Nutr. 302 summer
What was the outcome of the study?
Ability of the brain to clear toxic accumulation after irradiation.
During the evaluation phase of the empirical cycle we
Accept or reject the prediction.
A quality press release must include:
Acknowledge study limitations Absolute risk reduction or starting risk explaining basic facts Explaining downsides of interventions
How do you choose a format to display risk?
Choose a format that allows to visualize the risk
Dr. Liponis cracked the code on weight loss because he found that:
Diets need to be chosen depending on the body type to be successful: Apple or pear shaped.
What is the purpose of peer review?
Evaluating the suitability for publishing
Quiz 6: what is the study type
Longitudinal, observational study
What is agenda setting?
The emphasizing of selected topics by the media
Population
all inhabitants of a given area considered together
Dr. Attia was overweight despite exercising and eating a good diet until he:
removed refined grains and started eating saturated fat instead.
Quiz 7: what is the study type
scientific review
Which of the following confidence intervals would be considered the most significant and reliable/precise?
0.73 [0.69,0.75]
"On January 1, 2010, in the United States there were approximately 2,829,041 women alive who had a history of cancer of the breast." " According to the 2010 census the US had a population size of 308 745 538. 50.8 % of the population were female. Using this information calculate the point prevalence rate (round) and check all correct answers.
2% 20 out of 1000 1 out of 50
What was the starting risk for the outcome heart failure (HF) if we define 'non-treatment' as high-physical activity/low-sedentary time?
2.4%
Risk can be expressed in various formats. All of the following risks are identical except:
25 in 100 000
The mean age of the flavonoid study participants was ______ years:
80
What would be the maximal modified risk for HF (low-physical activity/high sendentary time)?
9.4%
A factor not expected to influence exposure or outcome, but is assessed anyway to ensure generalization is a:
A background variable
What is one distinct advantage of an observational, cohort study compared to a cross-sectional study?
A cohort study measures changes over time
Systematic Review
A document often written by a panel that provides a comprehensive review of all relevant studies and unpublished data
The following statements about the p-value are correct, except?
A p < 0.05 (or 5 %) means the difference between control and treatment group is large.
The following statements about the p-value are correct,
A p < 0.1 (or 10%) means that there is a 10% risk the result is due to chance. Statistically significant means that we are at least 95% sure that the result is not due to chance. If a result is statistically significant it means that the result is probably true.
Which of the following statements are true for a hypothesis? Check all correct answers.
A tentative explanation of a natural occurrence. A hypothesis can never be proven but scientists can generate overwhelming evidence. If a prediction is rejected hypothesis should be re-considered and modified in most cases.
The outcome of the flavonoid study was
All cause, CVD, and cancer mortality
Which of the following statements describe a causation between factor A and B? Check all correct answers.
Alternative explanations have been ruled out Factor A (exposure) causes factor B (outcome)
You are reading a systematic review about the hypothesis that sleep deficit (sleep < 6 hours) in adolescents is associated with obesity in adulthood. The studies included in the analysis are retrospective cohort, prospective cohort, and cross-sectional studies. You conclude that the relationship between sleep and obesity is:
An association
Which of the following statements describe an association between factor A and B? Check all correct answers.
An association can indicate that there might be a causation which needs further studying but cannot proof it Factor A and B occur together
Which of the following statements describe the first step of the scientific method, the observation? Check all correct answers.
An observation starts the process of studying a new scientific idea. The observation can be made in daily life or be a result of scientific research. Scientifically observation is the act of noticing a natural phenomenon.
What are some confounders? (More than one answer might be correct.)
BMI education and income cardiovascular risk factors dietary intake patterns Age
Meeting abstract
Brief summary of an oral presentation or poster at a scientific meeting.
Nawata Study: How high was the risk for a non-vertebral bone fracture in women with an average sodium intake of 7561 mg per day (modified risk)?
Can't tell
Vana Hari or the "Food Babe" is one of the most influential media voices regarding food additives and toxicology. Research Ms. Hari and check all correct answers:
Cannot be considered and expert for the area of food processing and toxicology. Is promoting pseudo-science. Food blogger and activist with a degree in computer sciences.
A meta-analysis based on clinical studies ticks off the following criteria for causation:
Cause and effect are associated. The cause is followed by the effect. Cause and effect always occur together.
