Nurse 1451 Exam 4
A non-drug expectorant available to everyone
Water
Orthopnea
When a person uses multiple pillows to sleep.
Aminophylline, theophylline and caffeine are derivatives of what used to treat asthma?
Xanthine
This medication is used to treat bronchoconstriction associated with COPD by causing bronchodilation by increasing the ability of the cilia to clear mediction.
Xanthines
Bronchodilators
act as sympathetic nervous system (SNS) adrenergic agonist; which dilates constricted bronchi and bronchioles by relaxing smooth muscles.
Work at ATI receptor sites on cells
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB's)
Sympathomimetics cause dilation of the bronchioles by increasing what?
cAMP
The substance responsible for maintaining bronchodilation?
cAMP cyclic adhesion monophosphate
When H1 receptors are stimulated, smooth muscle lining the nasal cavity is..
constricted
Asthma
Irritants to bronchial tree cause bronchoconstriction, resulting in narrowed inflamed airways, dyspnea, and mucous production - all of which are reversible
Heart failure
Is a condition in which the heart loses the ability to pump enough blood to the body's tissues.
Expiration
Is a passive process mainly caused by elastic recoil of the diaphragm relaxation of the intercostal muscles, requires little to no work.
Angina
Is caused by temporary imbalance between the coronary arteries ability to supply oxygen and the cardiac muscle demand for oxygen.
Complete obstruction
Is indicated by extreme inspiration effort with no chest movement
partial obstruction
Is indicated by low-pitched snoring during inhalation
Compliance
Is the ability of the lungs to distend or expand in response to increase intraalveolar pressure.
The name leukotriene receptor antagonist.
Montelukast
In HTN SBP is at or above what?
140
How many minutes should a client wait after using a bronchodilator and before using a glucocorticoid preparation?
5 minutes
In HTN DBO is at or above what?
90
Albuterol is what ?
A beta adrenergic
COPD
A group of diseases that results in persistent obstruction of bronchial airflow.
Acetylcysteine is what?
A mucolytic
Zafirlukast is what ?
A steroid
Baroreceptors are more sensitive in the aging adult
Abnormal
Conduction time decrease in the aging adult
Abnormal
Decreased size of the left ventricle in the aging adult
Abnormal
Increased cilia function in the aging adult
Abnormal
Chyne-stroke
Abnormal type of breathing characterized by periods of shallow and deep breathing.
List risk factors for HTN
Age greater than 60. Family history. High sodium intake. Physical inactivity.
Gas exchange occurs where in the lungs ?
Alveoli
Epinephrine is what?
An alpha adrenergic
H1 blocker or H1 antagonist
Antihistamines
Infection resulting from retained mucous secretions , what may be prescribed ?
Antimicrobials
Aspirin in low doeses is a memeber of this class
Antiplatelets
Act on the cough control center in the medulla
Antitussives
MONA nursing interventions for MI
Morphine Oxygen Nitroglycerin Aspirin
A group of drugs used to liqueft and loosen thick mucus secretions is ?
Mucolytics
In emergency situation such as anaphylaxis, are antihistamines useful?
No
Substernal chest pain and dyspnea are assessment findings with this type of pneumonia.
Non-bacterial
Enlarged alveoli in the aging adult
Normal
Enlarged trachea and large bronchi from calcification of air way in the aging adult
Normal
Pace maker cell decrease in the aging adult
Normal
Stuff and less complaint left ventricle in the aging adult
Normal
Hypoventilation
Occurs when the alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the alveoli, less lung is ventilated.
List three nursing interventions for someone on oxygen therapy:
Provide nasal care. Check pressure points. Provide oral care every 8 hrs.
List 5 S/S of heart failure
Pulmonary congestion. Adventitious breath sounds. SOB. Distended neck veins. Peripheral vasoconstriction.
After constant use of nasal spray what is likely to occur ?
Rebound congestion
Large, continous doses of beta2 -adrenergic agonist may cause this side effect in the older adult
Tachycardia
Tidal volume
The amount of air taken into the lungs in a single breath.
