to gain new knowledge.

He ignored the point that the could not get informed consent from his son, who was particularly vulnerable.

Which act requires that the privacy of people's health information be Protected?

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability (HIPPA)

The subject's right to privacy is protected by ____

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Ex of ratio measurement

Height, weight, pulse, blood pressure

PICO Purpose

Help practitioner develop well-worded questions that facilitate a search for evidence.

Why is qualitative research done in a naturalistic setting?

Helps the researcher to understand what that participant values

Which of the following is the best example of a problem statement containing all parts of the PICOT format? Children whose parents stay with them experience less pain. Hospitalized patients who have a relative with them experience less pain than those who do not. Hospitalized children ages 3-5 years whose parents stay with them during painful procedures experience less pain than those who do not. Patients who have a relative with them during a transfusion will experience less anxiety than those who do not.

Hospitalized children ages 3-5 years whose parents stay with them during painful procedures experience less pain than those who do not.

Which of these PICOT questions or statements demonstrates effective development?

Hospitalized children have less stress and heal quicker when allowed to use play therapy in comparison to pet therapy while recovering from surgery

Effect size

How large the difference is between intervention and control groups for summarized studies.

Level of evidence

How well the study is designed and executed - level does not tell study's worth; rather it is another tool to indicate study's strengths and weaknesses and the nature of the evidence provided in the findings and the conclusions

Qualitative research focuses on ___.

Human experience; subjective data

In the ______, the investigator uses the theory or concept underlying the measurement instruments to validate the instrument.

Hypothesis-testing approach

How is a statistical/null hypothesis rejected?

If a statistically significant relationship emerges between the variables at a specified level of significance

Threats to internal Validity: Selection

If not random or representative

random assignment

In a research study what is used to eliminate the systematic (bias) influence of any other variable?

end of introduction

In critiquing a research report, where does the researcher state the particular question to be investigated?

Weaknesses of quasi-experimental designs?

Inability to make clea C-E statements Inability to control extraneous variables a priori

Purpose of sampling?

Increase efficiency - it wouldn't be feasible to study every element in the population

Inferential statistics are used to decide if differences among treatment groups are due to the Significance. Dependent variable. Confounding variable. Independent variable.

Independent variable

In mixed method research, the collection of quantitative and qualitative data is often treated Synchronously. Stringently. Independently. Statistically.

Independently

Reliability and relevance may exist With dependence on validity. With only independence of validity. Independently of validity. None of the above.

Independently of validity

Non-directional hypothesis

Indicates a relationship exists between the variables, but does not specify the direction.

Qualitative research uses which reasoning approach?

Inductive

Statistical procedures that allow researcher to estimate how reliably they can make predictions and generalize findings based on the data are known as ____. The researcher is trying to draw conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data of the study.

Inferential statistics

_____ provide an objective way to determine if the results of the study are likely to be a true representation of reality.

Inferential statistics

Data

Information systematically collected in the course of a study

_____ is the legal principle that means that potential subjects understand the implications of participating in research and they knowingly agree to participate

Informed Consent

An expedited review does not exempt the researcher from attaining ___.

Informed consent

What is the role of institution in the research process

Institution may be valuable in linking ideas while interpreting findings

What are the three abstract thought process that are important to nursing

Institution, role modeling, and reasoning

Which of the following choices is an example of an item on a Likert scale?

Instructor kept convenient office hours: strongly agree; disagree; neutral; agree; strongly agree

Methodological

Instrument development. Items developed and tested for reliability and validity.

Questionaire

Instruments, scales, tools. Over or covert.

2 Important criteria for evaluating bias?

Internal validity External validity

What does it mean when a hypothesis is complex?

It contains more than one independent or dependent variable

Research is often not valued because:

It costs too much

Why is it important that the researcher be competent to conduct research? It is not ethically appropriate for an incompetent person to conduct research. An incompetent researcher will not be able to get informed consent from the vulnerable subject, which is unethical. An incompetent researcher should always work with someone who is competent, so that he or she can learn the process. Research is a complicated process that has to be learned.

It is not ethically appropriate for an incompetent person to conduct research.

The primary restrictions related to the researcher that prevent the use of mixed method research are Lack of understanding about the methods and the research community. Lack of willingness to engage in the use of, and lack of confidence in, one research method. Lack of vision and risk taking. Lack of willingness and overconfidence.

Lack of vision and risk taking.

Generally, always use the ___ sample size possible. The larger the sample size, the more ____.

Largest Representative

RCT generates what level of evidence?

Level 2

Research problems occur when there are gaps in knowledge about how to address a significant clinical problem. Which of the following would indicate that current knowledge is insufficient and that additional study of a clinical problem is needed?

Little is known about the variables, findings of previous studies have been inconclusive and/or conflicting, and ethnic minority and women subjects have not been included in many states

Focus of Phenomenological method is on the ____.

Lived experience - day to day experience

Quality improvement activities result in what type of changes? Generalizable Global Broad, dynamic Local, regional

Local, regional

Validity can be classified as Universal. Concise. General. Logical.

Logical

Mortality

Loss of study subjects from the first data-collection point (pretest) to the 2nd data-collection point (posttest)

Threats to internal Validity: Mortality

Loss of subjects, total or within groups.

Issues related to experimental design include Manipulation of all variables, ethics, and feasibility. The Hawthorne effect, ethics, and sample size. Treatments, interventions, and no manipulation of variables. Feasibility, the Hawthorne effect, and research questions.

Manipulation of all variables, ethics, and feasibility.

Characteristics of True Experimental Study

Manipulation, Control, Randomization.

Power analysis

Mathematical procedure to determine the number for each group needed to test the study's variables

An area of concern in a time-series design is Randomization. Control. Manipulation. Maturation.

Maturation

____ is the arithmetical average of all the scores. Most widely used measure of central tendency. It is affected by every score. It is generally considered the best point for summarizing data when using interval.

Mean

Examples of descriptive statistics?

Mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation, scatter plots

Phenomenological method - key word?

Meaning

Testability means?

Measurable by either qualitative or quantitative methods; means that the variables of the study must lend themselves to observation, measurement, and analysis.

Root cause analysis (RCA) had its origin in Dental industry. Mechanical engineering. Military industry. Business industry.

Military industry

The number of modes contained in a distribution is called the ____.

Modality

The ___ is the most frequent value in a distribution.

Mode

Advantage of Multistage (cluster) sampling

More economical in terms of time & money

Why use parametric over nonparametric?

More powerful More flexible

2 threats to experimental studies?

Mortality Testing

_____ examines the relationship between instruments that should measure the same construct (convergent validity) and between those that should measure different constructs (discriminant validity).

Multitrait-multimethod approach

Analyzing many different variables at once using advanced statical procedures is called ___.

Multivariate statistics

Which entities are protected under HIPAA?

Names Geographical locators smaller than a state Telephone #s Fax #s SSN Email Health plan beneficiary #s Vehicle ID Device IDers/serial #s URLs IP #s Biometric IDers Full-face photographs Any other unique characteristic/code/number

An operational definition of a variable is one that is: Broad and abstract. Narrow and abstract. Concrete and continuous. Narrow and concrete.

Narrow and concrete.

The _____, passed in 1974, created the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Hebavioral Research.

National Research Act

Qualitative studies are usually conducted in a ___ setting

Natural

Qualitative research takes place in ____ settings.

Naturalistic Ex - someone's home

Levels of measurement (types)

Nominal (lowest) Ordinal Interval Ratio

_____ is used to classify variables or events into categories. The categories are mutually exclusive; the variable or event either has or doesn't have the characteristic.

Nominal measurement

Statistical hypothesis is also known as?

Null hypothesis

The _____ is the hypothesis that actually can be tested by statistical methods. States there is no difference between the groups.

Null hypothesis

Quantity

Number of studies that have evaluated the research question, including sample size across studies.

Which of the following was developed in the late 1940s to address ethical conduct of biomedical research?

Nuremberg Code

What does it mean to perform a critical appraisal?

Nurses must be knowledgeable consumers of research, who can evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of research evidence and use existing standards to determine the merit and readiness of research for use in clinical practice.

Quasi- Experimental: Time series

O1 O1 X O2 O2 - a number before or a number of times after the intervention; multiple pretests and post tests; threat= selection/ maturation.

The research question is "Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes in teenage boys." Which of the following is/are the independent variable(s)? Teenage boys with type 2 diabetes Gender and obesity Obesity Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and gender

Obesity

Antecedent variable

Occurs before the study E.g: age, gender, diet, socioeconomic status, educational level.

Evidence-Based practice in nursing should be based

On the synthesis of findings from a collection of research studies addressing nursing practice

Accessible population

One that meets the target population criteria and that is available

Which of the following research methodologies is (are) being used to generate nursing knowledge?

Outcomes research, qualitative research, and quantitative research

The funding agency that focuses most on outcomes research is

The agency of Healthcare Policy and Research

When developing a question to drive the compilation of evidence for a specific practice situation, the five components that can be used to focus the investigation are Patient, situation, intervention, comparison, and practice. Situation, intervention, comparison, outcome, and time. Patient, intervention, comparison, outcome, and time. Patient, situation, intervention, outcome, and data.

Patient, intervention, comparison, outcome and time

What type of reasoning is represented in the following example? Premises

Patients with untreated right-sided heart failure experience shortness of breath. Mr. Jones experiences shortness of breath.: Deductive reasoning

Which of the following correlational procedures looks at the extent of a Relationship between two variables?

Pearson Product Moment Correlation

A ____ represents the percentage of cases a given score exceeds.

Percentile

Which of the following statements abut error in physiologic measurement is True?

Physiologic measures are subject to several sources of error

Feasibility

Pilot study (for pragmatic considerations); time, subject availability, facility/equipment availability, money, research experience, ethics.

What does the design provide?

Plan or blueprint Vehicle for systematically texting research questions and hypotheses Provides structure for maintaining control in study

PICO

Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome.

Literature reviews should mostly implement which type of sources? (primary or secondary)

Primary

If you are conducting a study to examine relationships or predict an event, your study is based on which of the following theories?

Probability theory

When developing questions for an instrument, a researcher should be careful in the wording to Provide hints toward the response. Use jargon as needed. Use single-topic questions. Use cultural aspects to provide context.

Provide hints toward the response.

The research role of the BSN nurse includes:

Providing leadership in integrating research into practice

Open-ended questions provide primarily _____ data. Confirmatory Exhaustive Qualitative Quantitative

Qualiltative

In which type of study are we more likely to see difficulty protecting the right to privacy? Why?

Qualitative studies Small sample size, subject's verbatim quotes

Meta-summary

Quantitatively-oriented aggregation of qualitative findings that are topical or thematic summaries or surveys of data.

Comparison groups are a feature of which of the following research designs?

Quas-experimental study

Nonequivalent control group design

Quasi-experiment design that is similar to the true experiment, but subjects are not randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups

Numbers are to quantitative study as ___ are to a qualitative study.

Quotes

Defining characteristic of probability sampling is ____

Random selection of elements from the population

RCT removes bias by including which 3 factors?

Randomization Control Manipulation

Which is the highest level of measurement?

Ratio measurement

____ shows rankings of events or variables on scales WITH equal intervals AND absolute zeros.

Ratio measurement

One unique aspect present in reports of mixed method research projects is a(an) Rationale for the utilization of the method. Clear delineation of the sampling method. In-depth discussion of the methodology. Listing of the strengths and limitations.

Rationale for the utilization of the method.

Best practice is an excellent example of which kind of testing?

Reality

The ____ of research instrument is defined as the extent to which the instrument yields the same results on repeated measures.

Reliability

The _____ expresses the relationship between the error variance, the true variance, and the observed score.

Reliability coefficient

Which of the following statements about replication studies is true?

Replication studies extent knowledge even if they do not confirm previous study findings

Research utilization has often been Neglected in the literature. Denied by publishers. Reported in the literature. Spurned by EBP.

Reported in the literature

Which of the following describes the basis of grounded theory methodology used in research?

Research continually use data to reformulate, revise, and test propositions until a theory evolves from the data

Literature Review: Secondary Resource

Research documents are descriptions of studies prepared by someone else, literature reviews are secondary sources

A bundle is a group of interventions related to a disease or care process that:

Result sin diverse outcomes when the interventions are implemented individually

The ____ is the extent to which a study's benefits are maximized and the risks are minimized such that the subjects are protected from harm.

Risk Benefit Ratio

Disadvantage of convenience sampling

Risk of bias is greater than in any other type of sample

Grounded theory - key words

SOCIAL

The research question is "Does massage therapy increase satisfaction during cesarean delivery?" Which of the following is/are the dependent variable(s)? Massage therapy Satisfaction Music therapy and satisfaction Satisfaction and type of delivery

Satisfaction

Quota

Select sample on known proportion. Build in representativeness. Try to represent proportions or strata in population. Criteria based on theory.

Extraneous variables may be controlled by

Selecting a homogeneous sample

Describe an abstract

Short, comprehensive synopsis or summary of a study at beginning of an article; it quickly focuses reader unman points of study; it is concise, self-contained, specific, non evaluative, coherent, and readable 50-250 words

Left of zero line

Significant

Types of probability sampling

Simple random sampling Stratified random sampling Cluster sampling

Outcomes in nursing research are considered time dependent for which of the following reasons?

Some findings may not be apparent for a long time, The results may be only temporary, and Outcomes in some instances are immediately seen

The _____ is the measure of average deviation of the scores from the mean and as such should always be reported with the mean.

Standard Deviation (SD)

The ____ is the most stable and useful measure of variability.

Standard deviation

Which test is used to establish the measurement of the accuracy related to reliability? ANOVA Standard error of measure (SEM) Pearson Product Moment (PPM) correlation Reliability coefficient

Standard error of measure (SEM)

Deductive reasoning

Starts with hypothesis, test it, see if data supports it; Top down General --> specific More quantitative

Data analysis/results

Statistical tests used and the results of descriptive and/or inferential tests applied in quantitative studies

When subjects area selected randomly on the basis of their fir in categories of variables important to the study, the sampling method is referred to as

Stratified random sampling

Generalization can _____ a study. Weaken Strengthen Shorten Lengthen

Strengthen

Critiques address both ____ and ____ of a research study.

Strengths and weaknesses

Anonymity

Subject's identity cannot be linked (even by researcher) with their individual responses

Randomization/random assignment

Subjects in either control or experimental group were selected on a purely random basis

The directional hypothesis for a study is

Substantive theory and/or previous research

Domains

Symbolic categories that include smaller categories

Meta-synthesis (Meta-summary)

Synthesis of a number of qualitative research studies on a focused topic using specific qualitative methodology. -No statistics!

Meta-synthesis/meta-summary

Synthesis of a number of qualitative research studies using qualitative methodology. Qualitative

Validity is concerned with ____ error.

Systematic

What is Quality improvement (QI)?

Systematic use of data to monitor outcomes of care processes as well as the use of improvement methods to design and test changes in practice for the purpose of continuously improving the faulty and safety of health care.

Research

Systematic, controlled investigation of presumed relationships among variables.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Tests for differences between 3 or more groups -->(F)

Qualitative data is usually in __?

Text, words

Manipulation is a term used in research to mean

The ability to determine the various treatments given to groups in quasi-experimental and experimental studies

In developing a question for an EBP project involving the fall rate of patients 65 years of age and older, the initial ethical consideration should be

The age of the population.

The AHRQ tool for evaluating the strength of the evidence is used to determine The anticipated benefit and/or harm to the patient. Only the benefit for the nurse. Gaps and consistencies in the research. The harm for the nurse.

The anticipated benefit and/or harm to the patient.

The research process allows for

The best method to address the problems.

The research process allows for The best method to address the problems. Little comparison of outcomes. Limited measures of evaluation. Extra time for the nurse at the bedside.

The best method to address the problems.

As a researcher, you are attempting to gather data about the effects of a drug on individuals between the ages of 20 and 40 years. On the developed tool, the age ranges are provided as follows: 20-25; 25-30; 30-35; 35-40. Which problem is evident in this set of responses related to the question seeking to know a person's current age? The categories are not mutually exclusive. The categories are not exhaustive. The categories are written in a closed-ended format. There is no problem with this set of response categories.

The categories are not mutually exclusive.

A Certificate of Confidentiality may be required to protect both the researched and the researcher. Why?

The certificate protects the researcher and the researched from being coerced by governmental authorities to reveal sensitive information

A Certificate of Confidentiality may be required to protect both the researched and the researcher. Why?

The certificate protects the researcher and the researched from being coerced by governmental authorities to reveal sensitive information.

Internal validity

The degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment, rather than an uncontrolled condition, resulted in the observed effects.

Reactivity

The distortion created when those who are being observed change their behavior because they know that they are being observed.

Selection

The generalizability of the results to other populations.

Experimental group

The group in an experimental investigation that receives an intervention or treatment.

Qualitative sampling focuses on what particular part of a research study?

The incidents in the lives of the participants

Mortality

The loss of subjects from time 1 data collection to time 2 data collection.

Research studies include both a research hypothesis, which states what the researcher thinks will be found, and a null hypothesis is true?

The null hypothesis states that no interaction occurs between variables or that no relationship exists among the variables being studied

which of the following is an example of mortality?

The participant leaves the study in the middle

Design

The plan or blueprint of a conduct of a study.

Sampling

The population that was studied. The number of subjects that participated in the study as well as the number of subjects who dropped out of the study should be enumerated.

Intervention fidelity

The process of enhancing the study's internal validity by ensuring that the intervention is delivered systematically to all subjects.

When developing a nursing research project, why is it important to remember the ethical constraints?

The protection of human subjects underlies all human research projects

When developing a nursing research project, why is it important to remember the ethical constraints? The study will not be approved by the institutional review board without these constraints. The protection of human subjects underlies all human research projects. The results will not be trustworthy and replicable. The nurse researcher will not be able to get funding for the project and, therefore, will not be able to complete the project.