Exposure
Contact with a factor influencing certain criteria in a population
You are researching the effects of green tea consumption on improved memory and find over 100,000 articles assessing this issue. Most of the articles demonstrate a link between tea consumption and improved memory, but there are some who experimentally dispute this claim. You would classify this as an:
Controversial Advanced Hypothesis
When it comes to obesity prevention, weight loss, and weigh management:
Daily physical activity with a minimum of 45 - 60 minutes of moderate physical activity on most days is recommended to maintain weight and improve overall health. At this point we have not found an effective strategy to turn the obesity epidemic around. Science shows that a low fat modestly higher protein combined with moderate complex carbohydrates seems to be the most promising diet. This would translate into a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains combined with lean meat, fish, and low-fat dairy.
When measuring individual dietary intake, which method is the most accurate?
Dietary Record
Peer review
Evaluation of a works suitability by an expert with expertises in the same field of research
Marion Nestle is writing and blogging about food politics informing and influencing the public opinion and knowledge effectively. Which of the following answers are correct according to your research?
Expert in the area of food politics and public health. According to pubmed well-published scientist in the area of public health and food politics. Professor of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health at the New York University.
Flavonoid intake was measure using a
FFQ and beverage questionnaire
Dr. Oz is a physician and therefore has sufficient education to make nutrition and exercise related recommendations.
False
If a study is published in a peer reviewed journal with a high impact factor we can be sure that the interpretation of the study results are factually correct and unbiased.
False
Meat and dairy are a good source for flavonoids.
False
Scientific results presented at scientific meetings are more valid that journal articles.
False
Observational studies can yield causations.
False: observational studies can only yield correlation
Scientists plan a study to investigate the hypothesis "Effective weight loss is associated with a diet high in fresh fruits, vegetables, and meat but the exclusion of grains, legumes, and dairy is not adding additional weight loss benefits". The scientists decide to assign a group of 90 middle-aged, obese women either to the Paleo diet, the Mediterranean Diet, or a MyPlate style diet. Women will receive initial education and the adherence to the assigned dietary pattern will be checked at 3, 6, 12, and 24 month. Keeping workload for scientists and participants in mind the scientists choose:
Food Frequency Questions
The term 'wole grains' is used with varying definitions adding to the confusion regarding results in scientific studies. What is the working definition for 'whole grains' used in the scientific community today?
Foods with >= 25 % whole grains and bran by weight excluding high-fiber bran cereals.
What is true regarding scientific meetings?
Forum for scientists to exchange and discuss new hypotheses presentations are often 'work in progress" only 3/4 of the results presented will be published during the next few years.
Population
Group of individuals living in the same area having often certain criteria in common
Case-control study
Groups with or without a certain condition are compared
Shaun "T" Blokker is hugely influential promoting and selling his "Insanity" exercise program. Does he have the credentials? Check the correct answers:
He could be considered an expert for general fitness programs for healthy individuals but has no expertise regarding sports nutrition. Bachelors degree in sport sciences from Rowan University and aerobics instructor.
"A high-salt diet raises a woman's risk of breaking a bone after menopause, no matter what her bone density is, according to a new study that was presented at The Endocrine Society's 95th Annual Meeting in San Francisco." Read the following article and the answer the next questions: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/262069.php (Links to an external site.) What exactly is the risk?
High sodium intake increases the risk for fractures in bones other than spine.
When considering risk reduction, you should ask yourself the following question(s) (choose all that apply):
How does it compare to other risks? How big is the risk reduction? What is the time frame? Does this statement apply to me?
"Women can reduce breast cancer risk by more than 33% by losing weight" The 33 % in this headline indicate a:
I can't tell
What is true regarding impact factors?
Impact factors cannot be compared across scientific fields Impact factors are an indicator of how often a certain article is cited during a time period
Which of the following statements represents a truthful interpretation of the results?
In a diverse cohort of men between the age of 45 and 69 low physical activity and high sedetary time during leisure hours were associated with an increased heart failure risk. The highest risk was seen in the group of combined low activity and high sedentary time.
The more valid way for publishing scientific results is:
In a peer reviewed scientific journal
The results of a study lead to the rejection of the prediction. What impact does this have on the hypothesis?
In most cases the hypothesis is adjusted by adding additional clauses.
"In 2017, there were 20% more new cases of type 2 diabetes than 2016" - this statement is based on:
Incidence
Which of the following statements is correct?
Incidence is a portion of prevalence.
What was the outcome? (More than one answer might be correct.)
Incidence of heart failure determined by electronic insurance records Prevalenz cases of HF were excluded.
The statement, "Consumption of 3-4 sugar-sweetened beverages per week is associated with greater weight than consumption of less than 2 sugar-sweetened beverages per week," is a reflection of which portion of the Empirical cycle?