Glucocorticoids
The drug commonly prescribed to treat unresponsive asthma
Hemoglobin
The oxygen carrying component of blood.
Clients taking antihistamines need to be monitored for signs and symptoms of ?
Urinary dysfunction
List nursing interventions for pneumonia
Assist with coughing. Deep breathing. Incentive spirometer. Encourage fluids. Monitor I&O
This anticholinergic drug has fewer side effects and is admministerd by aerosol
Atorvent
Headache, myalgia, lethargy are all assessment findings with this type of pneumonia.
Bacterial
Pneumonia
Bacterial, viral, parasitic or fungal infection that causes inflammation of the alveolar spaces.
Inspiration
Inhalation
Unstable angina
Chest pain at rest or exertion
Two major types of angina
Chronic stable. Unstable.
Expiration
Exhalation
Loosen bronchial secretions to be removed by coughing
Expectorants
The first line of defense in an acute asthmatic attack are the drugs catergorized as?
Beta2-adenergic agonists
Hemoptysis
Bloody sputum
Cyanosis
Blue discoloration of the skin caused by desaturation in hemoglobin.
Hyperventilation
Breathing too fast that leads to the elimination of CO2.
Claudication
Burning pain in legs or buttocks during exercise that's relieved by rest.
Heart rate x Stroke volume
Cardiac output
List three S/S of hypoxia:
Change in mental status. Restlessness. Dizziness.
Chronic stable angina
Chest discomfort with activity or stress
List assessment findings for COPD
Clubbing of the fingernails. Cough. Dyspnea. Barrel chest. Weight loss.
The most common cause Of URI?
Common cold
CNS
Controls RR, depth, and rhythm.
Signs of left sided heart failure
Crackles or wheezing, S3-S4, nocturia at night, frothy pink sputum, decreased CO, hacking cough
Stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptors producing vasoconstriction in the nasal capillaries
Decongestants
Kussmaul
Deep labored breathing
Emphysema
Destruction of elastin alters alveolar walls and narrows airways, resulting in enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, trapped air, and coalesced alveoli
What is the main function of the lungs?
Gas exchange
Dexamethasone is what?
Glucocorticoids
Decongestants are contraindicated for patients what?
HTN, CAD, DM, and hyperthyroidism
These are two risk factors for hyperlipidemia
High LDL Low HDL
Major side effects of oral inhalers
Hoarseness, dry mouth, white spots in the oral cavity, headaches.
Long term use of glucocorticoids can cause what?
Impaired immunity, fluid retension, and HTN.
Epinephrine (Adrenaline, Primatene) are aplha and beta stimulants given SQ, IM and inhalation. What are the possible side effects when this medication is given?
Increased heart rate and force of the heart
Signs of right sided heart failure
Jugular distention, enlarged spleen and liver, polyuria at night, increased BP d/t excessive volume
This side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood into the arteries.
Left side
What two things can affect the body's ability to meet oxygen demands?
Low hemoglobin and anemia.
This is a COPD patients stimulus to breathe
Low partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)
Inhaler dose is high or lower than an oral dose?
Lower
What facts about an inhaler drug does should the nurse be aware of ?
Lower than an oral dose, fewer side effects than an oral dose, onset of action more rapid than that of an oral dose.
This side of the heart receives un-oxygenated blood
Right side
Second generation antihistamines differ from first generation antihistamines because they do not cause what?
Sedation
List nursing interventions for HTN
Smoking cessation. Change in diet. Exercise. Promote lifestyle changes.
myocardial infarction
The interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart causing heart cells to die.
Ventilation
The process of moving gases into and out of the lungs.
List three things that will effect diffusion in the lungs:
Thickness of the membrane. Emphysema Pneumothorax lobectomy
Angina
This is a lack of oxygen that does not cause permanent damage of the myocardial tissue.
Lab panel to detect MI
Troponin, CPK/CK-MB, myoglobin
A major side effect for a patient taking antihistamine is ?
drowsiness and dry mouth
COPD patients who frequently use bronchodilators may exhibit the following side effects
tachycardia. tremors, nevousness