The protection of human subjects underlies all human research projects

What is the issue of greatest concern when developing a research project

The protection of the vulnerable subject

Why does an ethical research environment assist with ensuring scientific integrity?

The researcher always works within an ethical environment, which encourages the practice of ethical research behaviors

Justice

The right to fair treatment, the right to privacy.

Which of the EBP components carries the greatest weight in determining the management of the clinical situation? Thought process Client preferences Research The situation

The situation

The standard deviation is The square of the mean deviation. The square of the variance. The square root of the variance. The square root of the sum of squares.

The square root of the variance.

What is a notable concern related to scoring or grading the level of evidence with the current tools?

The tools lack classification for mixed method studies

Broader, more abstract, overarching categories of meaning in data yield ___.

Themes

Grounded theory is useful because it describes a research approach to construct a ____ where none exists.

Theory

Pros/cons of nondirectional

Theory base may not be as developed Objective/Impartial Data analysis more sensitive

Which of the following statements is a belief reflective of the worldview on which qualitative research is based?

There is not a single reality

Which of the following statements about quasi-experimental designs is true?

They are an alternative for establishing causality when an experimental study might not be ethical or feasible

Problems involving moral or ethical issues are not researchable because They are too costly to perform. Most researchers are not interested in these studies. They are based on individual values. Data collection is problematic.

They are based on individual values.

Which of the following statements about research objectives, questions, and hypotheses is true?

They are used to link the research problem and purpose to the study methods and analysis strategies

Network sampling/snowballing

This is used when locating samples is difficult or impossible to do in other ways. It takes advantage of large social networks and the fact that friends tend to have characteristics in common.

Quality improvement (QI) projects are considered The same as scientific inquiry. Different from scientific inquiry. To focus on only patient satisfaction. A rigorous approach for research.

To focus on only patient satisfaction.

Which of the following statements about historical research is true?

Triangulation of data collection methods and verification from other sources make life histories more valuable

false

True or False: qualitative research ends with statistical reports

true

True or false: A null-significant value may have a practical value.

true

True or false: Critical evaluations of research reports plays a critical role in the advancement of knowledge.

true

True or false: Just because it has a significant value doesn't mean it will have a practical value

true

True or false: Most research studies have adequacies as well as inadequacies

false

True or false: Significant correlations demonstrates causation.

Research hypotheses also may be classified in terms of being simple or complex. Which of the following statements correctly describes a study designed to test a simple hypothesis?

Two variables are included in the hypothesis to be addressed

Convenience sampling

Use of most readily accessible persons or objects as subjects. Elements are convenient and accessible to researcher. ex - volunteers

Theoretical Sampling

Used in grounded theory research to develop a selected theory through the research process

Systematic error can be diminished by

Using a valid measurement tool

Which of the following states the primary characteristic(s) of variables that separate them from concepts?

Values of variables must be able to be measured or manipulated, and the values must vary among the objects, people, or situations in the study

Which of the following are measured in research?

Variables

Who is at higher risk for violation of the Right to self-determination?

Vulnerable populations/diminished autonomy subjects

Level II

Well-designed RCT

field work

What research approach involves prolonged residence with members of a culture that is being studied?

methods

What section of a research report should evidence for the reliability of measuring instruments used in a study appear?

to provide a comparison for the effect of the independent variable

Why do we use control groups in experiments ?

Objectivity

Wish to control for bias; established by reviewing the literature.

A priori

Without observation, experiment, or assessment Before introducing the intervention

Which of the following examples is not a data collection source used as a mechanism for amassing the information? Focus group discussions Observations Work excitement instrument Project progress reports

Work excitement instrument

Which action best supports the healthcare team rounding together to provide patient-centered care?

Working in interdisciplinary teams

Paradigm

World view

What type of evidence is provided by meta-analysis? A. Level I B. Level II C. Level III D. Level IV

a

non experimental research

a descriptive study that does not exhibit a great amount of control over variables

emergent

a design that unfolds in the course of qualitative study as the researcher makes ongoing design decisions reflecting what has already been learned.

Quantitative Research

a formal, objective, systematic research process to describe, test relationships, or examine cause and effect interactions among variables

Critical Thinking

a rationale examination of ideas, inferences, principles, conclusions.

casual (cause and effect) relationship

a relationship between two variables wherein presence or value of one variable (the "cause") determines the presence or value of the other (the "effect")

Qualitative Research

a systematic, subjective research approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning

construct

an abstraction or concept that is deliberately invented (constructed) by researchers for a scientific purpose. (health locus of control ex)

what is the naturalist paradigm?

an alternative paradigm (also called constructivist paradigm) to the positivist paradigm that holds that there are multiple interpretations of reality, and that the goal of research is to understand how individuals construct reality within their natural context; associated with qualitative research.

A research problem is

an area of concern or situation in need of a solution

Target Population

an entire set of individuals who meet the sampling criteria

Outcomes Research

an important scientific methodology that was developed to examine the end results of patient care

Individually Identifiable Health Information

any information, including demographic information, collected from an individual that is created or received by health care providers, health plan, or health care clearing house

Internal Validity

ask is it the independent variable (or something else) that caused or resulted in the change in the dependent variable

Research Design

blueprint for conducting a study

Nonexperimental studies provide what type of evidence? A. Level II B. Level III C. Level IV D. Level V

c

Qualitative Rigor

characteristics of a study that gives its findings credibility and greater value

Vulnerable populations

children, prisoners, pregnant women, terminally ill, mentally disabled

Human Rights

claims and demands that have been justified in the eyes of an individual or the consensus of a group of individuals and are protected in research

Research Purpose

clear, concise statement of the specific goal or focus of the study that is generated from the problem

How are predictive models used? A. To synthesize findings from randomized clinical trials to test the effectiveness of an intervention B. To develop measurement techniques to establish causal relationships C. To generalize findings from nonexperimental studies D. To explain the relationships among variables to establish predictive or causal links

d

What is an advantage of using surveys for data collection? A. Causation can be determined. B. Information can be collected in great depth. C. Large-scale surveys are relatively inexpensive. D. A relatively small number of subjects can provide accurate information.

d

Sample

define the selected group from which data are collected for a study

types of qualitative designs

ethnography, grounded, phenomenology

Quasi-experimental design

examine cause and effect when complete control is not possible

Quasi-Experimental Research

examines cause & effect relationships, with samples that are not randomly selected

Descriptive Research

exploration and description of phenomena in real-life situations "new meaning discovered"

Nazi medical experiment

exposed people to extreme conditions, jews

Generalization

extending the findings from the sample to the larger group

Which study would be considered a developmental study? A. Descriptive B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Exploratory E. Comparative F. Cross-sectional

f

Scientific misconduct on the part of the researcher is very serious. What constitutes scientific misconduct?

fabrication, falsification of data, and plagiarism

Preliminary understanding involves?

familiarizing self with content - skimming the content

Identify predicted relationship

find difference between 2 or more variables in population -uses: greater than, positively. difference, relationship, significant.

In qualitative research, when are decisions made about data collection and sampling?

in the field

people in qualitative studies

informant

Emic

insider view

Sample

is a set of elements that make up the population

Research Evidence

is a synthesis of quality, relevant studies to form a body of empirical knowledge for selected area of practice.

Visual Analog Scale

is like a pain scale no pain I______________________I Pain

Diamond

is the effect or significance of the combined studies; more precise as it combines the data from studies.

middle-range theories

look at a piece of reality and that contain clearly defined variables in which the nature and direction of relationships are specified

Correlational Research

look at relationship between two or more variables "explains what is seen"

Experimental Research

looks at cause & effect relationships. It's a controlled experiment, and it measures the independent and dependent variables

To establish a test as an accurate measurement of reliability, the test scores need a relatively _____ standard deviation and a _____ reliability coefficient. High; high Low; low Low; high High; low

low; high

Nominal Data

lowest level of measurement -->Name -->Mode

Conceptual Model

more abstract than theories, explain phenomena of interest and reflect a philosophical stance

Random Sampling

most control, each person has an equal chance of being selected

Mode

numerical value/score that occurs with the greatest frequency -->Nominal Data

Best practices in nursing can be defined as:

nursing actions that produce desirable patient outcomes

Information provided as feelings, convictions, and/or values are designated as which form of evidence? Editorials Observations Ideas Opinions

opinions

Theory

organized set of concepts and statements that serve to describe, explain and predict an event or phenomenon

Etic

outsider view

causality

particular cause leads to specific effect(s) or outcome(s)

Jewish chronic disease hospital study

patient response to liver cancer cells

who is best served by development of a scientific base for nursing practice

patients

gate keeper

person who gives permission

quantitative paradigm

positivist paradigm

Declarative Statement

predicts relationship or differences of variables in results or outcomes.

Sampling

process of selecting subjects who are representative of the population

Qualitative (Ethnography)

provides a framework for studying the meanings, patterns, and lifeways of a culture in a holistic fashion.

Intervention

provoke or not

Grounded Theory

qualitative method that describes social process and proposes a framework of related concepts

External Validity

questions under what conditions can the findings be generalized. Deals with generalizability, outside the study.

3 requirements of a true experiment

randomization, manipulation, control

Likert Scale

rates how a person strongly disagrees to strongly agrees

statiscally significant

real and replication good chance

Best practice is an excellent example of which kind of testing?

reality

If the instrument is not ____it is not _____

reliable, valid

Reflexive Thought

researcher explores their own feelings and experiences

Interval Data

same numerical distance between intervals -->mean

Sampling Plan

sampling method, defines the selection process

Qualitative Research

study of research questions about human experiences. It is often conducted in natural settings, and uses data that are words or text rather than numerical in order to describe the experiences that are being studied. take your word and understand your meaning. NO NUMBERS.

people in quantitative studies

subject

Indirect Measurement

subjective (pain)

Mean

sum of values divided by the number of values being used -->Interval & Ratio

Systematic Reviews

summation and assessment of research studies found in the literature based on a clearly focused question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, critically appraise and analyze relevant data from the selected studies to summarize the findings in a focused area.

Framework

the abstract, theoretical basis for a study that enables the researcher to link the findings to nursing's body of knowledge they explain the theory and give the relationships of variables that leads to a hypothesis that's testable

purposes of research hypothesis

the actual hypthesis a researcher wishes to test (as opposed to the null hypothesis) stating the anicipated relationship between two or more variables.

The nurse is developing a question for an EBP project involving the fall rate of patients 65 years of age and older. What should the initial ethical consideration be?

the age of the population

A sample should be homogenous because

the ample with common characteristics more clearly indicates the impact of a treatment

The research process allows for:

the best method to address the problems

evidence-based medicine

the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients

what does it mean to operationalize a definition?

the definition of a concept or variable in terms of the procedure by which it is to be measured.

The research design that collects data at various intervals is called a(n) Long study. Time-series study. Experimental study. Nonexperimental study.

time-series study

Posthoc Analysis

to determine which groups are significantly different when studying more than two -->ANOVA & CHI square

The Institute of Medicine's publication "Keeping Patients Safe" focuses on:

transforming the work environment for nurses

Comprehensive understanding involves?

understanding the researcher's purpose or intent

Convenience Sampling

whoever is available

Representativeness

a representative sample is one whose key characteristics closely approximate those of the population.

nondirectional hypothesis

a research hypothesis that does not stipulate the expected direction of the relationship between variables

what is the foundations or roots of scientific approach?

a set of orderly, systematic, controlled procedures for acquiring dependable, empirical, and typically quantitative information. the methodological approach is associated with positivist paradigm.

meta-analysis

a statistical method that takes the results of many studies in a specific area, and synthesizes their findings to draw conclusions regarding the state of the science in the area of focus

A research study report states that "Heart rate was recorded using a cardiac monitor." This statement is an example of

an operational definition

participant observation

a technique in anthropological field work. it involves direct observation of everyday life in study participants' natural settings and participation in their lifestyle and activities to the greatest extent possible

an example of systematic error is

a thermometer measurement indicating a body temperature as 0.1 higher than the accurate temperature

what is a continuous variable?

a variable that can take on an infinite range of values along a specified continuum. (height)

what is an extraneous variable?

a variable that confounds the relationship between the independent and dependent variables and that needs to be controlled in either the research design or through statistical procedures; often called confounding variable.

Coding

a way of identifying categories in data

qualitative paradigm

constructive or naturalistic paradigm

Willow book study

contained mentally retarded children who were exposed to hepatitis

grounded theory

discovery of a theory from data that have been systematically obtained through research

Which of the following statements about clarifying and refining a research problem is true?

several alternative problems should be evaluated before one is selected for study

Multicausality

several interrelating variables can cause a particular effect

Conceptual Maps

show interrelationship between concepts and statement; summarize and integrate what is know about the phenomenon

A criterion for content-related validity determination is The inclusion of extraneous variables. Establishment of brief guidelines for using the tool. A well-defined protocol for data collection. The clarification of nuances that might add errors.

A well-defined protocol for data collection.

Population

A well-defined set that has certain properties

For grounded theory, researcher may look at literature, but not conduct an exhaustive literature review. Why?

Allows theory to emerge directly from data

Data-based Literature

Also known as research literature (empirical) and would include both qualitative and quantitative research reports.

True experiment

Also known as the pretest-posttest control group design. In this design , subjects are randomly assigned to an experimental or control group, pretest measurements are performed, an intervention or treatment occurs in the experimental group, and posttest measurements are performed.

Conceptual Literature

Also known as theoretical literature and would include a chapter in a book on (about) family theory. Integrative reviews or clinical article.

A valid test will _____ have some degree of reliability and relevance. Never Sometimes Frequently Always

Always

ID components of this PICO question: Among young women who are moderate smokers, does nicotine replacement therapy increase the probability of smoking cessation?

Among young women who are moderate smokers, does nicotine replacement therapy increase the probability of smoking cessation? Population - young women who are moderate smokers Intervention - nicotine replacement Comparison - no nicotine replacement Outcome - increased probability of smoking cessation

A literature review is Everything that is known about a subject. An analytical summary of research findings. All approved data on a research topic. A compilation of all positive results of research.

An analytical summary of research findings.

Effect size

An estimate of how large of a difference there is between intervention and control groups in summarized studies.

Solomon four-group design

An experimental design with four randomly assigned groups -- the pretest-posttest intervention group, the pretest-posttest control group, a treatment or control group with only posttest measurement, and a control group with only posttest measurement.

Bias

slanting of findings away from the truth

concepts

symbolic statements describing a phenomenon or a class of phenomena

constant comparative method

A form of qualitative stat analysis that categorizes unit of meaning through a process of comparing incident to incident

Theories are A guide for research and practice. Considered to be a specific explanation of an idea. Not essential to research or EBP. Static and do not change over time.

A guide for research and practice

Theories are

A guide for research and practice.

the definition of target population is

A list of all members of the population

the definition of sampling frame is

A list of every member of the population

the definition of a set of sampling criteria is

A list of the characteristics essential to be a member of the target population

The main difference between a research article and a non-research article is A research article reports statistics on surveys and a non-research article does not. A research article describes research by the original author. A non-research article describes the methods of how the study was conducted. A non-research article conducts analysis and statistical testing on the data presented in the article.

A reserach article describes research by the original author.

Sentinel events require The nurse to be fired. The hospital to ignore it. A root cause analysis. The doctor to be present.

A root cause analysis.

Randomization

A sampling selection procedure in which each person or element in a population has an equal chance of being selected to either the experimental group or the control group.

Conceptual framework/theoretical framework

A set of interrelated concepts that represents an image of a phenomenon. Provides guidance for research or practice.

Case study designs can involve in-depth study of

A single institution, Small groups of subjects, A family

Pilot Study

A small, simple study conducted as a prelude to a larger-scale study that is often called the "parent study."

hypothesis

A statement predicted relationships between variables or predicted outcomes

Meta-Analysis

A statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of many research studies on a specific topic in order to identify overall trends.

Concepts identified in a study may or may not be variables in that specific study. In which of the following studies would the concept "gender" also be a variable?

A study comparing men and women in their response to an intervention

Quasi-experimental design

A study design in which random assignment is not used, but the independent variable is manipulated and certain mechanisms of control are used.

What is a landmark study?

A study that changes the literature

Meta-analysis

A technique for quantitatively integrating the result of multiple studies addressing the same or a highly similar research question. Randomized control groups are at the pinnacle of traditional evidence hierarchies

Intervening variable

A variable that occurs during an experimental or quasi-experimental study that affects the dependent variable.

A nurse is seeking a research article to use as the foundation for a change in the manner in which care is provided. An example of a research article is a manuscript that provides:

An overview of guidelines for a particular type of case

Generalizability

Application of outcomes to other populations

What type of quantitative research is conducted to generate knowledge that will directly influence clinical practice?

Applied research

Internal validity

Asks whether the independent variable really made the difference or the chance in the dependent variable. Trying to rule out other factors or threats as rival explanations of the relationship between the variables.

Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tools

Assess each study rather than many. Evidence based approach for assessing the quality, quantity and consistency of specific study designs.

Potential areas of nursing research identified by the National Institute of Nursing Research include:

Chronic illness, health promotion, disease prevention, and end-of-life care

Potential areas of nursing research identified by the National Institute for Nursing Research include

Chronic illness, health promotion, disease prevention, and end-of-life care.

Subjects are added to the sample until ____ is reached.

Data saturation

____ usually guides decisions regarding how many interviews are enough. It is the situation of obtaining the full range of themes from the participants, so that in interviewing additional participants, no new data is emerging.

Data saturation

Constancy

Data-collection procedures should reflect to the consumer a cook-book-like recipe of how the researcher controlled the study's conditions

Consent form should be ___ and ____

Dated and signed (by both researcher and subject)

What level of review by an institutional review board (IRB) should be undertaken for a study in which subjects participate in interviews about their lived experience f being a nurse?

