Nutrition Ch. 5

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range set by the Food and Nutrion Board for lipids is ___ to __ of calories

20%-35%

triglyceride

3- fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule

The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that at least ____ of total calories come from essential fatty acids

5%

The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that at least _____ of total calories come from essential fatty acids

5%

What are some ways to limit trans fat intake at home?

Use vegetable oils or softer tube margarines instead of stick margarine or shortening, Use reduced-fat or fat-free milk instead of non-dairy creamers, Boil, pan-fry, or grill meats instead of deep-fat frying with shortening

LDL

carries cholesterol made by the liver and form other sources to cell

Chylomicron

carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells

VLDL

carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells

If a food manufacture sets out to reduce the fat content of a cookie, the food scientists will need to consider

changes in the flavor of the food product. changes in the texture of the food product

Plant oils are always_____-free

cholesterol

sterol

cholesterol, multi-ringed compund with a hydroxyl group, can be produced by the body

Glycerol

circulates back to the liver

reduced cholesterol

contains 25% less cholesterol than the reference food and no more than 2g of saturated fat per serving

Saturated fatty acid

contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

polyunsaturated fat

corn oil, fish oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil

Omega-3

decrease blood clotting and inflammation

The American Heart Association recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to

decrease saturated fat intake

Regular consumption of fatty fish proived ____ and _______, which can be slowly synthesized in the body as long as the essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid is presnt in adequate quantities

docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid

What are the functions of HDL cholestrol in the bloodstream?

donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to the liver for excretion, picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources

Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are both

essential fatty acids

oleic acid

first carbon-carbon bond is a the ninth carbon from the methyl end

alpha-linolenic acid

first carbon-carbon double bond is at the thirds carbon from the methyl end

As components of cell membranes, phospholipids

form a sea with protein islands, are a source of essential fatty acids for the cell

Phospholipid

forms lipid bilayer of cell membrane

Identify one product of triglyceride digestion that can be absorbed into the cells lining the small intestine

glycerol

Compared to Whites, African-Americans have ______ risk for developin cardiovascular disease

higher

Compared to margarine, butter is

higher in saturated fat, higher in cholesterol

Which statements are true about diglyceride?

it consists of two fatty acids bonded to a glycerol backbone, It is the breakdown product of a triglyceride

A diet that contains less than 10% of Kcal from fat may

lead to deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins, be deficient in essential fatty acids

_____-density lipoprotein is considered the "bad" cholesterol

low

Triglyceride

major form of lipid in food and the body

trans fat

margarine, shortening

Formed from the breakdown of triglycerides, a _____ consists of one fatty acid bound to a glycerol backbone

monoglyceride

monounsaturated fat

olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil

Fatty acid

omega-6, omega-3, Chain of carbons flanked by hydrogens

Monounsaturated fatty acid

one carbon-carbon double bond

In a chemical reaction, when a compound loses and electron, that compound has been

oxidized

The majority of fat digestion is accomplished by

pancreatic lipase

In the listing of ingredients on a food label, the presence of _____ is an indication that a product is a source of trans fat

partially-hydrogenated oil, margarine

How are the different types of fatty acids distinguished

position of carbon-carbon bonds along the skeleton, number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton, length of the carbon skeleton

Systolic blood pressure

pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with pumping from the heart

Diastolic Blood pressure

pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats

Long-chain fatty acids

reformed into a triglyceride in the inestinal absoptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system

To protect cardiovascular health, the Food and Nutrition Board specifically recommends limiting intake of _____ and _______

saturated and trans fatty acids

If the label of a tub of margarine product says the product is "reduced-fat," this means

the product contains 25% less fat than regular margarine

The American Heart Association recommends that Americans should limit daily_____ intake to no more than 1% of total Kilocalories

trans fat

The first five ingredients on the label for the cake frosting are sugar, vegetable oil, shortening, wate, and corn syrup. This product is a rich source of

trans fatty acids

Cholesterol

waxy lipid found in all body cells

Which of the following breakfast oferrings are a source of cholesterol?

2% milk, scrambled eggs

low fat

3g of fat or less per serving

Linoleic acid is an omega____- fatty acid; alpha-linolenic acid an omega fatty____ acid

6; 3

How many Kcals are in one gram of fat

9

Free fatty acids

Absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use

Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?

Both have a straight shape

linoleic acid

First carbon-carbon double bond is a the sixth carbon from the methyl end

Why are emulsifiers important in cooking and baking?

