NUTR 1030 chp 8

____ are "powerhouse" organelles that synthesize most of the ATP that cells need to function

mitochondria

A healthy liver can metabolize up to about __ g of alcohol per hour

15

The alcohol dehydrogenase pathway metabolizes alcohol when a person drinks ____ Amounts of alcohol

Low to moderate

Alcohol level is reported as

Percentage of alcohol in the blood

which of the following hormones can adapt to increasing or decreasing metabolic rates?

Thyroid hormone

John is a moderate drinker that has had 2 - 24 ounce beers in one glass of red wine. How long will it take his liver to metabolize that amount of alcohol?

about 4-5 hours

Metabolic hormonal action can act while the digestive tract is absorbing nutrients, ____, or when the digestive tract is inactive, ____

absorptive; post-absorptive

lipogenesis Occurs as a result of combining ____ Molecules in A Series of repeating sequential reactions

acetyl CoA

When the body has access to oxygen, the pyruvate that is formed From glycolysis is converted to

acteyl coenzyme A

during ____ Metabolism, adequate oxygen is present allowing mitochondria to make lots of ATP

aerobic

Match the ATP yield of the following fuels

alanine- 14 ATP palmitic acid- 106 ATP glucose- 30-32 ATP

Match the pathway on the left with where they enter the catabolic pathway on the right

glucogenic- pyruvate ketogenic- acetyl CoA

oxaloacetate is produced during ____ metabolism

glucose

Define the word gluconeogenesis based upon the meaning of the following segments: "gluco" = ____, "neo" = ____, "genesis" = ____

glucose; new; formation

Pathway by which glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells is

glycogenesis

the hormone that activates receptors on cell membranes of adipocytes and muscle cells in signal glucose transport proteins is

insulin

Occurs in muscle cells and adipocytes because insulin receptors no longer function properly

insulin resistance

Where is the primary site of glycogen degradation to provide tissues with energy

liver

Acetyl CoA cannot be used to re-form

pyruvate

The conversion of amino acids into other molecules such as glucose and fatty acids is dependent on

the specific amino acid

w.o.t.f. Nutrients provides the greatest energy density?

triglycerides

T/F: Thyroid hormone can have catabolic or anabolic actions

true

w.o.t.f. Names also describe the citric acid cycle?

- TCA cycle - Krebs cycle

the body can utilize ____ for energy

- alcohol - carbohydrates - proteins - lipids

Liver cells convert extra Acetyl COA molecules to ____ Which are known as ketone bodies

- beta-hydroxybutyrate - acetoacetate - acetone

w.o.t.f. is NOT an example of a catabolic reaction?

- carbon dioxide and water -> amino acids - amino acids -> glucose

w.o.t.f. Are key hormones in the regulation of metabolic activities?

- epinephrine - insulin - thyroid hormone - glucagon

Cortisol promotes which of the following actions?

- increases use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis - increases protein catabolism

w.o.t.f. scenarios would result in an increase in release of catabolic hormones?

- intense exercise - extreme stress

Which of the following can be signs of alcohol poisoning?

- irregular breathing - blush skin - comatose

w.o.t.f. Reasons contribute to men being able to better tolerate alcohol?

- metabolize alcohol more quickly - larger body size - more body water

First priorities for amino acids derived from proteins are:

- synthesize hormones - create structural molecules - synthesize enzymes

place the following steps in order

1. Excessive alcohol consumption 2. Triglyceride accumulation in the liver 3. Alcoholic fatty liver 4. cirrhosis of the liver

Rank alcohol absorption rate from slowest to fastest based on the scenario

1. John consumes wine with his meal 2. John consumes of beer on an empty stomach 3. John consumes a shot of liquor on an empty stomach

Explain the order from which metabolic syndrome can result

1. Liver cells become insulin resistant 2. gluconeogenesis becomes altered 3. Liver releases monosaccharides into bloodstream 4. Blood glucose levels rise 5. Pancreas secretes more insulin 6. Metabolic syndrome

w.o.t.f. Sources would get metabolize first of all were present in the liver at the same time?

alcohol

____ Refers to metabolic pathways the build larger molecules from smaller ones

anabolism

during ____ Conditions, each molecule of pyruvate converts to lactic acid

anaerobic

____ Is the chemical pathway that is involved in the cannibalism of an activated fatty acid

beta-oxidation

____ ____ is defined as having four more drinks for females and five or more drinks for males per two hour occasion

binge drinking

____ Is a catabolic hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands

cortisol

T/F: In most cases, the body will excrete excess glucose in the urine

false

T/F: Insulin is released in the post absorptive state

false

T/F: Was released in the post-absorptive state

false

place The following steps of citric acid cycle in order

1. acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetate 2. Citrate is converted to an intermediate compound 3. NADH is formed and combines with citrate 4. alpha-ketoglutarate is oxidized, resulting in succinyl-CoA 5. ATP forms GTP 6. oxaloacetate is re-formed

Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions that occur in living cells including:

- Eliminate waste products - synthesize proteins - energy released from biological fuels

w.o.t.f. Responsible for transporting hydrogen ions and high energy electrons to the electron transport chain?

- FADH2 - NADH

The availability of carbon Adams in fatty acids increases the potential for more

- FADH2 - acetyl CoA - NADH

The microsomal ethanol oxidizing system is activated ____ The alcohol dehydrogenase pathway

- Only if there is a wearing down of - Directly after

By the steps to explain how triglyceride is stored within the cell

1. The rides are circulated in VLDL 2. Lipoprotein lipase cleaves glycerol back bone from three fatty acids 3. Triglyceride components into the cell 4. Three fatty acids attached the glycerol molecule forming triglyceride molecule

The most important products produced during the citric acid cycle are the ____ that are produced

coenzymes

the ____ ____ Is a pathway in which liver cells remove the lactate from the bloodstream and recycle it into glucose

cori cycle

T/F: Alcohol does not provide fuel that the body can use for energy

false

Steps of energy production from ATP in order

1. enzyme cleaves bond between last two phosphate groups of ATP 2. ATP molecule loses power 3. ADP is formed

place the following stages of glucose breakdown in order

1. glycolysis 2. pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA 3. citric acid cycle 4. electron transport chain

Match the beverage amount with the appropriate number of standard drinks it provides

10 ounces of wine- 2 drinks 36 ounces of beer- 3 drinks 6 ounces of liquor- 4 drinks

The following phase of glucose breakdown with the number of ATP produced during that phase

4 ATP- glycolysis 2 ATP- citric acid cycle 30-32 ATP- electron transport chain