Expedited review

As the researcher develops the research problem and purposes of the study, he or she must take into consideration the feasibility of the study. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of feasibility?

It is an evaluation of whether the researcher has the ability and resources (e.g. facilities, time, potential subjects) and ethical protections for participants to carry out the study as proposed

Why is it important that the researcher be competent to conduct researcher?

It is not ethically appropriate for an incompetent person to conduct research

Why is it important that the researcher be competent to conduct research?

It is not ethically appropriate for an incompetent person to conduct research.

Grounded theory is based on the belief that

It is possible to understand the process by which something happens, rather that just describing what is happening

The mean is the basic statistic that forms the base for many more advanced statistical procedures. Which of the following statements about the mean is true?

It is the mathematical average of a set of scores

Which of the following characteristics is not descriptive of quantitative research?

It is used to develop a theory

______ measure the relationship between each of the items and the total scale. When calculated, a correlation for each items on the scale is generated. Items that do not achieve high correlation may be deleted form the instrument.

Item to total correlations

Control

Measure that the researcher uses to hold conditions of the study uniform and avoid possible potential of bias on the dependent variable or outcome variable

____ is the process of assigning numbers to variables or events according to the rules.

Measurement

______ are used to describe differences in dispersion of data.

Measures of variability

Control

Measures used to hold uniform or constant the conditions under which an investigation occurs.

The ____ is the score where 50% of the scores are above it and 50% of scores are below it. It gives a look at the "typical" score.

Median

Which would the researcher use if interested in the "typical" score?

Median

Which of the following statements describes a heterogeneous study?

Members of a sample have different values on study variables

Research is often not valued because It costs too much. Administration wants it. Search engines are easy to access. Staffing is not an obstacle.

It costs too much.

What can stimulate the formation of a research idea?

Practical experience, critical appraisal of scientific literature, gaps in the literature, or interest in untested theory

Factors that can affect the reliability, objectivity, and accuracy of a tool or test include Practice, timing, and environment. Fatigue, subjects, and environment. Precision, homogeneity of the test conditions, and the researcher. Sequencing, practice, and level of ease.

Practice, timing and environment

What goal of the IOM national proficiency list is fundamental to the provision of safe and effective patient care?

Practicing evidence-based medicine

Bias is a term used to indicate that data in a study are being distorted or slanted away from reality by some influencing factor. Which of the following statements about bias in research s true?

Preconceived ideas about what the findings of a study may be could lead to bias in interpreting data

Research hypotheses may be classified as either associative or casual. Which of the following is a characteristic of associative research hypothesis?

It identifies variables that vary or change together in an identified population

Research question

Presents the idea that is to be examined in the study and is the foundation of the research study

Print index

Print resources; time-consuming, tedious form of retrieving data

The ____ of an event is its long-run relative frequency.

Probability

Probability Theory

Probability of an event occurring = (p) value

Which of the 2 will yield a more generalizable and representative sample? Non-probability sampling/Probability sampling

Probability sampling

Which of the following yields more representativeness in a population study? Non-probability vs probability sampling

Probability sampling

The power of a statistical procedure is the

Probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference if one exists

Research question is also known as?

Problem statement

Control

Process by which investigator holds certain conditions constant to limit bias that could influence the dependent variable(s).

Manipulation

Process of "doing something" giving a "dose of something" - manipulating the dependent variable Treatment, teaching plan, medication

What is a critique?

Process of critical appraisal that objectively and critically evaluates a research report's content for specific merit and application to practice

Phenomenological method

Process of learning and constructing the MEANING of human experience through intensive dialogue with persons who are living the experience. It rests on the assumption that there is a structure and essence to shared experiences that can be narrated.

Critical Appraisal

Process of objectively and critically evaluating content for scientific and application to practice =, theory and education. -Research process -Finds Strength and Weakness

Sampling

Process of selecting representative units of a population in a study

A hypothesis may be described by which of the following terms? Results, introduces, criticizes, reviews Findings, improvements, collections, sets Studies, plans, appreciates, concerns Proposes, predicts, supposes, tests

Proposes, predicts, supposes, tests

An advantage of using a mixed method design for a research study is to Increase the biases associated with the use of two designs. Provide insight into the complexity of the problem under study. Impart rigor to the examination of the intricacies of the problem under study. Decrease the impartiality associated with the use of one design.

Provide insight into the complexity of the problem under study.

Why is effectiveness an important consideration when determining the level of evidence?

Psychological aspects of the intervention are included

Which of the following statements gives the major difference between control groups and comparison groups in experimental research?

Random selection of subjects for the sample and random assignment to groups are hallmarks of true control groups

A research study using true experimental design is commonly called a ___.

Randomized clinical trial (RCT)

How to avoid selection bias?

Randomly assign subjects to groups

The ____ is the differences between the highest and lowest scores.

Range

Ordinal Data

Rank -->Order -->median

The ONS method, the Putting Evidence into Practice (PEP) schema is used to Identify the research that was used in the process. Rate the collective evidence that supports a recommendation. Establish the risk and/or benefit of an activity. Rank the research articles for use with a guideline.

Rate the collective evidence that supports a recommendation.

Which are examples of scales

Rating, Likert, Semantic differential

Which of these examples represent an effective application of safe and competent nursing care delivery? The nurse:

Reads peer-reviewed nursing research articles to determine the best care to be provided

Best practice is an excellent example of which kind of testing? Cognitive Reality Didactic Evaluation

Reality

Recommendation/implications

Recommendations for future studies concerning the same subject

Selection

Refers to the generalizability of the results to other populations

Hypothesis

Reflects the interrelationship of theoretical framework, literature review and problem statement.

A correlational study looks at the Cause of two or more variables. Relationship of two or more variables. Effect of two or more variables. Both A and C.

Relationship of two or more variables

The most common purpose for Pearson correlational is to examine

Relationships between two variables

A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population is known as a Random sample. Purposive sample. Representative sample. Probability sample.

Representative sample

When appraising a simple-random sampling study, remember that there is no guarantee that the sample will be ____.

Representative.

Advantages of stratified random sampling

Representativeness of sample is enhanced Researcher has valid basis for making comparisons among subsets if information on the critical variables has been available Researcher is able to oversample a disproportionately small stratum to adjust for their underrepresentation

Box

Represents the size of each study

Cons of a Solomon 4-Group Design?

Requires more funding and a larger sample size

What is the most significant way of acquiring knowledge to develop an empirical knowledge base for nursing practice?

Research

Which of the following terms best describes data compiled for another reason and applied in a different manner? Primary data Secondary data Novice data Experimental data

Secondary data

When conducting a literature review, it is advisable to Seek most information from the Internet. Gather all data from books. Gather all data from journals. Seek assistance from a librarian.

Seek assistance from a librarian.

Purposive

Select those believed to be representative or typical of population. Assume errors in judgment will balance out.

External validity looks at which 3 factors?

Selection effects Reactive effects (reactivity) Measurement effects

_____ don't require informed consent because the return of the questionnaire reflects the respondent's voluntary consent to participate.

Self-adminitered questionnaires

Physiologic measures may be obtained in which of the following ways?

Self-report, Observation, Electronic Monitoring

Which of the following is an advantage of self-reports over interviews?

Self-reports allow respondents to easily writ down measurements and perceptions soon after the event

the amount of change in a physiologic measure that can be detected reflects an instrument is

Sensitivity

Sample

Set of elements that make up the population

Theory

Set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon

Theory

Set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions

Variables

Something that varies; researchers use these to determine why variances in 1 aspect may influence a change in another

Threats to Internal Validity: History

Specific event outside the study that affects the dependent variable.

Induction

Specific observations --> generalizations Making a theory

what is inductive reasoning?

Specific to general. Constructivist paradigm. Qualitative.

Operational

Specifies exactly how the concept will be measured, specifies procedures and operations necessary to measure concept.

Operational definition

Specifies how the concept will be measured; Defines what instruments will be used to assess the presence of the concept and will be used to describe the amount or degree to which the concept exists.

Directional hypothesis

Specifies the expected direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

____ involves dividing a scale into 2 halves and making a comparison.

Split-half reliability

An instrument is though to exhibit ____ when the same results are obtained on repeated administration of the instrument. Expecting the instrument to measure a concept consistently over a period of time.

Stability

The ____ of an instrument refers to the instrument's ability to produce the same results with repeated testing.

Stability

The 3 main attributes of a reliable scale are

Stability Homogeneity Equivalence

Systematic Review

Summation and assessment of a group of quantitative studies on a focused clinical question.

Literature review

Systematic and critical appraisal of the most important literature on a topic; it provides the basis of a research study

Which of the following does not affect the reliability of measurements in a Study?

Systematic error

Which of the following is a synonym for the concept of research

Systematic inquiry

_____ is measurement error that is attributable to relatively stable characteristics of the study sample that may bias their behavior and/or cause incorrect subject calibration.

Systematic or constant errors

Level I

Systematic review or meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines based on systematic reviewa

Level V

Systematic reviews of descriptive or qualitative study

If every fifth baby born in a city is entered into a study, the sampling method is called

Systematic sampling

Quality Improvement

Systematic use of data to monitor outcomes of care processes as well as continuously improving the quality and safety of care.

Research is _____.

Systematic, rigorous, critical investigation that aims to answer questions about nursing phenomena

Clinical Guidelines

Systematically developed statements or recommendations that link research and practice and serve as a guide for practitioners.

Clinical guidelines

Systematically developed statements or recommendations that serve as a guide for practitioners. Assist in bridging practice and research

Levels of "6S" hierarchy of pre-appraised evidence

Systems Summaries Synopses of Syntheses Syntheses Synopses of Studies Studies

The purpose section of a research study usually Tells the geographic location of the study. Tells why the study was done. Is the methodology of the study. Tells what the study is about.

Tell why the study was done.

A study requires diabetic subjects to perform one or more blood glucose determinations per day. The level of discomfort or risk for the subjects is rated as

Temporary discomfort

Quasi-experimental design

Test cause-and-effect relationships A study design in which random assignment is not used, but the independent variable is manipulated and certain mechanisms of control are used.

Selection bias

The internal validity threat that arises when pretreatment differences between the experimental group and the control group are present.

History

The internal validity threat that refers to events outside of the experimental setting that may affect the dependent variable.

Which of the following is true in relation to structure interviews?

The interviewer is required to ask the questions precisely as it has bee designed

A variable in a study is characterized by which of the following essential elements?

a concept, a conceptual definition, a method of measurement

The focus of significant research problems and purposes are

addressing research priorities in nursing, building on previous research, potential impact on clinical practice

Alpha = 0.80

adequate

Informed Consent

agreement by a prospective subject to participate voluntarily in a study after he or she has indicated understanding of the essential information about the study

Alpha = 0.9-0.95

aim

Research Problem

a gap in knowledge needed for practice

Theories are:

a guide for research and practice

null hypothesis

a hypothesis stating no relationship between the variables under study; used primarily in statistical testing as the hypothesis to be rejected

directional hypothesis

a hypothesis that makes a specific prediction about the direction of the relationship between two variables

Which of the following statements describes how the effect size of a sample influences the null hypothesis?

a large effect size results in rejection of the null hypothesis

surveys

a method of collecting data to describe, compare, or explain knowledge, attitudes, or behaviors

Validity

the extent to which an instrument reflects the concept being examined

The purpose statement of a qualitative study is expected to identify

the focus of the investigation (e.g. an event, a phenomenon, a culture)

Which of the following statements correctly describes the research problem and purpose of the study in a quantitative study?

the purpose statement is very specific about what will be studied, whereas the problem statement is more abstract

The reliability and validity of historical research are based on which of the following concerns?

the reliability of the primary data source

Introduction (IMRAD)

the research problem and its context

Dependent Variable

the response, behavior, or outcome that is predicted or explained in research; changes in this variable are presumed to be caused by the independent variable

Beneficence

the right to freedom from harm and discomfort, the right to proctection rom exploitation

The term representativeness means that

the sample must be like the population in as many ways as possible

Methods (IMRAD)

the strategies used to answer research questions.

According to sampling theory, findings can be generalized to

the target population

Independent Variable

the treatment or experimental activity that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable

dependent variable

the variable hypothesized to depend on or be caused by another variable (the independent variable); the outcome of interest

independent variable

the variable that is believed to cause or influence the dependent variable; in experimental research, the manipulated (treatment) variable.

Sampling that helps to develop theory is called

theoretical sampling

Readers of theoretical literature often experiences confusion in the use of the terms "conceptual model" and "theory." Which of the following statements reflect(s) general consensus about the use of these terms in nursing?

theories present a view of phenomenon that is specific enough to be used to guide research, the scope of the theories is limited in comparison with that of conceptual models, and conceptual models are broad and abstract and reflect a philosophical position

3 Types of validty

Content Criterion-related Construct

The most common type of reported validity is _____.

Content validity

______ represents the universe of content, or the domain or a given variable construct. The universe of content provides the basis for developing the items that will adequately represent the content.

Content validity

______ calculates an index of interrater agreement of relevance. This calculation faces a researcher more confidence or evidence that the instrument truly reflects the concept of construct.

Content validity index

Qualitative researchers believe that reality is socially constructed and _____.

Context dependent

A ____ is used to represent a measure that contains a range of values along a continuum and may include ordinal, interval, and ratio-level

Continuous variable

In the ______ the research ID's 2 groups of individuals who are suspected to score extremely high or low in the characteristics being measured by the instrument. The instrument is administered to both groups and the differences in the scores are examined.

Contrasted-groups approach/ Known-groups approach

One of the most common and important characteristics of a quantitative design is The dependent variable. The independent variable. Control. The relationship.

Control

How does one determine that a quantitative study was conducted?

Control, treatment group, survey, coorelational, ex post facto, random sample are mentioned Variables are measured on scales, Reliabity/validity of instruments are discussed Statistical analysis are used for data

Control & fidelity

Control= holding the conditions of the study constant & controlling for extraneous variables.

Level III

Controlled trial without randomization (quasiexperimental study)

Controlling the treatment is one of the elements of a good design. Which of the following statements about this element is true?

Controlling the treatment is enhanced with a clear description of all steps of the treatment

Both ___ and ____ sampling should be regarded with caution

Convenience Purposive

A researcher has decided to conduct a satisfaction survey among all of the patients who presented to the emergency department over a two-month period of time. This is an example of Stratified random sampling. Cluster sampling. Convenience sampling. Purposive sampling.

Convenience sampling

The sampling method most desired for outcome studies is

Convenience sampling using large heterogeneous samples

Which of the following is not a descriptive statistic?

Correlation

What type of research involves the systematic investigation of relationships among variables?

Correlational research

Findings of a study and their ____ are weakened when power analysis is not calculated.

Generalizability

Experimental group

Introduced to intervention

Which of the following are the four major parts most often included in a research report?

Introduction, methods, results, discussion

Probability Sampling

random sampling technique in which every member of the population has a probability higher than zero of being selected

Network Sampling

"snowball sampling" takes advantage of social networks to get the sample; one person in the sample asks another to join the sample, and so on

Professional care models give nurses

(All of the above.) Accountability. Authority. Responsibility.

Independent variable

(X), variable that has the presumed effect on the dependent variable

Dependent variable

(Y), Varies with a change in the independent (X) variable

Population/ Sample

(well defined set that has certain properties) is either specified or implied in the research question.

Clinical Guide lines: Expert-developed/Consensus

Developed by an agreement of experts in the field.

Theoretical sampling

Allows researcher to test hunches and ideas to gather complete information about developing concepts

Outcomes Research

-Clinical end points -Functional status -General well-being -Satisfaction with care

Research Article

-Follows steps of research process -Not a how to but answered a question with all components of research clearly presented.

Clinical Article

-How to -Overview of a process -Case Report -Info about new process, technique, standard, review.

Levels of Evidence: Level 1

-Meta Analysis -Systematic Review of RCT's/Experimental Studies -EB clinical practice guidelines based on systematic reviews

Level of Evidence: Level 7

-Opinion of respected authorities

P.I.C.O

-P = PT or population (what are the characteristics of the pt or people) -I = intervention/issue of interest (intervention, influence, or exposure) -C = comparison intervention/group -O = outcome -T = time frame

Levels of Evidence: Level 3

-Quazi-experimental studies -->Controlled trial w/o randomization

Levels of Evidence: Level 2

-RCTs -Experimental studies

Level of Evidence: Level 6

-Single descriptive or qualitative study

Meta-analysis Advantages

-power: can detect a true relationship, the probability of detecting a true relationship between variables. By combining effects across multiple studies, power is increased. -precision: can draw up conclusions by looking at multiple things Offers Objectivity,

A line 100mm long with right-angle stops at each end indicating bipolar describing sensations is referred to as: Visual analogue scale

...

Analyses performed in studies with more than two groups often indicate that the groups are significantly different but do not identify which groups are different. In such instances, a second analysis is then performed to identity significant differences between groups. These analyses are referred to as: Post hoc analyses

...

Many decisions need to be made in selecting the appropriate statistical procedure for a study. Which of the following statements about selection of statistical procedures is true?: Specifying the purpose of the study and stating the hypotheses or research questions will narrow the options of statistical procedures considerably

...

what is the NINR?

...

what is the most important goal of nursing research?

...

which of the following I not an example of a Scale? Questionnaire

...

Reliability coefficients greater than _____ are considered to be high. 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

0.8

Lowest acceptable coefficient

0.80

The closer the reliability coefficient is to ___, the more reliable the instrument.

1

Quasi-Experimental: One group

1 group, pretest, intervention, post-test.

Right to self determination is violated by the use of ____.

1) Coercion 2) Covert data collection 3) Deception

In what situations can you receive expedited approval from the IRB?

1) Collection of specimens is noninvasive 2) Research is conducted ni established educational situations and subjects are de-identified 3) Research is for clinical purposes 4) Collection of external secretions 5) Voice recordings 6) Study of existing data, documents, records, pathological specimens, or diagnostic data

Characteristics of hypotheses

1) ID's predicted relationship 2) Testability 3) Theory-based

Parametric studies have which attributes?