Induction
What is the exposure? (Check all correct answers.)
Intake of cereal fiber. Intake of whole grains and bran. Intake of whole grain alone
The pressure of publishing research on a regular basis to receive research funding might lead to:
Investigator bias
Observing what a high-fat diet does to cardiovascular health over time is an example of a:
Longitudinal cohort study: measure an outcome overtime when an experimental design is unethical
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of experimental studies?
Low interval validity: researchers are able to control more facts leading to less bias and higher internal validity
Dr. Cordain claims that the Paleo diet has the following health benefits except:
Lowers the risk of cancer by 400 % especially breast, stomach, kidney, and uterine cancer.
The role of genetics in weight gain and obesity is according to scientific knowledge thought to be:
Many people have a genetic predisposition, which will lead to weight gain if environmental factors trigger the weight gain.
To what population group do the results of this study apply?
Men between the age of 45 and 69 with health care coverage
What statements are true for cohort studies? Check all correct answers.
Multiple observation for each individual over a certain time frame show how an exposure is associated with an outcome in a real life situation tend to uncover correlations, but not causations measures change of outcome over time
Below is one of the headlines following the press release about the berry study. Is this headline factually correct?
No, because the results only apply to the animal model and not a human population. No, because the study was presented at a meeting and is therefore not peer reviewed. Such study results cannot be reported as certainties.
Prevalence
Number of existing occurrences in a population at a specific point in time
Epidemiological studies fail to find an association between obesity and mortality. What do we know scientifically?
Obesity increases mortality in a population by increasing co-morbidities such as cardiovascular disease, T2D, and cancer. More research is needed though.
Looking at the availbale scientific studies which of the following statements describes the etiology of obesity correctly:
Obesity is a multifactorial condition with complex and diverse causes depending on the individual person.
My sister and four of her friends are following the Paleo Diet, cutting out grains and processed food, since two month and they all lost a lot of weight. Giving up carbohydrates leads to weight loss.
Observation
In order to determine how many people can be on a high sodium diet and reach the end of the observation period without developing hypertension in comparison to people who are on a high-sodium diet and do develop hypertension you would need to calculate the:
Odds ratio
What statements are true for cross-sectional studies? Check all correct answers.
Often used to indicate area of further study All data raised at once ("Snapshot in time") Tend to uncover correlation, but not causations
How does the peer reviewing process work?
One or more scientists with a similar expertise check the importance, methodology, and credibility of the presented study The reviewer can accept, reject a manuscript, or send it back for revision before publication
What are some limitations? (Check all correct answers.)
Only observational studies were included in the review. 'Whole grain' is a diverse group of foods. Different types of whole grains might have different physiological functions. Other life style factors such as physical activity and overall diet were not controlled for and could vary from study to study.
Single-blind study
Only researchers knows assignment to treatment groups
Nawata study: Who does the results apply to?
Postmenopausal women with an extremely high sodium intake around 7500 mg per day.
Scientific meetings deal primarily with:
Preliminary data often not peer reviewed
What was/were the conclusion(s) for the outcome obesity and body weight measures? (Check all correct answers.)
Prospective studies consistently showed a statistically significant, inverse association between cereal fiber or whole grain/bran mixture intake and body weight measures. However the absolute difference in body weight between low and high intake groups was small. The level of evidence for the association between consumption of cereal fiber or wholegrain/bran mixture and body weight measures was rated moderate to limited.
What was/were the conclusion(s) for the outcome Type-2 Diabetes (T2D)? (Check all correct answers.)
Prospective studies showed consistantly an association between a high consumption of cereal fiber or a mixture of whole grains and bran and the reduction of T2D. The evidence level was considered moderate for consumption of cereal fiber or whole grain/brain mixture and limited for whole grain consumption alone due to a lack of studies.
The studies included in the review had the following study type. (Check all correct answers.)
Prospective, observational studies. Cross-sectional studies.
Which of the following statements about tea Bryce Wylde makes is correct? Drinking
Pu-erh tea shrinks fat cells in the morning.
Scientific journals tend not to publish replications of already published studies. In addition studies that don't show a statistically significant result are also often not published. This type of bias is called:
Publication bias
Controlled study
Random assignment to treatment and non treatment groups
Read the attached press release from the American Society of Nutrition and answer the following questions. PressRelease_Berries.pdf According to the press release how was the study designed?
Rats were fed berries, then their brains were radiated, and neurochemical changes in the brain measured after radiation or 30 days later. Further details were not given.