Helps keep mixtures from separating

The three-carbon alcohol that forms the backbone of a triglyceride is

glycerol

reduced or less fat

at least 25% less fat per serving in comparison to the full-fat version of the food product

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

insulation, transport of fat-soluble vitamins, energy storage

phospholipid

lecithin

Fat Free

less than .5g of fat per serving

The enzyme lipase plays an important role in fat digestion

lipase

A teaspoon of stick margarine____ trans fatty acids than a teaspoon of tub margarine

more

a _____ is a type of lipid that contains a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphorus group

phospholipid

High dietary consumption of _____ increases risk of cardiovascular disease

saturated and trans fat

A major function of phospholipids in foods is to act as a

emulsifier

Just beacause a food is high in fat does not mean it is unhealthy. Some high-fat foods, such as plant oils and nuts, should be included in the diet because they are sources of

essential fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins

Short and medium-chain fatty acids

travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver

What are some examples of foods that contain cholesterol?

turkey, eggs, lean ground beef, chicken, ice cream

To reduce heart attack risk, the American Heart Association recommends consuming fish

twice per week

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

An omega-3 fatty acid is

unsaturated

Heart disease is the ____ leading cause of death among North American adults

#1

What are some ways to minimize trans fat intake?

Limit consumption of pastries, limit consumption of cookies, limit consumption of fried foods

Fat digestion is rapid and thorough in the small intestine under what "right" circumstances?

Lipase breaks triglycerides down to monoglycerides, Bile is released from the Gallbladder

Due to their high energy density (9 kcal per gram)_______ are ideal form of energy storage for the body

Lipids

Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

Lipids

___ is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels

Plaque

Which statements are true about Omega-6 fatty acids

They are also called polyunsaturated fatty acids, The first carbon-carbon double bond is on the sixth carbon from the methyl end of the carbon chain

Why are triglycerides ideal for fat and storage?

They are chemically stable, they are energy dense

A long-chain fatty acid is defined as

a fatty acid that contains 12 or more carbon atoms in length

Cis fatty acid

causes the carbon chain to bend

Essential fatty acids

must be obtained from the diet

low cholesterol

no more than 20mg of cholesterol and no more than 2g of saturated fat per serving

Cholesterol free

no more than 2mg of cholesterol per serving

Trans fatty acid

Allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

_______ serve to stop the damage done to cells by free radicals

Antioxidants

How does cholesterol affect digestion of fats in the small intestine?

As a component of bile, it emulsifies fats

How can you identify hidden fat in a food product?

Check the list of ingredients

Which of the following food sources high in saturated fat?

Cheeseburger, whole milk

What are some components of plaque?

Cholesterol, calcium, white blood cells

True or False: Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature

True

HDL

Contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and excretion from the body

Which of the following food ingredients indicate the presence of fat in a food product?

Cream, lard, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, Shortening

Which of the following are true in terms of triglyceride digestion absorption

Digestion primarily occurs in the small intestine via pancreatic lipase, fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed by the intestinal cells, Two outer fatty acids are removed prior to absorption

Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common

Do not readily dissolve in water

Long-chain saturated fat

Fat in beef, pork,lamb,lard

In term of HDL and LDL levels, risk for development of cardiovascular disease increase when ___ levels are low and ____ are high in the bloodstream

HDL, LDL

_______ is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature

Hydrogenation

Omega-6

Increase blood clotting and inflammation

True or False: Monounsaturated, saturated, and polyunsaturated fats all provide the same number of calories

True

Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL are classified as

Lipoproteins

_______ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues.

Lipoproteins

Chylomicron remnant

Removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids

Enzymes that digest fat are secreted by the ______

Salivary glands, pancreas, stomach cells

What are some food sources of EPA and DHA?

Salmon, Sardines, Tuna

Which of the following are functions of Cholesterol

Synthesis of certain bile acids and hormones, Incorporation into cell structures

_____ fatty acids, which are a byproduct of hydrogenation of vegetable oils, are similar to saturated fatty acids in structure and physiological effects.

Trans

What happens to a food product when it becomes hydrogenated?

Trans fatty acid content is increased, The molecular shape of the fats in the food resembles saturated fats

Which of the following is the body's most efficient formed of stored energy?

Triglycerides

True or False: Dietary fats consist of a complec mixture of several differnt types of fatty acids

True

Why is HDL considered "good" cholesterol?

aids in transport of cholesterol in the bloodstream to the liver for excretion, slows the development of cardiovascular disease

Risks for cardiovascular disease

blood cholesterol >200mg, hypertension, smoking, family history

High-fat foods

can be included in a healthy diet if they are balanced with low-fat foods