1) Involve estimation of at least 1 population parameter 2) Require measurement on at least an interval scale 3) Involve certain assumptions about the variables being studied

Critical reading involves what steps?

1) Preliminary understanding 2) Comprehensive understanding 3) Analysis understanding 4) Synthesis understanding

Which basic ethical principle is described? People have right to self-determination and to treatment as autonomous agents. They have freedom to participate or not participate in research

1) Respect for persons

The Belmont Report discusses which 3 basic ethical principles?

1) Respect for persons 2) Beneficence 3) Justice

What are the Human Rights?

1) Right to self-determination 2) Right to privacy and dignity 3) Right to anonymity & confidentiality 4) Right to fair treatment 5) Right to protection from discomfort and harm

Assent

1) basic understanding of what the child will be expected to do and what will be done to the child 2) comprehension of the basic purpose of the research 3) ability to express a preference regarding participation

Quantitative (empirical)

13) collecting data and 14) preparing data for analysis

Build in approximately ____ of extra subjects to combat subject mortality.

15%

Quantitative (dissemination)

17) communicating the findings and 18) efforts to promote the use of the study evidence in nursing practice.

The first issue of Nursing Research was published in

1952

The first issue of Nursing Research was published in 1858 1952 1985 1992

1952

What year was the first issue of "Nursing Research" published?

1952

The Joint Commission mandated RCAs in 1967 1977 1987 1997

1997

Experimental Design: After only

2 groups no pretest, 1 intervention, both post test

Quasi- Experiential: After only

2 groups no pretest, 1 intervention, both post test

Experimental design: True

2 groups pretest, 1 Intervention, Both post test.

Quasi- Experimental: Non-equivalent group

2 groups pretest, 1 intervention, both post test

Which basic ethical principle is described? Obligation to do no harm and maximize possible benefits. Persons are treated in an ethical manner. Decisions are respected. Protected form harm, and efforts made to secure well-being

2) Beneficence

The reading level of the informed consent should be at ___ level.

8th grade

According to the theoretical normal curve, what percent of the scores un a data set are within 2 standard deviations (above and below) the mean?

95%

3rd SD

99.7%

(p)

<0.05

complex hypothesis

?

what are some current priorities for clinical nursing research?

?

what is positivism, empiricism, determination, naturalism? what are fundamental beliefs?

?

what types of studies would be investigated by qualitative designs? quantitative designs?

?

Literature Review

A critical summary of research on a topic, often prepared to put a research on a topic, often prepared to put a research problem in context or to summarize existing evidence.

Variable

A defined concept; something that varies, take on different values, properties that research study.

Bias

A distortion in the data-analysis results.

Refereed/peer-reviewed journal is more reliable because?

A panel of internal and external reviewers review submitted manuscripts for possible journal publication

After-only nonequivalent control group design

A quasi-experimental design similar to the after-only experimental design, but subjects are not randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups.

Time series design

A quasi-experimental design used to determine trends before and after an experimental treatment. Measurements are taken several times before introduction of experimental treatment, treatment is introduced, and measurements are taken again at specified times afterward. No control group

Time series design

A quasi-experimental design used to determine trends before and after an experimental treatment. Measurements are taken several times before the introduction of the experimental treatment, the treatment is introduced, and measurements are taken again at specified times afterward.

Randomized Control Trial

A research study using true experimental design.

Which of the different rating scales serves to address the clinical routine aspect of EBP? Turning Research into Practice (TRIP) Joanna Briggs Institute's FAME AHRQ strength of the evidence tool SUNY Downstate Medical Center's pyramid

AHRQ strength of the evidence tool

Sources for nursing research come primarily from two sources: Business and occupational settings. Academic and healthcare settings. Both urban and rural settings. Pharmaceutical and business settings.

Academic and healthcare settings

The more the variables are matched, the more difficult to obtain an ____.

Adequate sample size.

Manipulation

Administer treatment, program or intervention to one group different from a second group. (experimental and control group)

Effects of Measurement

Administration of a pretest in a study affects the generalizability of the findings to other populations Giving a pretest may prime subjects, will affect researcher's ability to generalize to other situations

Measurements effects

Administration of a pretest in study that affects the generalizability of the findings to other populations.

Independent variable

Administration of the program, treatment, or intervention to only one group within the study and not to the other subjects of the study.

Ex of strata to be used in quota sampling studies?

Age Gener Religion Ethnicity Medical diagnosis SE status Education level Occupational rank

A high correlation coefficient indicates ____ between two measures and evidence of concurrent validity.

Agreement

Purpose

Aims or objectives the investigator hopes to achieve with the research

Accuracy

All aspect of a study systematically and logically follow from the research question or hypothesis

Privacy and confidentiality are always issues in human subject research. What are the important steps to ensure that they are protected? The researcher does not talk about what the subject shares until the project's results are published in a peer-reviewed journal. All data are kept securely locked in a safe place and destroyed when the study is completed. Care with replication studies must be taken so that original data are not shared in the second study. All data are kept securely locked in a safe place and may be destroyed only according to IRB instructions.

All data are kept securely locked in a safe place and may be destroyed according to IRB instructions.

Privacy and confidentiality are always issues in human subjects research. What are the important steps to ensure that they are protected?

All data are kept securely locked in a safe place and may be destroyed only according to IRB instructions

Privacy and confidentiality are always issues in human subject research. What are the important steps to ensure that they are protected?

All data are kept securely locked in a safe place and may be destroyed only according to IRB instructions.

A database differs from a search engine in the following manner: A database stores the information. A search engine takes you to the information. Databases are specialized by area of knowledge. All of the above.

All of the above

Professional care models give nurses Accountability. Authority. Responsibility. All of the above.

All of the above

The gaps in the literature are Missing pieces in the knowledge of the research area. Questions about the research that have not been explained. Suggestions for future research made by the author. All of the above.

All of the above

The purpose of the literature review is to Identify a problem that has not been resolved. Clarify the importance of a research problem. Identify gaps in the literature. All of the above.

All of the above

Which of the following would be the strongest method for assigning 50 subjects to treatment and control groups in an experimental study? Group subjects according to attending physician. List subjects alphabetically, divide the list in half, place the first 25 names in the treatment group and the last 25 in the control group. Assign each participant a number, place even numbered participants in the treatment group and the odd numbered in the control group. Assign each participant a number, place the numbers in a box, draw numbers from the box, alternating placement in either the treatment group or the control group.

Assign each participant a number, place the numbers in a box, draw numbers from the box, alternating placement in either the treatment group or the control group.

Hypothesis

Attempts to answer the research question; intelligent hunch, guess, prediction A declarative statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables that suggests an answer to the research question

Pros/cons of directional

Developed from sound theory base Potential for bias Data analysis more sensitive

Evidence-based guidelines

Developed using published research findings

Purposive sample researchers assume that errors of judgment in over/under-representing elements of the population in the sample will _____

Balance out However, there is no

What characteristics are descriptive of quantitative research?

Basic elements of analysis are numbers, data are analyzed with statistics, and generalization of findings is important

Both the International Council of Nurses and the American Nurses Association make it clear that the ethical standards of the profession require the same obligations from the nurse researcher. Why?

Because of an obligation inherent within the nursing profession

When is a hypothesis made? Why?

Before the study; this is to provide direction for the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data

Pilot study

Beginning study in an area conducted to test and refine a study's data collection methods Helps to determine sample size needed for a larger study Determine feasibility of studies

The emic approach to ethnographic research involves studying

Behavior from within the culture

ethical principles

Benefiance, Respect for human dignity, Justice

Randomization helps to eliminate Confounding data. Ethics. Subjects. Bias.

Bias

Several problems can occur during data collection. Which f the following is a researcher-related problem?

Bias

Inclusion/exclusion criteria are used to eliminate

Bias Variability within population

A comparative design has No manipulation and control of the dependent variable. Only measurement of the dependent variable. No manipulation and control of the independent variable. Both B and C.

Both B and C

When using the phenomenological method, the researcher's perspective is ____ - meaning that _____.

Bracketed - Researcher ID's their own personal biases about the phenomenon of interest to clarify how personal experience and beliefs may color what is heard and reported.

Data collection and data analysis occur simultaneously in qualitative research. One technique that is used to help the research to not misinterpret the phenomenon as the subject experiences it is to set aside what is known about the experiences. This technique is called

Bracketing

Grand tour question

Broad, overview interview questions that seek to illustrate the "big picture"

Integrative

Broadest category of review. But no statistical analysis. Review of both qualitative and quantitative studies or both, theory reviews, methodological studies. Statistics are not used to summarize and generate conclusions about the studies. Systematic review of the literature using EBP approach

Survey

Can be descriptive, exploratory or comparative. Data are collected by questionnaires or interviews.

When attempting to critique a qualitative research endeavor, individuals must be able to Easily identify the hypothesis(es). Carefully assess the data collection and management processes. Quickly determine the conceptual framework utilized. Effectively understand the statistical results.

Carefully assess the data collection and managment processes.

Why do research questions have to be developed carefully?

Carefully developed and refined questions focus the research project.

Why do research questions have to be developed carefully? The wrong question for the study means the wrong answer. Carefully developed and refined questions focus the research project. Without careful development of the questions, the research results will be meaningless. It is unethical not to develop questions carefully.

Carefully developed and refined questions focus the research project.

When the information is presented as a close examination of individuals, transactions, solutions, events, and projects, the type of evidence is listed as Case studies. Opinions. Editorials. Observations.

Case studies

A primary reason for using mixed research methodologies is the opportunity to _____ that might otherwise be overlooked. Catch complexities Define concepts Describe problems Uncover opportunities

Catch complexities

Nominal variables that are ____ still have mutually exclusive categories but have more than two true values.

Categorical

What reason is key for using a level of evidence hierarchy to rate evidence considered for EBP reviews? Understanding what is in the evidence Clarifying that only research evidence is used Determining the risk and benefit of the research Categorizing the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence

Categorizing the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence

You are a BSN-prepared nurse who wants to initiate a research project on your unit. To get the other nurses to participate, you would Ask the doctors what they think. Check the educational level of other nurses on the unit. Ignore your desire to learn more at this time. Give a presentation to your peers on the benefits of research.

Check the educational level of other nurses on the unit.

Which statistic is often used for nominally scaled variables? t-test ANOVA Chi-square Pearson product moment

Chi-square

Which statistical test has a dependent variable that is nominal in nature? Chi-square t-test ANOVA Two-way ANOVA

Chi-square

Which of the following statements about obtaining permission to study children is true?

Children aged 7 or older, with normal cognitive development, may be asked to assent to participating in research

Which of the following potential research subjects have diminished autonomy and are considered incompetent to give informed consent?

Children, Mentally ill, cognitively impaired elderly

A researcher can undertake random sampling by which of the following strategies?

Choosing the participants out of a hat, Using a computer program, Assigning each volunteer a number and then choosing the participants using a random numbers tabe

Potential areas of nursing research identified by the National Institute for Nursing Research include Stem cell research. Application of pharmaceuticals in clinical practice. Chronic illness, health promotion, disease prevention, and end-of-life care. Healthcare literacy.

Chronic illness, health promotion, disease prevention, and end-of-life care.

Ex of ordinal measurement?

Class rankings Students are ranked higher/lower than one another. The intervals between students are equal. It comes down to the differences between GPAs. Level of wellness, ability to carry out activities of daily living

Which of the following statements is true concerning observation? Clear directions related to the operational definitions of the selected behavior must be determined. Ethical considerations are a minor concern within this method of data collection. Observation data collection strategies result in manageable amounts of field notes to analyze. Within observational sessions, the observer is always known to the participant.

Clear directions related to the operational definitions of the selected behavior must be determined.

The process of describing clinical problems, identifying possible courses action, assessing the probability of outcomes, and calculating a optimal course of action is referred to as

Clinical decision analysis

The American Nurses Association position statement acknowledges that

Clinicians identify clinical problems and researchers design them.

The American Nurses Association position statement acknowledges that Researchers identify clinical problems and study them. Faculty members identify clinical problems and study them. Clinicians identify clinical problems and researchers design them. Faculty members and researchers identify clinical problems and study them.

Clinicians identify clinical problems and researchers design them.

Both open-ended and closed-ended questions are used to collect data for research endeavors. Which of the following statements is true? Open-ended questions are used to collect primarily quantitative data. Closed-ended questions are used to collect quantitative data information, because the researcher provides the answers for selection. Open-ended questions provide confirmatory information, because the data are focused by the question. Closed-ended questions are used to collect exploratory data, because the information is left up to the individual.

Closed-ended questions are used to collect quantitative data information, because the researcher provides the answers for selection.

Constant comparative method

Coded data are continuously compared with new data as they are acquired during research

Consent requires a relatively advanced level of ___. A person must be ____ or older to give adequate consent.

Cognitive ability 18 years

If the distribution is symmetrical and unimodal, the mean, median, and mode will ___

Coincide

A researcher investigated the relationship between vitamin C (none, 500 mg, 1,000 mg) and workers (office, outdoors) in terms of the frequency of colds. Which of the following is (are) the dependent variable(s)? Colds Vitamin C Colds and workers Vitamin C and workers

Colds

Intervention Fidelity

Collect data from every subject in the same way and under the same conditions. *sameness in data collection*

Longitudinal/ Prospective/ Cohort

Collect data from same group at different points in time; repeated measures.

Like grounded theory, in the ethnographic method, data is ____

Collected and analyzed simultaneously

When a researcher endeavors to use mixed method design to answer an identified research problem, the blending of the methods is based on Combining the methods to capitalize on their strong points while negating their flaws. Combining the methods to blend both their strengths and their weaknesses. Separating the strengths from the weaknesses within the different designs. Separating the weaker method from the stronger method.

Combining the methods to capitalize on their strong points while negating their flaws.

A researcher decides to use observation as the data collection method for a study. To effectively collect the needed data from college-age students, the researcher enrolls in a selected college course to be able to observe and collect data about the behaviors of the students. The researcher is using which observation role? Complete participant Participant-as-observer Observer-as-participant Complete observer

Complete participant

Adults using guided-imagery relaxation have a lower heart rate, blood pressure, and perceived anxiety level that adults not using a relaxation technique. Which of the following set of characteristics best describes this hypothesis?

Complex, casual, research hypothesis

What does an EBP provide to an expanding healthcare environment?

Compliance with the medical plan of care

Weaknesses of experimental designs?

Complicated to design and can be costly to implement May be difficult or impractical to carry out in a clinical setting May be disruptive to the setting's usual routine Many important variables that are related to patient care outcomes are not amenable to manipulation for ethical reasons. Health status varies with age and socioeconomic status. No matter how careful a researcher is, no one can assign subjects randomly by age or by a certain income level.

Quantitative research design tends to be easier to critique due to the Length of the research reports. Incorporation of triangulation into the process. Use of convenient sampling methodology. Concreteness of the research design.

Concreteness of the research design.

_____ refers to the degree of correlation of one test with the scores of another more established instrument of the same concept when both are administered.

Concurrent validity

Intrinsic case study

Conducted to have a better understanding of the case

Theory based

Confirm or refute theories

When writing up a research project, the researcher describes in detail how biases, assumptions, and personal perspectives were identified and set aside, or bracketed. Which criterion for reliability and validity was met? Credibility Transferability Dependability Confirmability

Confirmability

A variable that can interfere with an intervention but cannot be controlled is a(an)

Confounding variable

When the evidence is understood to represent the outcome resulting from the discussion by a majority of the participants, it is what type of evidence? Editorials Observations Expert opinions Consensus

Consensus

In developing a strategy for observational measurement, the researcher needs to ensure

Consistency

The most critical goal of proper research design is

Consistency

The term "reliability" is best understood reflecting

Consistency of measurement obtained with use of the identified instrument

Reliability is defined as the case in which an instrument Consistently measures the same thing. Measures what it is supposed to measure. Measures demographic data. Consistently measures the same sample.

Consistently measures the same thing.

Systematic errors are also called _____ errors.

Constant

____ is based on the extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct, attribute, or trait. It attempts to validate the theory underlying the measurement by testing of the hypothesized relationships.

Construct validity

A study presented the results from the development of a new tool. This tool was established to measure the level of anxiety perceived by children. Which type of validity would this study need to document for the tool? Content-related validity Criterion-related validity Construct-related validity Concurrent validity

Construct-related validity

Concepts are often called ____ in instrumental development studies.

Constructs

Middle-range nursing theory

Contain a limited number of concepts and are focused on limited aspects of reality

Limitations related to the use of mixed method strategies include the Cost and additional time required. Extensive and comprehensive research questions involved. Vivacity of the evidence provided. Complementary insights and perceptions provided.

Cost and additional time required.

A class of preschool children is observed via a one-way mirror for a research project designed to determine the aggressive behaviors of boys and girls. The parents of the students are not informed about the research project, as no intervention is planned. Which type of data is being collected? Quantitative Covert Overt Time sequence

Covert

For nursing as a discipline to be effective in research, which of the following should be the focus of research-directed activity?

Creating a culture within nursing that value, uses, and supports research

A researcher was comparing alternative methods for establishing a child's core body temperature for a study. The testing included the measurement of anal, oral, and aural temperatures. This example reflects which type of validity determination? Construct-related validity Criterion-related validity Content-related validity Predictive validity

Criterion-related validity

_____ indicates to what degree the subject's performance on the instrument and the subject's actual behavior are related.

Criterion-related validity

Steps to EBP

Critical reading, Critical thinking, Read widely, Understand specific principles, Be an intelligent consumer of knowledge, Able to develop EBP interventions

The most commonly used test of internal consistency/homogeneity is the _____. This is used when the measurement instrument utilizes a Likert Scale.

Cronbach's alpha

Which of the following indexes(indices) is the most helpful in locating sources for a nursing research proposal?

Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)

Electronic database

Current-time method of retrieving data

Examples of nominal measurement types.

Gender Marital status Religious affiliation

External validity

Deals with possible problems of generalizability of the study's findings to other populations and to other environmental conditions. Questions under what conditions and with what types of subjects the same results can be expected to occur.

Inclusion/eligibility criteria Exclusion/deliminations Function to...

Define attributes to restrict the population to a homogenous group of subjects

Boolean operator

Defines relationships between words or groups of words in your literature search; uses - AND, OR, NOT

Consistency

Degree to which studies have similar and different designs but have same research question and similar findings.

Other than data related to the concepts being measured to address the research objectives, questions, or hypotheses, what data can be controlled in the data collection process?

Demographic data such as age, gender, and the like, Information related to the diagnosis (For clinical studies), and Cormorbid conditions or problems in addition to the admitting diagnosis

Expert based

Depend on having a group of nationally known experts in the field who meet and solely use opinions of experts along with whatever research evidence is developed to date.

When writing up a research project, the researcher describes in detail the audit trail used as conclusions about data were drawn. Which criterion for reliability and validity was met? Credibility Transferability Dependability Confirmability

Dependability

Which variable is observed and assumed to vary with changes in the independent variable?

Dependent

Symbolic/theoretical model

Depicts a phenomenon that is not directly observable and is expressed in language or symbols.

Qualitative data analysis seeks _____ in understanding a phenomenon. Rigor Depth Numbers Statistics

Depth

Evidence-based nursing literature provides the nurse with the ability to Choose only those practice activities based on evidence. Describe and analyze published research results. Use textbook information. Problem-solve all nursing issues.

Describe and analyze published research results.

Which of the following should be done before analyzing data designed to test the hypotheses or questions for a research study?

Description of the sample, Establishing the reliability of measuring instruments, and Exploratory analysis of the data

Literature Review: Primary Resource

Descriptions of studies written by the researchers who conducted them

the design for a study to gain more information about characteristics within a particular field of a study should be

Descriptive

The purpose of a study was to identify caring behaviors desired by patents with (AIDS) or (HIV) infection. This purpose statement indicates that the study probably is an example of

Descriptive research

Procedures that allow researcher to describe and summarize data are known as ____.

Descriptive statistics

One-group (pretest-posttest) design

Design used by researchers when only one group is available for study. Data are collected before and after an experimental treatment on one group of subjects. In this type of design, there is no control group and no randomization.

When reading the port of a Phenomenological study, the reader should find that ______ is used to convey the complex meaning of the lived experience that offers the evidence for this qualitative method.

Detailed descriptive method

What aspect within the process of evidence-based practice controls the path of the literature review? Determination of the question Use of MeSH terms Location of adequate research articles Determination of a rating system to be used

Determination of the question

Nurses must critically assess research studies to Understand that all research is scientifically sound. Determine the applicability of their findings to practice. Know that all studies are perfect. Identify a negative approach to research utilization.

Determine the applicability of their findings to practice.

When the nurse strives to facilitate the implementation of evidence-based practice to change the culture of the institution, what positive theme may emerge during the process?

Development of partnerships

Threats to internal Validity: Maturation

Developmental, biological or physiological processes that occur within subjects that are independent of the intervention or study variables.

Maturation

Developmental, biological, or psychological processes that operate within an individual as a function of time and are external events of the study Product promotes wound healing (how do you know it's not time itself?)

Maturation

Developmental, biological, or psychological processes that operate within an individual as a function of time and are external to the events of the investigation.

A ____ nominal variable is one that only has two true values. Ex: Yes/No

Dichotomous

Nominal level variables can also be categorized as either ______ or _____.

Dichotomous Categorical

Measurement Error

Difference between what really exists and what is measured in a given study.

In studies, the intervention is expected to have a small effect size. Which of the following statements about effect size is true?

Differences between groups will be more difficult to detect

Evidence of validity of measurement can be obtained by examining

Different groups

Obstacles of Stratified random sampling

Difficulty of obtaining a population list containing complete critical variable information Time-consuming effort of obtaining multiple enumerated lists Challenge of enrolling proportional strata Time and money

Interviews

Direct questioning- depth, content, wording structured or unstructured, need interview guide, require a qualitative analysis.

Due to theoretical sampling and constant comparative method.... Data collection, analysis, and theory generation have a ____ relationship.

Direct, reciprocal

Which section of a quantitative research report includes the implications of the findings for nursing practice and theory and the recommendation for further research?

Discussion

A researcher has elected to conduct a mixed method research project. Within this project, the decision has been made to conduct the two types of data collection concurrently, with each type of data having equal weight within the analysis process. Based on these decisions, what must the researcher make sure is done for the reporting of the process? Establish a team to aid in the management of the study. Reevaluate the decision, because quantitative research is the stronger method. Ensure that confidentiality is maintained within the process. Document the rationale for the decisions made within the process.

Document the rationale for the decisions made within the process.

Control group

Doesn't receive intervention

Non-experimental designs (DO/DON'T) manipulate the independent variable

Don't

Randomization

Each subject in a population has an equal chance of being selected Eliminates bias, aids in attainment of representative sample

The literature review should occur Near the end of the research process. Shortly before the analysis of the problem. Early in the research process. None of the above.

Early in the research process.

Advantage of convenience sampling

Easier for the researcher to obtain subjects

Obstacles to using nursing research in practice include lack of Education, beliefs/attitudes, and support/resources. Faculty, knowledge, and cost. Time, beliefs/attitudes, and consumers. Outcomes, values, and motivation.

Education, beliefs/attitudes, and support/resources.

Testing

Effect of taking a pretest on subject's posttest score - pretest may sensitive an individual and improve the score of posttest

Examples of vulnerable groups include____

Elderly Children Pregnant women Unborn Emotionally/physically disabled Prisoners Deceased Students AIDS pts..

Non-probability sampling Definition and types

Elements are chosen by non-random methods Convenience Quota Purposive sampling

Encouraging the participation to keep talking is a strategy used in interviews to

Elicit more information n a specific area

Which of the following is not part of the balancing of benefits and risk for a study?

Eliminating all risk of the study

Graphic model

Empirical and can be readily represented

The four types of knowing are designated as Deontology, empiric, clinical, and aesthetics. Empirics, aesthetics, ethical, and personal. Facts, opinions, case studies, and consensus. Decision making, clinical, ethical, and client.

Empirics, aesthetics, ethical, and personal.

Purpose

Encompasses the aims or objectives the investigator hopes to achieve with the research, not the question to be answered. -Suggests the manner in which the researcher planned to study the question and level of evidence to be obtained through study findings

Intervention fidelity

Ensuring that the intervention is delivered systematically to all objects in the intervention group. Standardizing the intervention - administering intervention to each subject in same manner under same conditions Constancy

Target population

Entire set of cases about which the researcher would like to make generalizations

Random selection

Equal and independent chance of being in either group.

An instrument is said to exhibit ____ if it produces the same results when equivalent or parallel instruments or procedures are used.

Equivalence

An instrument is thought to demonstrate ____ when two or more observers have a high percentage of agreement of an observed behavior or when alternate forms of a test yield a high correlation.

Equivalence

_____ is the consistency/agreement among observers using the same measurement instrument OR is the consistency of agreement between alternative forms of an instrument.

Equivalence

Experience

Established Belief

Power analysis is conducted to Determine a large effect size. Estimate sample size. Test for internal validity. Set the level of significance.

Estimate sample size

Which qualitative research methodology requires the understanding of culture before initiating data collection?

Ethnographic

Which type of qualitative research method was used by the theorist Leinger in her study of nursing practice?

Ethnographic

Applied research builds a body of knowledge for nursing practice because it is the basis of Evidence-based practice. Clinical pathways. Nursing process. Nursing diagnosis.

Evidence-based practice

Applied research builds a body of knowledge for nursing practice because it is the basis of

Evidence-based practice.

Retrospective/Ex post Facto/ Case control

Examine attempts to link present events to past.

Cross sectional

Examines data at one point in time

Correlational (descriptive or Predictive)

Examines the relationship between two or more variables, strength of variables, does NOT manipulate variables. Not testing if one variable causes another.

For a study that involves a chart review to obtain information abut a patient's smoking history, age, gender, and incidence of cardiovascular disease, which of the following types of review by an institutional review board (IRB) will be required?

Exempt review

How has the Affordable Care Act most directly impacted the nursing profession?

Expanding nursing roles and responsibilities

Experimental Design

Experimental or RCTS, clinical trial. Only design that tests true cause and effect relationships. Most powerful because threats to internal validity are controlled. Provide level 2 evidence.

Consensus guidelines

Expert-based guidelines; developed by an agreement of experts in the field

What should the informed consent include?

Explanation of study Purpose Procedures Risks Discomforts Benefits Expected duration of participation Any alternative procedures

Which of the following best illustrates the emic perspective in research? Finding a quality of a phenomenon and looking for examples of the quality Taking an outsider's view of a phenomenon Exploring the way members of a group view themselves Validating perspectives about a group through interviews

Exploring the way members of a group view themselves.

Which of the following represents a simple hypothesis? Exposure to pet therapy increases appetite in elderly patients. Family support and positive attitude decrease symptoms of dysreflexia in spinal cord injured patients. Social support, balanced diet, and regular exercise decrease the incidence of postpartum depression. Daily exercise and eliminating carbohydrates from the diet will result in a significant weight reduction in obese diabetic patients.

Exposure to pet therapy increases appetite in elderly patients.

Error variance

Extent of variability in test scores that is attributable to error rather than a true measure of the behaviors

Quality

Extent to which a study's design, implementation and analysis minimizes bias.

Validity

Extent to which an instrument measure the attributes of a concept accurately

If a study can't represent one group, ____ may be limited or not present at all.

External validity

In interpreting quantitative research results, the representativeness of the sample is most closely tied to Internal validity. External validity. Sample validity. Research validity.

External validity

If a research study hasn't established internal validity, then ____ can't be established. Consequently, the research study will not be able to be ____.

External validity, generalized

Why does an ethical research environment assist with ensuring scientific integrity?

Federal regulations related to ethical standards are adhered to, increasing the likelihood of integrity.

what is deductive reasoning?

General to specific. Positivist Paradigm. Quanitative

Why does an ethical research environment assist with ensuring scientific integrity? Within this environment, expectations for scientific integrity are laid out. Federal regulations related to ethical standards are adhered to, increasing the likelihood of integrity. The researcher always works within an ethical environment, which encourages the practice of ethical research behaviors. Scientific integrity ensures funding, which means that the study will be completed.

Federal regulations related to ethical standards are adhered to, increasing the likelihood of integrity.

Confirmability

Findings that reflect implementation of credibility, auditability and fittingness standards.

Integrative Review (Narrative Review)

Focused review and synthesis of research or theoretical literature in a particular focus area and includes specific steps of literature integration and synthesis with out statistical analysis. - Can include both quantitative and qualitative articles - Allows for experimental, non-experimental designs to be assessed.

Ethical concerns for qualitative study: Naturalistic setting

Focuses on the need to gain informed consent. It is not always easy to obtain in naturalistic settings.

Both the International Council of Nurses and the American Nurses Association make it clear that the ethical standards of the profession require the same obligations from the nurse researcher. Why?

For the protection of vulnerable clients and patients

Both the International Council of Nurses and the American Nurses Association make it clear that the ethical standards of the profession require the same obligations from the nurse researcher. Why? For the protection of vulnerable clients and patients For the protection of the nurse researcher Because of an obligation inherent within the nursing profession Because practice on which these ethical standards are built focuses nursing research

For the protection of vulnerable clients and patients.

Quota sampling

Form of non probability sampling in which knowledge about the population of interest is used to build some representativeness into the sample ID's the stata of the population and proportionally represents the state in the sample Reseacher recruits and enrolls subjects until the quota for each stratum has been filled

Design

Framework that a researcher creates

Which of the following statements about frameworks in research is true?

Frameworks are important in both qualitative and quantitative research

Unethical Study

Fraud, plagiarism, putting subject at risk without consent

In a ____ the number of times each event occurs is counted.

Frequency distribution.

A priori

From latin : the former; before the study or analysis.

Which of the following best represents a dichotomous variable? Blood pressure Age at death Gender Weight

Gender

Using research in practice requires the nurse to be most aware of Limited funding. Generalizability of the results to current practice. Exclusion of subjects. The credentials of the researcher.

Generalizability of the results to current practice.

The AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation) Collaboration tool is used to Grade the evidence used within the guideline. Score the research articles to be used for a guideline. Establish the anticipated benefit and/or harm of the guideline. Provide an additional tool to be used at the bedside.

Grade the evidence used within the guideline

3 types of nursing theories?

Grand Middle-range Situation-specific

Model

Graphic/symbolic representation of a phenomenon.

Forest Plot- Blobboggram

Graphically depicts the results of analyzing a number of studies

The ___ the number of points plotted on the graph, the smoother the resulting graph.

Greater

A researcher explores the phenomenon of how nurses make decisions about when to discuss end-of-life issues with clients. From this research, a model is developed to explain the decision-making process. Which type of research does this represent? Grounded theory Ethnography Phenomenology Case study

Grounded theory

Which of the following qualitative research methods uses a minimal literature review?

Grounded theory

Which type of qualitative research was used by Fagerhaugh and Strauss in their study of pain management?

Grounded theory

a measurement strategy that is fairly new to nursing studies is the use of focus groups. Which of the following statements about focus group studies is true?

Groups are made up of subjects who are similar to ach other to encourage candid discussion

What is the independent variable in the following hypothesis? Adults using guided-imagery relaxation have a lower heart rate, blood pressure, and perceived anxiety level than those in adults not using a relaxation technique

Guided-imagery relaxation/no relaxation

Solomon 4-Group Design

Has 2 groups that are identical to those used in the classic experimental design, plus 2 additional groups: an experimental after-group and a control group 1 - Pretest, decision aid, immediate posttest 2 - Pretest, no decision aid, immediate posttest 3 - No pretest, decision aid, posttest 4 - No pretest, no decision, posttest

Protection of vulnerable individuals is a critical ethical component in human research studies. How did Edward Jenner fail to meet this standard when he tested swinepox on his 1-year old son?

He ignored the point that he could not get informed consent from his son, who was particularly vulnerable

Protection of vulnerable individuals is a critical ethical component in human research studies. How did Edward Jenner fail to meet this standard when he tested swinepox on his 1-year-old son?

He ignored the point that he could not get informed consent from his son, who was particularly vulnerable.

appraising evidence

Hierarchy of evidence from strongest (clinical trials) to weakest (opinion) is referred to as what?

The ___ the level of measure, the greater the flexibility the researcher has in choosing statistical procedures.

Higher

The process of reading and critiquing an article includes

Highlighting or noting important content and ideas throughout the article

Integrative Reviews

Identifies, analyzes, and synthesizes results from independent quantitative and qualitative studies to determine current knowledge

The research role of the baccalaureate degree nurse includes Identifying clinical problems that require investigation, assisting experienced investigators to gain access to clinical sites, and collecting data. Creating a climate in the practice setting that promotes scholarly inquiry, scientific integrity, and scientific investigation of clinical nursing problems. Collaborating with experienced investigators in proposal development, data collection, data analysis, and interpretation of results. Providing leadership in integrating research into practice.

Identifying clinical problems that require investigation, assisting experienced investigators to gain access to clinical sites, and collecting data.

The research role of the baccalaureate degree nurse includes:

Identifying clinical problems that require investigation, assisting experienced investigators to gain access to clinical sites, and collecting data.

Internal criticism in historical research refers to

Identifying possible biases, which threaten the accuracy of what was said

phenomenology approach

If your primary goal as a researcher is to gain access to individuals' inner world of experience, what approach do you use?

Concept

Image or symbolic representation of an abstract idea; the key identified element of a phenomenon that is necessary to understand it.

The determination of the mixed method design approach must address the meshing of the qualitative and quantitative methodologies through the use of which of the following criteria? Implementation, prioritization, and integration Implementation, analysis, and investigation Analysis, prioritization, and integration Collection, prioritization, and analysis

Implementation, prioritization, and integration

implications

In critiquing a research report, where would recommendations made by the researcher for nursing practice be found?

introduction

In critiquing a research report, where would the researcher find a discussion related to findings associated with the conceptual basis of the study?

data-gathering procedures

In critiquing a research report, where would the researcher find information on possible sources of sampling error and sample size?

introduction

In critiquing a research report, where would the researcher make clear why a particular study is important to investigate?

_____ are used to describe the pattern of responses among a sample. (Mean, median, mode)

Measure of central tendency

Internal validity looks at

Independent and dependent variables

Confidentiality

Individual identities of subjects will not be linked to the information they provide and will not be publicly divulged

Key informants

Individuals who have special knowledge, status, or communication skills, and who are willing to teach the ethnographer about the phenomenon

Qualitative research is discovery-oriented, it is explanatory, descriptive, and ____ in nature.

Inductive

Grounded theory method

Inductive approach involving a systemic set of procedures to arrive at a theory about basic SOCIAL processes.

The following set of statements is an example of what type of reasoning? An altered level of comfort is experienced with facial surgery. Therefore, all surgeries result in an altered level of comfort

Inductive reasoning

Theory generating research uses which type of reasoning?

Inductive reasoning

Which type of reasoning moves from the specific to the general

Inductive reasoning

____ are boards that review studies to assess that ethical standards are met interrelation to the protection of the rights of human subjects.

Institutional Review Boards (IRB)

Evidenced Based Practice

Integrating individual clinical expertise and the best evidence to guide (mutual) decision making and patient preference.

Quasi- Experimental Design

Intend to test cause and effect when full control is not possible. Has experimental treatment but lacks randomization or control group. Provides level 3 evidence.

Dividing scores on a pain questionnaire (with 0-5 items) into odd-numbered and even-numbered scores is a mechanism that can be used to determine External consistency. Relevance. Internal consistency. Validity.