When reporting scientific findings to the public, abstracts from scientific meetings should be used with care because abstracts from meetings (Check all correct answers.):
Represent "work in progress" intended to stimulate a discussion between scientists. are not peer reviewed for credibility
24-hour recalls are often used to determine the nutrient intake in epidemiological studies. Which of the following is not a weaknesses of the 24-hour recall?
Respondent burden is high
Which of the following statements are true?
Results from a longitudinal cohort study have greater validity than results from a cross-sectional study. Results from double-blinded, controlled, multicenter studies have the greatest validity. Results from clinical studies have greater validity than results from observational studies.
Dr. Fuhrman claims that people on a high protein diet especially with high meat consumption such as Paleo diet increases the following except:
Risk for high blood pressure and cholesterol
Berry Study: Are the shortcomings of the study addressed in the press release?
Somewhat. While suggesting a causation between berry consumption and brain health in humans, the press release reports at the very end that a human study is in process in the hope to see similar effects in human subjects.
A short-term 6 week clinical study studies the hypothesis "Regular dark chocolate consumption is associated with a lower risk for being diagnosed with Type-2 Diabetes in pre-diabetics individuals". The outcome measured is the blood-glucose levels. This outcome would be a:
Surrogate outcome
Meta-Analysis
Systematic pooling of data form several selected published studies
During the peer-reviewing process who is reviewing the scientific paper?
The chief-editor of the journal. Two independent reviewers with expertise in the research field invited by the journal. Potentially a third reviewer if reviewer 1 and 2 are not agreeing.
Agenda setting
The emphasis set on a topic to generate importance in the public eye
What was/were the conclusion(s) for the outcome CVD? (Check all correct answers.)
The majority of the prospective studies showed an association between high intake of cereal fiber or whole wheat/bran mixture and a reduced risk for CVD outcomes. The association with CVD outcomes seems rather to be due to an increased magnesium and fiber intake than the intake of whole grain products itself. The level of evidence for the association between consumption of cereal fiber or wholegrain/bran mixture and CVD outcomes was rated moderate, the link to hypertension was rated inadequate.
Incidence
The number of new occurrence in a population within a certain time frame
What is NOT true regarding scientific meetings?
The presentations are peer-reviewed
What are some study limitations?
The results cannot necessarily be extrapolated to women. The activity levels and sedentary times were self-reported. Sedentary time was only determined for leisure time.
What do we know about the risk in the Nawata study?
The risk of non-vertebral bone fractures is 4.1 times higher in the highest sodium intake group (average of 7561 mg/day) than in women with lower sodium intake.
What does science know about nutritional factors leading to weight gain?
The science is not quite clear but individual factors favoring weight gain are a high consumption of sugary drinks, low-fiber/highenergy foods, refined carbohydrates as well as replacement of protein with carbohydrates
A new study looking into the hypothesis that the consumption of non-caloric sweeteners will increase the risk for obesity found that the data did not support the prediction made. What impact does this have on the hypothesis? Check all that apply.
The study results should be analyzed in detail and the hypothesis adjusted as necessary. New experiments based on the adjusted hypothesis should be conducted. The experimental set-up should be analyzed to make sure that the experiment actually measured the outcome in a precise and reliable manner.
Framing
The way a topic is presented in the news
After performing a systematic review of study results between 2003 and 2012 the IOM (Institute of Medicine of the National Academies) that pre-hypertensive patients profit from lowering sodium intake to 2300 mg a day and lower.
Theory
As a professional how much scientific evidence would be necessary to make a consumer recommendation? Taking the scientific method as a guideline check all that apply:
Theory Advanced hypothesis, a lot of evidence with majority of the studies consenting.
All of the following statements about a p value < 0.05 are true:
There is a 5% probability that the results are due to chance the hypothesis is considered to be true the results are statistically significant
All of the following statements about a p value < 0.05 are true EXCEPT:
There is a meaningful or important difference.
Incidence or prevalence? Percent of obese adults in the US from 1999 to 2010:
This is an prevalence
You are studying the hypothesis 'Frequent dieting during teenage years is associated with an increased risk for obesity during adulthood'. You use a retrospective cohort design with a population of 40 obese and 40 normal weight college age men and women. You measure their weight, height, and fat percent, and interview them about weight loss during teenage years. You find no association between weight status and number of weight loss diets. You reject the prediction. This has the following consequence for the hypothesis:
This result only applies to young adults and doesn't necessarily apply to older age groups. The hypothesis needs to be revised and revisited using an older population.
