NUTR2332 CH4 Study Guide
what percent of calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates?
45-65%
What is the primary difference between fiber and starch?
Fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can
Which of the following are true about cellulose?
Made of glucose molecules, insoluble fiber, straight chain
Which disaccharide plays an important role in the production of alcoholic beverages?
Maltose
________ is the disaccharide made of two glucose molecules bonded together
Maltose
Which alternative sweetener is derived from a South American shrub?
Stevia
Nutritive sweeteners include
Sugars(Sucrose), High Fructose Corn syrup, Honey, Sugar Alcohols(Sorbitol)
T/F: Soluble fibers are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine
True
T/F: The artificial sweetener sucralose (Splenda) is considered useful in baking because it resists destruction by heat
True
what type of sweetener is the sweetest?
alternative sweeteners
of the polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly?
amylopectin
in metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?
blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting glucose, waist circumference, low HDL cholesterol
for a grain to be consider a whole grain, the grain must contain the germ, endosperm, and
bran
which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?
fructose
Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many _____ units bonded together.
glucose
What is the major monosaccharide found in the body?
glucose
because of it's low cost, shelf-stability, and desirable food properties, _________ is used in the manufacture of many processed foods, including soft drinks, condiments, and snack foods
high-fructose corn syrup
what is the main health benefit of nonfermentable(insoluble) fiber?
improves gastrointestinal health
which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen?
liver and muscle
which of the following nonnutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the United States?
neotame, aspartame, acesulfame-K
the monosaccharides and the disaccharides are designated as __________ because they provide calories
nutritive sweeteners
Fiber is a type of
polysaccharide
for a person with insulin resistance, the pancreas
produces plenty of insulin, but cells cannot use it effectively
which of the following is a benefit of soluble fiber?
reduced total serum cholesterol
examples of functional fiber include
resistant starch, polydextrose, indigestible dextrin, inulin
________ fiber is readily fermented by bacteria in the large intestine
soluble
complex carbohydrates are also known as
starch
What are the other names for complex carbohydrates?
starch, polysaccharides
All sweeteners are compared to the sweetness found in
sucrose
Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?
the human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber
what is the purpose of the Whole Grain stamp that food manufacturers use on grain products?
to identify foods made with whole grains
what is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
to provide energy in the body
Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of
two amino acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol
which of the following types of fruit are great sources of dietary fiber?
whole fruits, cut-up fruits
examples of whole grains include
whole wheat flour, oatmeal, bulgur (cracked wheat)
the highly branched structure of glycogen
allows rapid breakdown into glucose
individual forms of fiber are not each listed on a food label. instead they are grouped together as
dietary fiber
the advantage of the branched structure of ________ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly
glycogen
which MyPlate food groups provide many high-fiber foods?
grains, fruits, and vegetables
Name the disaccharide that is also known as "milk sugar"
lactose
What are the two broad classes of sweeteners?
nutritive and alternative
what is the approximate carbohydrate content of eggs, chicken, butter, and margarine?
zero
what is the guideline that is set at a level 100 times less than the level at which no harmful effects were noted in animal studies?
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
which type of starch makes up 80% of digestible starches in the diet?
Amylopectin
Which alternative sweetener contains the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid?
Aspartame
Which of the following food choices comply with the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines?
Choose brown rice instead of white rice, add baked acorn squash as a side dish, chose frozen blueberries with no added sugars
T/F: Fermentable fiber is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria
False
T/F: vegetables must be consumed raw to enjoy their nutrient benefits
False
T/F: well-controlled studies have found that sugar contributes to hyperactivity in children
False
T/F: cellulose is an undigestible, nonfermentable, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules
True
softs drinks and dairy desserts are major sources of ________ in the American diet
added sugars, calories
what is a digestible straight chain-type of starch composed of glucose units called?
amylose
Which of the following groups of polysaccharides is digestible by humans?
amylose and amylopectin
amylose vs amylopectin
amylose(straight chain); amylopectin(highly branched chain)
Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?
amylose, amylopectin, cellulose
which of the following are common food sources of amylose?
beans, breads, vegetables
lactose is the main carbohydrate found in
dairy foods
As intake of added sugars increase, dietary quality
decreases
Several well-controlled studies found that sugar in the diet ______ affect children's behavior
did not
what is the term used for fiber that does not appear naturally in food but is added to foods?
functional fiber
what is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria called?
nonfermentable fiber
fiber is a type of
polysaccharide
carbohydrates contain many glucose units, from 10 to 1000 or more are called _____
polysaccharides
________ are used in some types of gums, breath mints, and candy because they are not readily metabolized by bacteria to acids in the mouth and thus do not promote tooth decay
sugar alcohols
grains containing the entire seed of the plant, including the bran, germ, and endosperm (starchy interior) are called
whole grains
Choose "1 cup equivalents" for the dairy group
1 cup milk, yogurt, or soy milk, 1 1/2 ounces of natural cheese, or 2 oz of processed cheese
Choose "1 cup equivalents" for the vegetable group
1 cup raw or cooked vegetables, 1 cup vegetable juice, 2 cups of raw leafy greens
the Dietary Guidelines recommend that ________ of our grains come from whole grains
1/2
Identify how many hours it takes before the glycogen stores are depleted in the liver if no carbohydrate is consumed
18
a medium banana provides approximately what percentage of the RDA for carbohydrate?
25%
Fermentation occurs when
carbohydrate is converted to alcohol, acids, and CO2 without use of oxygen
When bacteria in the mouth break down _________, they produce acids that dissolve the tooth enamel, leading to dental caries
carbohydrates
which macronutrients provide 4 kilocalories per gram?
carbohydrates
which of the following carbohydrates is indigestible by humans?
cellulose
who is at highest risk for overconsuming empty calories in place of nutrients essential for growth?
children and teenagers
Which of the following are ways to select or prepare potatoes that will produce a slower rise in blood glucose?
Buy new thin potatoes ,cook them, then refrigerate overnight before eating
T/F: Aspartame is heat stable so it is appropriate for use in cooking
False
Type 1 Diabetes Vs Type 2
Type 1: total insulin deficiency; Type 2: insulin resistance