Internal consistency

In ______, the items within the scale reflect or measure the same concept. This means that the items within the scale correlate or are complementary to each other. It means that the scale is unidimensional.

Internal consistency/homogeneity

Web browser

Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Chrome, Safari

Analogy for ethnographic researcher?

Interpreter entering an alien world attempting to makes sense of the insider's point of view

Meta-synthesis

Interpretive integration of qualitative findings that are interpretive synthesis of data, including the phenomenologies, ethnographies, grounded theories, and other integrated and coherent descriptions or explanations of phenomena, events, or cases that are the hallmarks of qualitative research. Offer coherent description/explanation of a target event/experience, instead of summary view of unlinked features or that event/experience.

To accomplish ____, two or more individuals should make an observation or one observer should examine the behavior on several occasions.

Interrator reliability

Sources on a multiple-choice final examination represent an example of which of the following levels of measurement?

Interval

_____ shows ranking of events or variables on a scale with equal intervals between the numbers. The zero point remains arbitrary and not absolute.

Interval measurement

____ expresses the level of agreement observed beyond the level that would be expected by chance alone

Kappa (K)

Simple Random

Know all elements. Select elements from a sampling frame.

Concealment

Know or not

Basic research is also known as bench research and is defined as research to gain knowledge for Use in academia. Use in clinical practice. Knowledge's sake. Use in biochemistry.

Knowledge's sake

Basic research is also known as bench research and is defined as research to gain knowledge for

Knowledge's sake.

Cochrane collaboration reviews

Largest repository of meta-analyses. Contribute to practice as data are based on accumulated studies. Various data bases- full reviews, critical assessments, conference findings, bibliographic references.

Quasi-experimental studies provide which level of evidence?

Level 3

The ____ is the probability of making Type 1 Error, the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis. The minimal level of significance at 0.05

Level of Significance If the study were done 100 times, the decision to reject the null hypothesis would be wrong 5 times.

As a nurse on a medical-surgical hospital unit, you begin to question the amount of time your hospital policy requires for taking a patient's oral temperature. Your hospital uses an EBP approach to nursing care. Which hospital resources would you expect to be able to connect with to assist with the accessing of a computer? Ward clerk or CNA Doctor or lawyer Charge nurse or supervisor Librarian or library

Librarian or library

Cronbach's alpha is used when the instrument uses a ____.

Likert Scale

A nurse identifies individuals who seem to comply better with a treatment plan when several different teaching methods are used within the discharge planning process. In developing a mixed method design for researching which educational methods work best, a question concerning the type of data to be collected is confronted. Which of the following groups of data collection methods represents a mixed method format? Likert scale tool with a demographic component Observation of teaching sessions with videotaping Focus group discussion with audiotaping Likert scale tool with focus group discussion

Likert scale tool with focus group discussion

Sometimes a search strategy identifies too many sources. How might the researcher limit the number of citations to retrieve and critique?

Limit the years from which the researcher wishes to use citations usually the most recent, combine concepts using AND so that only citations that address all of the concepts are identified, and Request citations only for articles that can be downloaded as the full-text version

Qualitative studies have been ranked _____ in the hierarchy of evidence for research design. (lower/higher)

Lower

Nominal-level measurement is the ____ level and allows for the least amount of statistical manipulation.

Lowest

The database that is considered the premier bibliographic database for providing access in the North Americas for biomedical literature is Google. MEDLINE. CINAHL. Yahoo!

MEDLINE

EBP projects in your institution are not required to obtain IRB approval. However, as the nurse in charge of an EBP project, you must still

Maintain anonymity and confidentiality of patient information.

EBP projects in your institution are not required to obtain IRB approval. However, as the nurse in charge of an EBP project, you must still Maintain anonymity and confidentiality of patient information. Maintain professionalism in gathering patient information. Provide all staff access to the patient information. Provide patient information obtained to the hospital board of directors.

Maintain anonymity and confidentiality of patient information.

Which of the following statements correctly describes a true experiment?

Making modifications to true experimental designs decreases their internal and external validity

Control is acquired by ____.

Manipulating the independent variable

As a novice nurse on a medical-surgical hospital unit, you want to get involved in a research study that is being proposed for your unit. Because your hospital is involved with evidence-based nursing practice, which aspects of EBP are essential for you to have? Sound bedside nursing skills Basic knowledge of your unit Method for accessing published information Fundamental safety knowledge

Method for accessing published information

Tradition

Method of tenacity

A small urepresentative sample s an example of which of the following?

Methodologcal limitation

Constancy

Methods and procedures of data collection are the same for all subjects.

Disadvantages of Multistage (cluster) sampling

More sampling errors tend to occur than with simple random or stratified random sampling Appropriate handling of the statistical data from cluster samples is very complex

Element

Most basic unit about which information is collected

In the past, nurses were often taught that while research might be a good thing to do, only faculty could do research because Faculty members are the only ones prepared to do research. Most nurses have not been taught research. Most nurses don't need to use research. Faculty members know what's best for nursing.

Most nurses have not been taught research

Strengths of experiemental designs?

Most powerful for testing C-E relationships Better chance of measuring effect of interventions

Convince

Most readily accessible

Situation-specific theory

Most specific theory; composed of a limited number of concepts. Narrow in scope, explain a small part of a phenomena and processes of interest to nurses, and are usually limited to specific populations or field of practice

Clinical pathways are developed by Nursing teams. Physician teams. Educator teams. Multidisciplinary teams.

Multidisciplinary teams

Clinical pathways are developed by:

Multidisciplinary teams

Clinical pathways are developed by

Multidisciplinary teams.

Another term used within the literature for mixed method design is Quantitative design. Qualitative design. Multimethod design. Experimental design.

Multimethod design

_____ measures the relationship between one interval-level-dependent variable and several independent variables. It is used when the researcher wants to determine what variables contribute to the expansion of the dependent variable and to what degree.

Multiple regression

Ethical concerns of a qualitative study?

Naturalistic setting Emergent nature of design Researcher-participant interaction Researcher as an instrument

Ethical concerns for qualitative study: Emergent Nature of Design

Need for ongoing negotiation of consent with participants. In the course of a study, situations change, and what was agreeable at the beginning may become intrusive. Requires ongoing negotiation in the researcher-participant relationship.

After-only design

Neither group is pretested or measured. Process of randomly assignment subjects is assumed to be sufficient to ensure lack of bias so that the researcher can still determine whether intervention created significant differences between the 2 groups.

Another name for snowball sampling is

Network sampling

Meta-analysis is the examination of multiple studies through statistical analysis to establish The nonexistence of bias. New data sets for analysis. The nonexistence of confounding variables. Correlation of the variables.

New data sets for analysis

Nonrefereed Journals

Non-peer-reviewed, not blind.

Sampling strategies are divided into which two categories?

Non-probability sampling Probability sampling

Using decision theory, if the alpha level of significance for determining differences between groups is set at .05, which of the following probability levels calculated during data analysis has the most significant difference?

None of the Above

Which quasi-experimental design is used most often in clinical setting?

Nonequivalent control group design

Types of quasi-experimental designs

Nonequivalent control group designs After-only nonequivalent control group design One-group (pretest-posttest) design Time series design

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study lasted many years, and none of the human subjects were properly informed about the study's conduct. Which ethical principle was egregiously ignored in this study?

Nonmaleficence

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study lasted many years, and none of the human subjects were properly informed about the study's conduct. Which ethical principle was egregiously ignored in this study? Autonomy Respect Nonmaleficence Justice

Nonmaleficence

_____ are not based on estimation of population parameters, so they involve less restrictive assumptions about the underlying distribution.

Nonparametric statistics

The ____ is one that is symmetrical about the mean and is unimodal.

Normal curve

______ can only be used if two comparable forms of the same instrument exist. Ex. "I am able to tell my partner how I feel." &"My partner tries to understand my feelings."

Parallel or alternate form reliability

Right of zero line

Not significant

Best practices in nursing can be defined as

Nursing actions that produce desirable patient outcomes.

Best practices in nursing can be defined as A well-written plan of nursing care. A systems approach to nursing care. Nursing actions that produce desirable patient outcomes. A way for nurses to justify their care.

Nursing actions that produce desirable patient outcomes.

Grand nursing theory

Nursing conceptual models; include theories/models that were developed to describe the discipline of nursing as a whole

Sources of research problems for nursing research include

Nursing practice, Areas of health concern, and the literature

In a study of nursing students' attitudes toward caring for patients with hypertension who are noncompliant with their medications, the researcher randomly selected a sample of nursing students from a list of all students enrolled in each of five nursing programs that had been randomly selected from one state. Because the sample was randomly selected, to which population can the findings be generalized? Nursing students in the programs that were randomly selected Nursing students in the state from which the programs were randomly selected Nursing students in the United States All nursing students

Nursing students in the state from which the programs were randomly selected

Which of the following best represents a well-constructed problem statement? What affects pain perception? Obesity negatively impacts self-image in first graders. This study will compare the effectiveness of antacids. Does time of day affect appetite?

Obesity negatively impacts self-image in first graders.

A research study was developed to consider the assessment of skin color. Nurses on a medical-surgical unit were asked to record their judgments of the skin color from four pictures of individuals with differing skin tones. This process is an example of which area of reliability measurement? Accuracy Objectivity Feasibility Equivalency

Objectivity

Which of the following is a method of data collection? Experimental Grounded theory Observation Cross-sectional

Observation

When measuring blood pressure, the actual score is the Observed score on the instrument. Estimated score determined by the nurse. Perfect score without error. First sound heard by the nurse.

Observed score on the instrument.

A ____ is a characteristic of a population.

Parameter

Parameter - Statistic -

Parameter - Population Statistic - Sample

What is the difference between a null hypothesis and a directional hypothesis? One is a declarative sentence; the other is a question. One assumes a relationship; the other denies that one exists. One is researchable; the other is statistical. One includes at least two variables; the other does not.

One assumes a relationship; the other denies that one exists.

Which of the following processes is not a major method of data collection? Observations Open-ended questions Secondary (existing) data Tests

Open-ended questions

Scientific rigor in qualitative studies requires

Openness in collecting data

Which of the following statements about operational definitions is true?

Operational definitions are developed so that variables can be measured in research

Scientific Approach

Order, control, empirical, generalization

_____ is used to show relative ranking of variables or events. The numbers assigned to a category can be compared. A member of a higher category can be said to have e more of an attribute than a person of a lower category. The intervals between numbers on a scale are not necessarily equal, and there is no absolute zero.

Ordinal measurement

Original copy of informed consent goes to ___. Copy of informed consent goes to___.

Original -- Researcher Copy -- Subject

Which of the following is not an independent variable? Outcome Treatment Intervention Experiment

Outcome

Quota sampling solves the issue of?

Over/underrepresentation We increase representativeness of sample

It is appropriate to use key word searches in which of the following contexts? Evidence-based medicine Ovid MEDLINE Evidence-based nursing

Ovid

EBP project uses a ___ question.

PICO

When considering the different data collection schemes, researchers must be careful to contemplate the presence of the Hawthorne effect. The Hawthorne effect is defined as a process in which the: Participant does not modify his or her behavior to meet the expectations of the study. Researcher modifies his or her behavior because of conducting the study. Researcher modifies the participants' behavior based on the data collected. Participant modifies his or her behavior as a result of engagement in the study.

Participant modifies his or her behavior as a result of engagement in the study.

Refereed journals

Peer-reviewed, blind review (unbiased) by an external reviewer(s). Judged with a set of criteria.

IV & DV example

Perception of pain (DV) will vary in relation to a person's gender (IV).

Within the process of providing evidence-based nursing care, which types of research results are incorporated to ascertain the plan of treatment? Personal experiences and medical knowledge Client values and medical knowledge Personal experiences and client values Medical knowledge and identified challenges

Personal experiences and client values

Which type of qualitative research method was used by the theorist Benner in her study of nursing practice?

Phenomenological

A researcher conducts a study in which participants are asked to describe the lived experience of being a caregiver of a parent with Alzheimer's disease. Which type of qualitative study does this represent? Grounded theory Ethnography Phenomenology Case study

Phenomenology

Which of the following research methodologies is used to study lived experiences?

Phenomenology

All research is based on ____.

Philosophical beliefs Worldview Paradigm

PICO/clinical questions has what 4 components?

Population Intervention Comparison Outcome You're kind of asking if there is any research for a subject; sounds almost like a research question

A nurse working in a cancer follow-up setting has been asked to consider the development of a transition program to help young people adjust to the adult program. The initial question suggested for use in focusing the identification of evidence is "What is it like to have care transferred from a pediatric center to an adult clinic?" Which aspects of this question need to be strengthened to make it more searchable? Population and outcome Population and intervention Intervention and outcome Comparison and outcome

Population and intervention

Stratified Random

Population divided into homogenous strata, appropriate number from each strata chosen randomly, like quota. Stratify on important variable. Equal number of per group or proportional.

After-only design also called?

Post-test only design

How do we determine the appropriate sample size for quota sampling?

Power analysis

It is possible to estimate the sample size needed by using ___.

Power analysis

Sample size in quantitative studies is best determined by

Power analysis

Strengths of quasi-experimental designs?

Practical Less costly Feasible Generalizable More adaptable to real-world practice

From what field(s) did many nursing theories derive their ideas?

Psychology, physiology, sociology

Which of the following regulations is(are) used to protect animals in research studies?

Public health service policy on humane care and use of laboratory animals, animal welfare assurance statement, state and federal law

Secondary source

Published articles or books that are written by persons other than the individual(s) who conducted the research study or developed the theory

If the distribution is skewed (asymmetrical), the mean will be _____.

Pulled in the direction of the long tail of the distribution and will differ from the median.

When a researcher in a qualitative study chooses the participants based on what they ma be able to contribute to the study, the sampling method is called

Purposive sampling

Which of the following statements is true with regard to comparing qualitative and quantitative research methods? Qualitative studies often require a larger sample size than quantitative studies. Qualitative studies don't require evidence of reliability and validity. Qualitative studies don't allow for the use of computerized data analysis. Qualitative research is often inductive in nature, whereas quantitative research is deductive in nature.

Qualitative research is often inductive in nature, whereas quantitative research is deductive in nature.

When a nurse desires to conduct an investigation about decreasing the level of noise in his critical care units due to family complaints, what type of study best serves the purpose of this institutional problem?

Qualitative study

_____ research seeks to interpret meaning, whereas _____ research seeks to test a hypothesis or answer research questions using statistical methods.

Qualitative, quantitative

Qualitative research examines which of the following characteristics of a phenomenon? Frequency Quantity Quality Intensity

Quality

Evaluate the body of evidence by looking at what 3 things?

Quality - extent of design Quantity - degree of study Consistency - repetition of study

Evidence comes in many forms. Examples of the data that could best be utilized for EBP are Quality improvement data and integrated reviews. Integrated reviews and non-peer-reviewed journal articles. Collegial relationships and lay journals. Verbal data and practice guidelines.

Quality improvement data and integrated reviews

After-only nonequivalent control group design

Quasi-experimental design similar to after-only experimental design, but subjects are not randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups. No pretest, no randomization

The researcher want o collect data abut the evaluation process of staff nurses on a unit. Which of the following measurement tool is best to gather the data?

Questionnaire

Nonexperimental designs generate _____ for _____ designs. Answers; quasi-experimental Questions; experimental Solutions; quantitative Problems; experimental

Questions; experimental

An example of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design is as follows (where R = randomization, O = measurement, and X = treatment): R O X O O X O O O X O O O O O X O O O

R O X O

What is the gold standard for discovering cause-and-effect relationships?

RCTs

Demographic variables

Race, ethnicity, gender, age, income, education, and marital status

Chance errors are also called ____ errors.

Random

Reliability is concerned with ____ error.

Random

Which of the following elements are required in an experimental design?

Random assignment of subjects to groups, control of variance in sampling, and carefully defined variables

which of the following is an example of cluster sampling?

Random hospitals are selected in a region, and then nurses in each hospital intensive care unit (ICU) are asked to participate in the study

Which of the following statements about sampling is true?

Random or probability sampling methods require more rigor and research control

A systematic review considers Reports about clinical standards. Research and other documents which address the topic being reviewed. Only opinion documents that address a topic of interest. Only quantitative research reports.

Research and other documents which address the topic reviewed.

Ethnography

Research approach designed to produce cultural theory. The ethnographic method scientifically describes cultural groups. The goal of the ethnographer is to understand the natives' view of their world.

Phenomenology

Research approach that aims to describe experience as it is lived through. A research method aimed at obtaining s description of an experience as it is lived in order to understand the meaning of that experience for those who have it.

Primary source

Research articles and books by the original author

In some studies, researchers make a formal statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables in a specified population. This formal statement is a

Research hypothesis

Many nurses don't understand research because Research isn't necessary for their practice. Most nurses are too old. Research is like a foreign language. Patients don't expect them to use research.

Research is like a foreign language

Nurses have a responsibility to use research because Doctors order it done. Administrators don't have time for research. Research is nice to know. Research is the "hallmark of a profession."

Research is the "hallmark of a profession."

What type of evidence is paramount to use when providing health care? Outcomes based on the unique situation Opinions held by multiple individuals Research is the only form of evidence The weight of the evidence is not as important as the amount

Research is the only form of evidence

Community-based participatory research (CPBR)

Research method that systematically assesses the voice of a community to plan context-appropriate action

Primary source

Research or Data-based, Presentation of an original theory

The data collected in mixed method research and the emphasis given to each type of data should be determined by the _____ and goals of the study. Source of funding Preference of the research team Research problem Literature

Research problem

Qualitative research answers which? Hypothesis or research question?

Research question

Describe quantitative research

Research questions that describe phenomena, test relationships, assess differences, seek to explain cause-and-effect relationships b/w variables, and test for intervention effectiveness

One of the primary foundations for evidence-based nursing practice is Medical knowledge. Research results. Everyday health care. Textbook information.