Looking at the author list who completed the most work?
Thonmson KA (the first listed author)
What is the goal of the scientific method?
To ensure that scientific research has comparable results.
After confirming that the scientific findings stem from a peer reviewed article we should generally check the study design, methods, and interpretation of the results as well as the reputation of the researcher team and the institution where the study was conducted.
True
If the relative risk is equal to 1 this means the starting risk and modified risk do not differ.
True
Looking at the incidence rates for type-2 Diabetes individual Americans have only a relatively small risk to develop T2D. Yet we have to keep in mind, if we look at the impact of T2D on the United States we see that even a small increase of T2D prevalence will have a huge impact on health care cost and loss of productivity costs.
True
We can never prove a hypothesis once and for all. We can only generate overwhelming evidence supporting the hypothesis.
True
A study is looking into the reasons for the freshmen 10. To recruit the study population the study authors posted a questionnaire asking about weight, eating, and exercise habits in the official freshmen Facebook group at the end of the first semester. 50 students responded and the results were surprising. They showed that students did not gain much weight during their freshmen year, and didn't change their eating and exercise habits significantly.
You should be suspicious of those results because the results are impacted heavily by selection bias
A control variable is
a confounding factor that was controlled during the study either by study design or statistical methods
In the Paleo study women ate either a Paleo diet or
a diet adhering to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendation
Impact Factor
a measure how often the average articles in a journal is cited during a period of time
The main difference between a systematic review and a narrative review is:
a systematic review includes a methods section and a narrative review does not
An observational study finds that high intake of fatty and sugary food is correlated with overweight or obesity. This would be:
an association
Press release
an official statement issued to media to give information about a topic
'Both physical activity and sedentary time may be appropriate intervention targets for preventing HF.' This study conclusion is
appropriate, but it would be more precise if the target group, middle aged and older men, would have been mentioned.
Correlation
association between two factors
Nawata Study: Over what time frame did the researchers measure the amount of non-vertebral bone fractures?
can't tell
Nawata Study: What sodium intake would minimize the risk for non-vertebral bone fractures? What is a "low" sodium intake?
can't tell
Nawata study: How high is the starting risk (lower sodium intake)?
can't tell
A odds ratio
compares the cases against the non-cases at the end of the observation time
A clinical study where the treatment group is also used as the control group by adding a washout period between experiments.
cross-over study
What is the study type of the paleo diet study you read for class?
experimental, clinical study
Causation
exposure causes outcome
You find the hypothesis of a study
in the abstract and introduction section
Primary Data
newly created data
A substantial number of U.S. counties reported men and women becoming more physically active between 2001 and 2009 according to a study in Population Health Metrics. Overall the percentage of obese adults continued to increase nationwide during that period according to another study.
observation
You read on CNN that juicing for a week will reverse the negative health effects of overeating during the holidays. You check PubMed for evidence and don't find any studies. You decide that this claim is at the validity level of a:
observation
You check PubMed and cannot find any record that the 'expert' you are checking has ever completed any scientific research. This means the 'expert'
should not interpret and explain newest scientific findings since he/she does not fully understand the current research. can still have sufficient amounts of education and practical experience to give practical recommendations.
Outcome
the consequence of the exposure
Risk
the probability of experiencing a certain occurrence
On a scientific article the author listed in last place is usually:
the senior scientist and leader of the scientific work group.
Human intervention and epidemiological studies show that flavonoids have the potential to reduce the risk for CVD, T2D, and inflammatory diseases. Long-term human intervention studies at dietary flavonoid doses are needed to establish some form of recommendation.
true
Confounding Factor
uncontrolled risk factors affecting the outcome of a study
Which of the following statements are true for a theory?
A theory is a hypothesis with overwhelming evidence. Theories are not easily discarded. If a phenomenon does not fit within a theory, the theory is only modified after repeated experimental tests. A well-established explanation for a natural phenomenon based on strong scientific evidence. Theories are usually found in scientific textbooks or used to formulate official recommendations.
You read in the media that drinking pop with non-caloric sweeteners rather leads to weight gain than weight loss. You check PubMed and see that there are many studies available, some in support, some contradicting the media claim. You decide that this claim is at the validity level of a:
Controversial hypothesis
What statements are true for clinical studies? Check all correct answers.
Double-blind studies eliminate participant and researcher related bias. Can quantify the causation between exposure and outcome.
Dr. Li is often invited by Dr. Oz to talk about antioxidant research and cancer. You check his expert credentials on PubMed and find: - He has a couple of publications as a first author from the early 1990s. Topics are related to cancer. - He has several recent publications as a second to last author about angiogenesis. - He has several review articles about angiogenesis and cancer as an only author. This means for his scientific expert credentials:
Dr. Li probably has completed research as a PhD student in the area of cancer. Dr. Li is probably not working in research anymore Dr. Li is not a scientific expert for cancer and antioxidants.
Dr. Joseph Mercola, an alternative medicine proponent, runs Mercola.com and is often as a guest expert on the Doctor Oz Show. He pretty much weighs in on any health related topic including pet health. Check up on Dr. Mercola. Is he qualified?
Dr. Mercola has a degree on osteopathic medicine, worked as a family physician. He has no scientific experience. While he might be able to make general health recommendations like any family physician, he has no expertise talking about specific scientific topics like drug treatment of diseases, dietary recommendations, pet health.
Which of the following would be considered an incidence?
During 2008-2009, an estimated 18,436 people younger than 20 years in the United States were newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes annually, and 5,089 people younger than 20 years were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes annually. Compared with other groups, non-Hispanic white children and adolescents had the highest rate of new cases of type 1 diabetes. While still uncommon, the rates of new cases of type 2 diabetes were greater among people aged 10-19 years than in younger children, with higher rates among U.S. minority populations than in non- Hispanic whites.
You research a media statement on PubMed and find the following: Evidence quantity: About 10 studies supporting the hypothesis. Evidence quality: 8 cross-sectional studies, 2 narrative reviews, variety of adult populations, several countries. How do you evaluate the media statement?
Early hypothesis with low validity level. The evidence is based solely on cross-sectional studies which are used to identify new hypotheses for further research. The hypothesis is promising but further in depth research is required before presenting the hypothesis to the public.
Which of the following consumer messages would truthfully represent the results?
Eating a diet rich in cereal fiber, whole grains, bran or a mixture might be beneficial to reduce the risk for Type 2 Diabetes or cardiovascular disease in the American population. Results also indicate that the potential risk reduction is rather due to high fiber and magnesium intake from whole grains and bran than whole grain foods itself. On the other hand the link between high fiber foods and weight was weaker. Only a small weight difference between high and low fiber intake groups could be seen.
Which of the following statements describe the scientific method? Check all correct answers
Following the empirical cycle is important to reduce biased results. Principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge.
You are planning a scientific study looking into the hypothesis that adherence to the MyPlate balanced diet will reduce the risk for Type 2 Diabetes compared to the typical American eating pattern high in processed food and low in plant based foods. You choose _____________________ to determine the dietary eating pattern of individuals participating in your study.
Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)
An impact factor measures:
How often an average article in a journal is cited during a year.
What information does the impact factor give you?
How often the average published article in this journal is cited per year.
Recently scientists found evidence that microbes in your gut seem to influence health and disease. The latest study showed that lifelong calorie restriction in mice changes the overall structure in gut microbiotasignificantly in ways promoting longevity.
Hypotheses
Double Blind study
Only third party knows assignment to treatment groups
What is the exposure? (More than one answer might be correct.)
Physical activity level comprises time, intensity, and frequency Sedentary time during leisure hours Physical activity time during leisure hours
Many bloggers spend a lot of time educating themselves about the nutrition, health, and exercise area they are passionate about but they have little formal education in the area. This is a problem because by reading up they often miss the big picture and also don't fully understand scientific details.
True
Today Americans tend to use many different news sources and actively discover news. Cell phones are more and more replacing traditional news sources such as print media and TV, and are starting to become more important than the stationary
True
During the peer-reviewing process who is NOT reviewing the scientific paper?
Two reviewers with expertise in the research field suggested by the study authors.
Statistics of the last decades show that Americans eat more and more sugar and at the same time we observe a steep incline of the obesity rate. What would be the next step in the empirical cycle?
We would phrase a general rule called hypothesis.
Do the authors have sufficient expertise?
Yes, because all authors have extensive research or work experience relating to whole grains/fiber and chronic diseases.
If the study results lead to accepting the prediction the hypothesis:
is supported but we will need more evidence.
Which of the following are disadvantages of experimental studies:
might not reflect real life situation potentially unethical smaller population
The risk of dying from a heart attack with intervention (statin drugs) for individuals with high blood cholesterol and/or disease would be known as the:
modified risk
During the deduction phase we
predict if the hypothesis will be true in the specific situation of a new study.
A fact is:
something that can be checked and demonstrated to be true
Secondary Data
use of already published results