Research results

Which of these forms of evidence carries the highest degree of credibility?

Research study using random control sample

What's the difference between research and EBP & QI?

Research supports new knowledge EBP & QI uses currently available knowledge to improve health care delivery

Simple random sampling

Researcher defines the population, lists all units of the population, and selects a sample of units from which the sample will be chosen. Population (set) Units of the population (sampling frame) Sample of units (subset) ex: drawing 700 names out of 2500 that meet the criteria

Ethical concerns for qualitative study: Researcher as an instrument

Researcher must acknowledge any personal bias and strive to interpret data in a way that accurately reflects the participants POV.

Purposive sampling

Researcher selects subjects who are considered to be typical (homogenous) of the population

Which of the following biophysiological tests is an example of in vivo data? Complete blood count Urinalysis Respiratory rate Bacterial count

Respiratory rate

Which of the following is a concept?

Restlessness

Data analyses are conducted to reduce, organize, and give meaning to the data. Data analyses are used to produce which of the following?

Results

A bundle is a group of interventions related to a disease or care process that

Results in better outcomes than when the interventions are implemented individually

A bundle is a group of interventions related to a disease or care process that Results in better outcomes than when the interventions are implemented together. Results in diverse outcomes when the interventions are implemented individually. Results in confusing information about a single disease or care process. Provides insufficient evidence to alter clinical practice related to individualized interventions.

Results in better outcomes than when the interventions are implemented together.

Components of qualitative research study

Review of literature Study design Study setting Sample Data collection Data analysis Study findings Conclusions Implications for practice and research

Which of the following is not a human right that requires protection during the conduct of a study?

Right to experience the treatment

A reliable measure is one that can produce the ____ results.

Same

As an example of consistency and stability in EBP, when a urinalysis is done four times in a 24-hour period, the urine sample needs to be the _____ amount. Correct Same Smallest Largest

Same

Probability

Sample chosen using random methods, likely to be more representative and more rigorous

The tendency for statistics to fluctuate from one sample to another is known as the ____.

Sampling error

The research designs are merged within which sections of the report on the research project? Introduction, sampling, and problem identification Problem identification, data collection, and analysis Sampling, data collection, and analysis Introduction, data collection, and analysis

Sampling. data collection, and analysis

The researcher collecting data notices that she is beginning to hear the same things repeatedly and that no new themes are emerging. The researcher recognizes that what has occurred? Triangulation Saturation Quantizing Redundancy

Saturation

Which of the following characteristics is not part of a quantitative research design? Randomization Manipulation Saturation Control

Saturation

Determination of the appropriate sample size in qualitative research is based on the principle(s) of Power analysis. The "rule of 30." Saturation and redundancy. Convenience.

Saturation and redundancy

Quantitative research is often identified with which method of gathering data? Triangulation Saturation Ethnography Scientific

Scientific

A ____ is that which the researcher believes will be the outcome of a study.

Scientific hypothesis

Research hypothesis is also known as?

Scientific hypothesis

Research follows the steps of which process?

Scientific process

Nursing Research

Scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge & generates new knowledge that directly/indirectly influences nursing practice

Observational

Scientific, selection of behaviors or phenomenon related to scientific concepts consistent with study's aims standardized observational guide. There is a plan for checking and controlling observations, and recording observations.

Data saturation depends on which of the following criteria?

Scope of the study, Nature of the topic, and Quality of the data

Abstract

Short, comprehensive synopsis or summary of a study at the beginning of an article

Determining if studying the problem will lead to results that are applicable to nursing practice is essential when analyzing the _________ of the problem. Feasibility Profitability Cost Significance

Significance

In regards to measurement, every variable in a study that is assigned a specific number must be ____ to every other variable assigned that number.

Similar

The initial baseline measurement in a nonequivalent control group is used to determine if the subjects assigned to the group are Different. Equal. Bonded. Similar.

Similar

Stratified random sampling

Similar to proportional stratified quota sampling - but random!

Homogeneity

Similarity of conditions. Also called internal consistency.

Homogeneity

Similarity with respect to the extraneous variables relevant to particular study

Grounded theory - data collection and analysis occur ___.

Simultaneously - hunches about emerging patterns in the data are noted in memos

Level VI

Single descriptive or qualitative study

Level IV

Single non experimental study (Case-control, correlation, cohort studies)

Median is the score that is best used when the data is ____.

Skewed

Reading and critiquing research reports constitutes an important step in the review of literature. The first step in reading a research report is to review it by

Skimming the article to get an overall sense of the content

Sample sizes in qualitative research studies tend to be ___ in number. Why?

Small - Because of the enormous amounts of written text that will need to analyzed by the researcher.

Developing a research study to investigate the availability of health care for minority children whose families are on welfare is an example of a research problem generated primarily from Practice. Social issues. Healthcare trends in society. Theory.

Social issues

Qualitative researchers believe that reality is ____.

Socially constructed and context dependent

Research hypothesis

Statement about the expected relationship of the variables; can be either directional or non-directional

Statistical hypothesis

States that there is no relationship b/w independent and dependent variables

A ___ is a characteristic of a sample.

Statistic

Treatment effect/effect size

Statistical detection of differences between those who receive intervention and those who do not. Quantitative strength of the phenomenon

_____ allows researchers to make objective decisions about the outcomes of their study. Asks, "How strongly are these two variables associated with each other?"

Statistical hypothesis

Meta-analyses

Statistically pools results from previous studies into single quantitative analysis

Matching

Strategy used to construct an equivalent comparison sample group by filling it with subjects who are similar to each subject in another sample group in relation to reestablished variables such as age, gender, level of education, medical diagnosis, or SE status the point? Any variable other than the independent variable that could affect the dependent variable should be matched.

Nonprobability quota sampling is most closely related to which of the following probability sampling techniques?

Stratified random sampling

Although many aspects are discussed within a research critique, the basic aspects that the critique is attempting to identify are Hypothesis(es) and literature review. Strengths and limitations. Research design and sampling methodology. Shortcomings and critical problems.

Strengths and limitations.

What critical element most likely impacts the day-to-day positive health outcomes for integrating patient preferences?

Strong administration

Of the nine types of critiques, which of the following are considered essential to EBP? Student, practicing nurse, and peer review critiques Abstracts, presentations, and email critiques Program of research, letters to the editors, and lay-journal critiques National Institute of Nursing Research, educator groups, and newspaper critiques

Student, practicing nurse, and peer review critiques.

Communicating results

Study can be presented through a research article, poster, or paper presentation.

Case study method

Studying the peculiarities and commonalities of a specific case - they focus on an individual case

Reactive effects/reactivity

Subjects' responses to being studied - subjects may respond to an investigation solely because they know they're being investigated.

Multistage (Cluster)

Successive random sampling of clusters from large to small. Each step is random.

Multistage (cluster) sampling

Successive random sampling of units that progress from large to small and meet sample eligibility criteria. ex: 500 people who meet broad criteria --> down to 100 people who meet more specific criteria --> down to 20 who meet even more specific criteria

The "Methods" section of a research report should include a subsection on the measurement methods used. Which of the following statements related to the information to be included in this subsection?

Sufficient information about the instrument must be provided for he reader to see the link between the concept and the way it was operationalized in the study

Meta-analysis

Summary of a number of studies focused on one question, or topic, and uses a specific statistical methodology to synthesize the findings in order to draw conclusions about the area of focus.

Secondary Source

Summary of material, critique, analysis of a theory, topic, practice.

Systematic review

Summation and assessment of a group of quantitative research studies on a focused clinical question

The t-test is used to Adjust for initial differences within the groups. Estimate the error of prediction. Test whether two groups differ significantly. Test whether more than two groups differ significantly.

Test whether two groups differ significantly.

_____ is the administration of the same instrument to the same subjects under similar conditions on two or more occasions.

Test-retest reliability

A research question must be ____.

Testable

Which of the following can be achieved using a correlational design?

Testing of relationships proposed in a theoretical proposition

In developing a question for an EBP project involving the fall rate of patients 65 years of age and older, the initial ethical consideration should be The age of the researcher. The number of falls. The age of the population. The sample size of the population.

The age of the population.

A Certificate of Confidentiality may be required to protect both the researched and the researcher. Why? The nurse researcher will not lose his or her license to practice and do research because of the sensitive topic being researched. If the research topic is particularly sensitive, this certificate protects patients from divulging issues uncomfortable to them. The certificate protects the researcher and the researched from being coerced by governmental authorities to reveal sensitive information. The certificate means that no information is shared with those who should not be informed.

The certificate protects the researcher and the researched from being coerced by governmental authorities to reveal sensitive information.

Finding an appropriate measurement tool is based on which of the following assumptions?

The concept to be measured has been clearly defined

Why is informed consent a crucial issue in research projects?

The consenting subject will understand what the research is about and will have the choice to participate (or not)

Informed consent is a crucial issue in research projects because

The consenting subject will understand what the research is about and will have the choice to participate (or not).

Informed consent is a crucial issue in research projects because Research results will be more meaningful. The researcher will be adhering to international codes of ethics from which federal regulations are drawn. The project will be rejected by the IRB, because the subject is not informed about the study. The consenting subject will understand what the research is about and will have the choice to participate (or not).

The consenting subject will understand what the research is about and will have the choice to participate or not.

An essential component of a critique is a description of how the data were collected. Which of the following statements provides the best data collection description? Data collection was timely and used a tool developed by the researcher. Multiple tools were used to collect the data. The data was collected at 2-week intervals using a pre-test/post-test procedure. The score for the tool is easily understood and needs little description.

The data was collected at 2-week intervals using a pre-test/post-test procedure.

External validity

The degree to which findings of a study can be generalized to other populations or environments.

which of the following is a condition for determining causality in research studies?

The effect should not occur unless the cause is, or has been, present

Testing

The effects of taking a pretest on the scores of a post test.

A quasi-experimental design is one in which The dependent variable is manipulated with randomization and a control group. The independent variable is manipulated with randomization and a control group. The independent variable is manipulated with no randomization and no control group. The dependent variable is manipulated with no randomization and no control group.

The independent variable is manipulated with no randomization and no control group.

Generalizability

The inferences that the data are representative of similar phenomena in a population beyond the studied sample.

You are examining several instruments to find the one most appropriate for your study. Which of the following findings should be of greatest concern?

The instrument has been used in a number of studies that have not reported validity and reliability data. You find a recent article written by a credible researcher criticizing the validity and reliability and evidence that the instrument is invalid for measuring the concept of interest

Regarding citation dates of literature to be included in a literature review for a research study, which of the following statements is true?

The literature review should include backgrounds on the variables in the study

Power analysis

The mathematical procedure to determine the number for each arm (group) of a study.

Which of the following topics would be inappropriate for a researchable problem? The morality of abortion as a form of birth control The relationship between cigarette smoking and weight loss The effect of severe dietary restrictions on well-being The relationship between religious beliefs and pain perception

The morality of abortion as a form of birth control.

Negative Pearson correlation

The more X, the less Y

Positive Pearson correlation

The more X, the more Y

Several basic guidelines can be used to make the research critiquing procedure less threatening. Which of the following reflects the utilization of these guidelines? The nurse reads the entire discussion section carefully to gain an overview of the research report. The nurse identifies shortcomings that are unfamiliar, to clarify the limitations within the study. The nurse reads the entire study meticulously to acquire a general understanding of the research report. The nurse identifies modifications for the selected research report.

The nurse reads the entire study meticulously to acquire a general underestanding of the research report.

When developing a nursing research project, why is it important to remember the ethical constraints?

The protection of human subjects underlies all human research projects.

What is the issue of greatest concern when developing a research project?

The protection of the vulnerable subject

What is the issue of greatest concern when developing a research project? The competence of the researcher to do the research The availability of funding The protection of the vulnerable subject Informed consent

The protection of the vulnerable subject.

Manipulation

The provision of some experimental treatment, in one way or varying degrees, to some of the subjects in the study.

HIPAA, which was designed to protect all humans and their medical records in this era of electronic paperless records, has imposed another restraint on conducting research. Why?

The regulations protect against unauthorized disclosure; although IRB permission includes this protection, additional care is taken under HIPAA

HIPAA, which was designed to protect all humans and their medical records in this era of electronic paperless records, has imposed another restraint on conducting research. Why?

The regulations protect against unauthorized disclosure; although IRB permission includes this protection, additional care is taken under HIPAA.

HIPAA, which was designed to protect all humans and their medical records in this era of electronic paperless records, has imposed another restraint on conducting research. Why? It is more difficult to obtain IRB permission to conduct a research project. With paperless medical records, there are no data to analyze, even when interview data and surveys are involved. The regulations protect against unauthorized disclosure; although IRB permission includes this protection, additional care is taken under HIPAA. HIPAA ensures that highly sensitive data (e.g., HIV/AIDS status) is not disclosed.

The regulations protect against unauthorized disclosure; although IRB permission includes this protection, additional care is taken under HIPAA.

In health sciences it is unlikely that researchers will be able to establish absolute causality. Therefore, most nursing research studies must deal with relative cause and probabilities of a cause leading to an effect. Which of the following statements about probability is true?

The researcher investigates the likelihood that an effect will occur under specific circumstances

Which of the following statements about a one-tailed test of significance is True?

The researcher is interested in extreme scores in only one tail of the distribution

Written informed consent may be waived in some circumstances that present no more than minimal risk to the potential subject-for example, completion of questionnaires not asking for sensitive data. What is the researcher's responsibility in this case?

The researcher is obliged to inform the potential subject of all of the usual elements of consent (e.g., disclosure of the purpose of the study, obligations of the participant, and voluntary nature of participation) in a cover letter or in some other identified fashion

In searching databases, it is important that the researcher identify keywords to enter into the search process. Which of the following statements about these keywords is true?

The researcher may need to find synonyms of alternate terms to describe the concepts

Which of the following is an example of random measurement error?

The researcher presses the wrong key when entering data into the computer

In nursing research, which of the following researcher factors is most important in relation to statistical analysis?

The researcher should understand the meaning underlying the choice and interpretation of statistics

Ethical concerns for qualitative study: Researcher-Participant Interaction

The researcher-participant relationship may evolve into a therapeutic relationship. In the process of "getting the picture," nurse may offer advice/form therapeutic relationship/promote healing.

What do statistically significant findings imply? The results are very important. The results are not very important. The results are likely due to chance differences among groups. The results are likely due to real differences among groups.

The results arelikely due to real differences among groups.

A type I error occurs when

The results indicate a statistically significant difference when in reality no significant difference exist

Respect for Human Dignity

The right to self determination, the right to full disclosure

In evidence-based practice, a nurse using quantitative research for clinical decision making must be most knowledgeable about how To calculate statistics. To write research reports. The study design applies to practice. To design a research study.

The study design applies to practice

For a study using one independent variables and one dependent variable, a good sample size would result if

The study had 40 participant, and 3 dropped out

Theories link interrelated concepts to present a view of phenomenon or something that is happening in nursing. Which of the following statements about theories is (are) true?

Theories begin when research findings are organized and synthesized to explain what is happening in an identified situations, theories may originate from abstract ideas, institution, or personal experiences, and many theories are needed to stimulate new and different nursing interventions or protocols

Grounded Theory

Theory that is constructed inductively from the base of observations of the world as it is lived by a selected group of people. Grounded theory method is a research approach that uses a systematic set of procedures to arrive at theory about basic social processes.

Which statement best represents the relationship between a causal and an associative hypothesis? They are the opposite of each other. One is written in as a question, the other as a declarative sentence. One assumes a relationship, the other denies that one exists. They are similar to each other.

They are the opposite of each other.

Exclusion criteria

Things you do not want in our study; this way you can tell if the outcome is from the intervention.

Inclusion criteria

Things you want in your study

References

This list supports the material presented by ID'ing the sources in a manner that allows for easy retrieval

Why do federal regulations specify that the makeup of the institutional review board should reflect cultural and gender diversity and an awareness of local mores?

This practice ensures that all research projects presented to the IRB will receive fair examination and not be denied without discussion.

Why do federal regulations specify that the makeup of the institutional review board should reflect cultural and gender diversity and an awareness of local mores? This practice ensures that all research projects presented to the IRB will receive fair examination and not be denied without discussion. Gender studies have not been common until recently, and females react differently to different treatments. Awareness of local customs and culture means that both IRB members and researchers understand issues of concern in a non-American population. There is now great interest in researching healthcare issues in persons of different cultures.

This practice ensures that all research projects presented to the IRB will receive fair examination and not be denied without discussion.

Why do federal regulations specify that the makeup of the institutional review board should reflect cultural and gender diversity and an awareness of local mores?

This practice ensures that all research projects presented to the IRB will receive fair examination and will not be denied without discussion

Describe a Theoretical framework

This section includes main concepts investigated.

What factors do you consider to determine whether a research question is feasible?

Time, availability of subjects, facilities, equipment, money, experience of researchers, ethical considerations

Major disadvantage of simple random sampling?

Time-consuming Inefficient

Some ways of controlling variables for nonexperimental or quasi-experimental designs are Timing of test intervals and the setting. Randomization of subjects and control groups. Flexible inclusion and exclusion criteria. Control of history and maturation.

Timing of test intervals and the setting.

Research is conducted for which of the following reasons?

To test theory, to develop new knowledge, and to generate theory

When writing up a research project, the researcher describes in detail the sample, setting, and data. Which criterion for reliability and validity was met? Credibility Transferability Dependability Confirmability

Transferability

The ACA, IOM/RWJF and Carnegie Foundation reports are national movements to Reaffirm current nursing practice. Ignore current nursing practice. Transform current nursing practice. Eliminate current nursing practice.

Transform current nursing practice

The ACA, IOM/RWJF, and Carnegie Foundation reports are national movements to:

Transform current nursing practice

What type of nursing leadership best serves the expanding healthcare environment and patient-centered care?

Transformational leadership

The Institute of Medicine's publication Keeping Patients Safe focuses on

Transforming the work environment for nurses.

The Institute of Medicine's publication Keeping Patients Safe focuses on Building a safer health system. Processes to report medication errors. Transforming the work environment for nurses. Healthcare reform.

Transforming the work environment for nurses.

Intervention fidelity is also referred to as?

Treatment fidelity

A randomized clinical trial is used to study what kind of effect?

Treatment outcome

the consent form in a research proposal needs to include all the following except

Treatments provided to the control group

Combining qualitative and quantitative methods in a single study is known as Systematic analysis. Transferability. Prospective design. Triangulation.

Triangulation

false

True or false: The more errors you describe when you review an article means your critique is rigorous

false

True or false:Publication of a research report indicates that the study was of high quality

Observed test score

True score + error

When making good decisions in evidence-based practice, _____ of the data is necessary. Confirmability Trustworthiness Independence Timing

Trustworthiness

Credibility

Truth of findings as judged by participants and others within discipline

Credibility

Truth of findings as judged by participants and others within the discipline.

A ____ occurs when the researcher rejects a null hypothesis when it is actually true.

Type 1 Error

Which of the errors is considered more serious? why?

Type 1 Error Due to the potential for patient care to be affected adversely

A ____ occurs when a researcher accepts a null hypothesis that is actually false.

Type 2 Error

Unfortunately, decreasing the risk of making a Type 1 Error increases the risk for making a ____.

Type 2 Error

Analysis understanding involves?

Understanding the terms and parts of the study

Synthesis understanding involves?

Understanding the whole article and each step of the research process in a study - assess the study's validity

Results of the study should include Unexpected findings. Unanswered questions. Pictures of subjects. Endorsements of peers.

Unexpected findings

When creating a questionnaire, it is essential to do each of the following except Be concise and reasonably brief. Code and weight the responses prior to the administration of the tool. Conduct a pilot testing of the tool with a select group of the target population. Use double-negative questions regularly within the tool.

Use double-negative questions regularly within the tool.

One-group (pretest-posttest) design

Used when ONLY ONE group is available for study. Data are collected before and after an experimental treatment on one group of subjects. No control, no randomization

How can we control the risk of committing Type 1 Errors?

Using the Level of Significance

Triangulation

Using two pieces of information to locate a 3rd, unique finding. Ex: Quantitative + qualitative = ???

When an instrument is ____, it truly reflect the concepts it is supposed to measure.

Valid

QA/QI data are now considered Valid research to guide practice. Valid evidence to guide practice. Generalizable to all practice. Unlimited to any practice.

Valid research to guide practice

QA/QI data are now considered

Valid research to guide practice.

Nursing research is a scientific process that

Validates existing knowledge, refines existing knowledge, and generates new knowledge

Whether the evidence is gained by research or other sources, the information must be scrutinized for Uniqueness. Individuality. Validity. Reliability.

Validity

_____ is the extent to which an instrument measure the attribute of a concept accurately.

Validity

The atrocities performed on prisoners in Nazi Germany violated which ethical principles? Value of life, justice, and respect Beneficence, nonmaleficence, and value of life Autonomy, nonmaleficence, and respect Justice, autonomy, and nonmaleficence

Value of life, justice and respect

The atrocities performed on prisoners in Nazi Germany violated which ethical principles?

Value of life, justice, and respect

____ should be kept as separate as possible from the conduct of research.

Values

Independent Variable (x)

Variable that has the presumed effect on the dependent variable. -Experimental= it is manipulated -Non-experimental= not manipulated and is assumed to have occurred naturally before/ during study.

Extraneous variable

Variable that interferes with the operations of the phenomena being studied. Also called mediating variable.

The two essential parts of the research problem statement are the population and the Setting. Theory. Concepts. Variables.

Variables

Testability

Variables observed, measured and analyzed.

Intervening, extraneous, or mediating variable

Variables that interferes with the operations of the variables being studied

Antecedent variables

Variables that occur within the subjects prior to the study - before introduction of intervention Pts. motivation to learn about medical condition might affect effect of educational program

Dependent Variable (Y)

Varies with a change in the independent variable. It is not manipulated. It is observed and assumed to vary with changes in the I.V. -Researcher is interested in understanding, explaining or predicting.

Culture

Viewed as a system of knowledge and linguistic expression used by social groups that allows the researcher to interpret or make sense of the world

The "Nursing Studies Index", the first annotated index of nursing research, was the work of:

Virginia Henderson

The Nursing Studies Index, the first annotated index of nursing research, was the work of Florence Nightingale. Virginia Henderson. Marita Titler. Dorothea Orem.

Virginia Henderson

The Nursing Studies Index, the first annotated index of nursing research, was the work of

Virginia Henderson.

Which of the following variables can be directly measured?

Vital signs (temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure)

Subjects should not be asked to waive their _____ in order to release the investigator from liability for negligence.

Waive their rights

A research study recommendation should include No further need for research. No benefits for use in practice. Ways to change practice based on results. Ways to avoid using the results in other studies.

Ways to change practice based on results.

Population

Well-defined set that has specified properties Ex - People, animals, objects, blood samples, urine samples, patient documents, or events

true experiments

What are designed primarily to determine causal connections?

adequate disclosure, comprehension, and freedom from coercion

What are the 3 parts to informed consent

use of scientific evidence

What is a distinguishing characteristic of evidence-based practice as compared with traditional nursing practice?

anthropology

What is ethnography's disciplinary origin in?

sociology

What is grounded theory's disciplinary origin in?

expert opinion

What is on of the weakest pieces of evidence a researcher can identify when addressing and answering clinical questions?

philosophy

What is phenomenology's disciplinary origin in?

random assignment

What is the best way to control confounding extraneous variables?

generalizability

What is the extent to which research findings can be generalized beyond the given research situation?

The research question of a phenomenological study of the birth of a first child might be

What is the meaning of a woman's lived experience of having a first child

isolate and identify the effect produced by the independent variable

What is the primary goal in an experimental research design?

What is the initial question the researcher should ask when selecting a research design for a particular study?

What is the primary reason for the study?

ethnography

What is used to describe cultural characteristics of a group of people?

large randomized experimental studies with control groups

What leads to strongest evidence generated from a research study?

What are nonparametric studies indicated?

When data are not at the interval level of measurement When sample is small and data do not approximate normal distribution

Random selection

When each element of the population has an equal and independent chance of being included in the sample

Data saturation

When nothing new is emerging form the interviews - usually not a predetermined number

Instrumental case study

When researchers are pursuing insight into an issue or want to challenge some generalization

When is purposive sampling utilized?

When studying a highly unusual group

Describe an Introduction

Where researcher presents a background picture of the area researched and its significance to practice

Discussion

Where researchers tie together all of study's pieces to give a picture of a study as a whole Also where researchers go back to literature reviewed and discuss how their study is similar/different

Use of a one-tailed versus a two-tailed test of significance of the difference between two samples is determined by Whether there is expected overlap between the error curves of the two sample distributions. Whether the difference is expected to be in one direction only. The size of the samples relative to population size. Whether the subjects were matched or chosen randomly.

Whether the difference is expected to be in one direction only.

Ethical and legal considerations with regard to research first received attention after _____.

World War II - Nazi Trials

Which of the following hypotheses would be linked with a Pearson correlation coefficient analysis?

X and Y occur together

A researcher identified modifiable risk factors that had an impact on smoking. If you wanted to do an approximate replication of that study, could you change the operational definition of the concept of "smoking"?

Yes, but the new operationalization would need to be similar to the conceptual definition

Graduates of nursing programs were surveyed 6 months postgraduation to determine their perspectives on the adequacy of their nursing education. What type of study is this an example of? A. A cross-sectional study B. A prospective study C. An ex post facto study D. A longitudinal study

a

What is the role of an investigator in a correlational study? A. Examines the relationship between two or more variables. B. Evaluates data-collection instruments. C. Determines a cause-and-effect relationship among variables. D. Uses each subject as his or her own control

a

Which of the following types of studies is concerned specifically with a time perspective? A. Developmental studies B. Cross-sectional studies C. Descriptive studies D. Causal modeling studies

a

Which type of study is a comparative study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental

a

In one retrospective study, a researcher demonstrated that cigarette smoking appeared to be a determinant of lung cancer. Why was the researcher unable to conclude a causal relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer? (Select all that apply.) A. The independent variable was not manipulated. B. Subjects were not randomly assigned to groups. C. The researcher did not have a high level of control. D. The causal event did not occur before the effect event.

a, b

What is another name for longitudinal studies? (Select all that apply. A. Prospective studies B. Cohort studies C. Repeated measures studies D. Ex post facto studies

a, b, c

What are potential disadvantages of longitudinal studies? A. Subject loss as a result of attrition B. Loss of a control group C. The Hawthorne effect D. Superficiality of data

a, c

The nurse researcher has decided to determine factors predictive of parenting self-efficacy at 12 to 48 hours after childbirth and at 1 month postpartum. Which design of types would be applicable? (Select all that apply). A. Cohort B. Descriptive C. Longitudinal with retrospective D. Prospective

a, d

Which studies would be considered survey studies? (Select all that apply). A. Descriptive B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Exploratory E. Comparative F. Cross-sectional

a, d , e

Sources for nursing research come primarily from two sources:

academic and healthcare settings

Respresentativeness

accessible and target population are alike in as many ways as possible

Serendipity

accidental discovery of something useful

Professional care models give nurses:

accountability, authority, responsibility

Quantitative (analytic)

analyzing the data through statistical analysis and (16) interpreting the results

The atrocities performed on prisoners in Nazi Germany violated which ethical principles?

autonomy, nonmaleficence, and respect

A study was designed to assess whether motion had an effect on the mood of elderly residents in a nursing home. The researcher examined whether residents who ambulated for an hour every day were more engaged in their environments than those who did not ambulate. This is an example of which type of study? A. Prospective B. Comparative C. Ex post facto D. Correlational

b

How are psychometrics used? A. To interpret research data to determine cause-and-effect relationships B. To use the research process to develop tools or techniques for use in measurement C. To combine data from multiple research studies and summarize their findings D. To analyze data collected for another purpose

b

Which of the following statements are true about nonexperimental designs? A. In nonexperimental studies, the independent variable is manipulated. B. Nonexperimental designs are used to test relationships among variables. C. Nonexperimental designs can be used to construct a picture of a phenomenon at one point in time. D. In nonexperimental studies, subjects are randomly selected.

b, c

The nurse researcher has decided to assess patient and provider responses to a computerized symptom assessment system. Which design of types would be applicable? (Select all that apply). A. Exploratory B. Descriptive C. Longitudinal with retrospective D. Longitudinal medical records review

b, c, d

Which study would be considered a relationship-difference study? (Select all that apply). A. Descriptive B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Exploratory E. Comparative F. Cross-sectional

b, c, f

What is another name for retrospective studies? A. Repeated measures studies B. Case-control studies C. Cohort studies D. Ex post facto studies

b, d

A researcher explored the nursing practice of new graduates to measure the frequency of medical errors they made over time. A cohort of new graduates was surveyed at 6 months, 9 months, and 1 year postgraduation. Which of the following designs best describes this study? A. Correlational predictive B. Retrospective correlational C. Descriptive longitudinal D. Comparative descriptive

c

Which type of study is a case-control study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental

c

Which type of study is a cohort study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental

c

Which type of study is a longitudinal study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental

c

Which type of study is a prospective study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental

c

Which type of study is an ex post facto study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental

c

Why are nonexperimental correlational studies used frequently in nursing research? A. Findings of nonexperimental correlational studies can be generalized to larger populations. B. Independent variables can be manipulated very precisely in correlational studies. C. Many of the phenomena of clinical interest do not lend themselves to manipulation, control, or randomization. D. To determine the best clinical practices, nurses must be aware of cause-and-effect relationships.

c

Variables

concepts measured, manipulated, or controlled in a study

Quantitative phases

conceptual, planning, empirical, analytic, and dissemination phases

Research Question

concise interrogative statement developed to direct a study

When subjects are selected because they happen to be in the right place at the right time, the sampling method is referred to as

convenience sampling

Phenomenolgy

describes and captures "lived experience" of the study participants

Possible choices for the variables "Education" are given as

did not graduate from high school; high school graduate; college degree; graduate degree. This set of choices is an example of which of the following levels of measurement?: Ordinal

Quantitative (planning)

entails 6) selecting a research design 7) developing intervention protocols if the study is experimental 8) specifying the population 9) developing a plan to select a sampl 10) specifying a data collection plan and methods to measure the research variables 11) developing strategies to safeguard subjects right and 12) finalizing research plan.

target

entire population of interest

Qualitative (phenomenology)

focuses on the lived experiences of humans and is an approach to gaining insight into what the life experiences of people are like and what they mean.

Privacy Act

freedom of an individual to determine the time, extent, and general circumstances under which private information will be shared with or withheld from others

Ratio

highest level of measurement with equal distance between intervals -->absolute zero -->mean

There is never a ____ in qualitative research. They only have _____.

hypothesis, research questions

purposes of research

identification and description. exploration. explanation. prediction and control.

bracketing

identification of any previous knowledge, ideas, or beliefs about the phenomenon under investigation

In developing a questionnaire, the researcher should

identify the essential content to be covered

In a study of the use of simulation in nursing education, the researcher specifies that participants must be nursing students 18 years of age or older who are in their first clinical nursing course. These specifications are an example of Demographic variables. Exclusion criteria. Extraneous variables. Inclusion criteria.

inclusion criteria

The ANA's "Nursing's Safety and Quality Initiative"

initiative to identify indicators of quality nursing practice and to collect data using these indicators across the United States •Goal was to develop nursing -sensitive quality measures

what are some ways to measure research variables

instruments, tools, measure? examples?

Evidence-Based Practice

integration of best research evidence, goal is implementation of quality cost-effective care to promote positive outcomes

Quantitative (conceptual)

involves 1) defining the problem to be studied. 2) doing a literature review 3) engaging in clinical fieldwork for clinical studies; 4) developing a framework and conceptual definitions 5) formulating hypotheses to be tested.

Element

is the most basic unit about which information is collected.

what is basic research?

knowledge for knowledge base. background questions. "what is COPD?"

Basic research is also known as bench research and is defined as research to gain knowledge for:

knowledge's sake

interval

level of measurement characterized by a constant unit of measurement or equal distances between points on a scale

Alpha (a)

level of statistical significance

Probability

likelihood of accurately predicting an event

EBP projects in your institution are not required to obtain IRB approval. What must the nurse in charge of the EBP project still do?

maintain anonymity and confidentiality of patient information

Applied research build body of knowledge for nursing practice because it is the basis of:

nursing processes

Direct Measurement

objective (O2 sat, temp)

Qualitative research gathers data by

observation, interviews, and text

Range

obtained by subtracting lowest score from the highest score -->sensitive to outliers

Non-probability Sampling

sampling in which not every element of the population has an opportunity for selection, such as convenience sampling, quota sampling, purposive sampling, and network sampling

Qualitative (grounded theory)

seeks to describe and understand key social and psychological processes that occur in a social setting.

Sampling

selecting representative units of a population in order to represent a population.

Research outcomes should focus on

specific recommendations for implementation (or not) of the findings in practice, what the findings contribute to building knowledge, and specific recommendations for future research

Standard deviation

square root of the variance; the average difference score

Assumptions

statements taken for granted or are considered to be true

Quantitative Rigor

striving for excellence in research and adherence to detail. Uses logical reasoning and precision

The ____ tests whether two group means are different. This statistic is used when the researcher has 2 groups and the question is whether the mean scores on some measure are more different than would be expected by chance.

t statistic

Which of the following is an inferential statistic? Mode t-test Standard deviation Range

t-test

Secondary analysis

takes previously collected data and analyzed data from one study and reanalyzes data for a secondary question or research purpose

Chi Square

test differences among nominal (naming) variables -->(X2)

t-test

test for difference between two groups -->(t)

Pearson r

test for relationship between two variables -->(r)

population

the entire set of individuals or objects having some common characteristics (e.g. all RNs in New York); sometimes called universe

A researcher reports that a finding in a study comparing effectiveness of two interventions is statistically significant. Which of the following statements about this study is true?

the level of significance of the statistical finding reveals nothing about the actual size of the difference

research design

the overall plan for addressing a research question, including strategies for enhancing the study's integrity.

Which of the following statements describes the special relationship between the participants and the researcher in qualitative research?

the participants are considered to be colleagues

Philosophy influences the way in which people view the world, what they consider to be real, and the beliefs, values, and attitudes they hold. Which of the following statements about nursing philosophy, practice, and research is true?

the philosophies of the nursing support both quantitative and qualitative approaches to research

purpose of a literature review

the primary purpose of literature reviews is to integrate research evidence to sum up what is known and what is not known.

Which of the following statements about use of descriptive statistics is true?

they are used in every research study, qualitative as well as quantitative, they are used to identify patterns in data, and they are used to address objectives of some studies

What is the best definition of intervention theories?

they show why a procedure works

cluster sampling

type of sampling in which the researcher selects groups of subjects rather than individual subjects

visual analogue scale

type of scale that measures subjective phenomena -100 mm long w/anchors at each end quantifying intensity

The best definition of outliers is that they are

unusual scores that should be examined

what is applied research?

use knowledge to solve/educate/help. foreground questions. What is best treatment used for nausea?

two-tailed test

used when a researcher does not have a sound reason to make a directional prediction

QA/QI data are now considered:

valid evidence to guide practice

Median

value in exact center of a frequency distribution; obtained by rank ordering values from least to greatest -->Ordinal data

Tuskegee syphilis study

withheld the syphilis vaccine from certain individuals to see how they would cope without it

Standards of Care

•Clinical guidelines •Critical paths •Care maps


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