Nutrition Chapter 1
How much of the body's total weight is water?
50-70%
What is a phytochemical in many fruits and vegetables that the body can convert to vitamin A?
Beta-carotene
Element: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Carbohydrate
*Major source of Energy (most forms) *Maintenance of normal blood glucose levels *Elimination of solid waste from gastrointestinal tract (fiber)
Carbohydrates
are long-term conditions that usually take many years to develop and have complex causes.
Chronic Diseases
a nutrient that is normally nonessential, but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to produce it
Conditionally essential nutrient
What nutrients are normally not essential but become essential under certain conditions?
Conditionally essential nutrients
A product that contains a vitamin, mineral, herb, or other plant product, an amino acid, or dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake.
Dietary supplement
What act allows manufacturers to classify nutrient supplements and herbal products a foods?
Dietary supplement health and education act of 1994
a substance, such as carbon and oxygen, that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means
Element
___________ (or calorie density) is the amount of energy (kcal) a food provides per given weight (grams) of the food
Energy Density
What diseases make up 50 % of deaths, and are diet related?
Heart disease, and Cancer
Are water, and minerals organic or inorganic?
Inorganic
Nutrients that do not contain carbon
Inorganic
Young women have less what, and more what in comparison to men?
Less water and protein, more fat
Element: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen; phosphorus (phospholipids), nitrogen (certain phospholipids)
Lipids
Major source of energy (fat) Cellular development, physical growth and development Regulation of body processes (certain hormones, for example) Growth and development of the brain Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Lipids
supply energy for cells, whereas micronutrients are not sources of energy
Macronutrients
What conditions can cause certain nutrients to become conditionally essential?
Metabolic disorders, serious illness, prenatal development
The total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells, including chemical reactions involved in supplying energy, making proteins, and eliminating waste products.
Metabolism
Element: Sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, molybdenum, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, selenium, iodine, fluorine
Minerals
Regulation of body processes, including fluid balance and energy metabolism Formation of certain chemical messengers Formation of structural and functional components of various substances and tissues Cellular development, growth, and maintenance
Minerals
Increase the contribution of fruits to the diets of the population aged 2 years and older
NWS-14
Increase the contribution of whole grains to the diets of the population aged 2 years and older
NWS-16
Reduce the consumption of calories from solid fats and added sugars
NWS-17.3
Reduce the proportion of adults who are obese
NWS-9
a condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat
Obesity
is a risk factor for numerous chronic health problems, including heart disease and type 2 diabetes
Obesity
Are Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins are organic or inorganic?
Organic
refers to compounds that contain carbon
Organic
98% of the body is composed of what five elements?
Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Calcium
Element: Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, Sulfur, (methionine and cysteine)
Proteins
Production of structural components, such as cell membranes, and functional components, such as enzymes Cellular development, growth, and maintenance Regulation of body processes (certain hormones, for example) Transportation of substances within the blood Energy (normally a minor source)
Proteins
personal characteristics that increase a person's chances of developing a chronic disease
Risk factors
When the amount of vitamin C in the subject's white blood cells (leukocytes) became too low for them to function normally, the person would develop physical signs of
Scurvy; Vitamin C deficiency disease
The physical changes associated with a disease state that are observable or measurable
Signs
Subjective complaints of ill health that are difficult to observe or measure
Symptoms
are subjective complaints of ill health that are difficult to observe and measure, such as dizziness, fatigue, and headache.
Symptoms
Regulation of body processes Immune function Production and maintenance of cells Protection against agents that can damage cellular components
Vitamins
Bodies with high fat content tend to have less what?
Water
Element: Hydrogen, Oxygen
Water
Maintenance of fluid balance Regulation of body temperature Elimination of wastes Transportation of substances Participation in many chemical reactions
Water
a level of calorie intake that enables a person to maintain a healthy weight
balance
The calorie content of a food or beverage can be determined through direct calorimetry, which involves placing a specific amount of food in a
bomb calorimeter
A _______ is the amount of heat (a form of energy) necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g (1 mL) of water 1° Celsius (C). A _____ is such a small unit of measurement that the amount of energy in food is reported in 1000-calorie units called kilocalories or Calories.
calorie
Six classes of nutrients
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water
a state of health characterized by certain abnormal physiological changes. Changes that are observable or measurable are
deficiency disease; signs of disease
Food supplies excessive calories from unhealthy types of fat, added sugar, and or alcohol
empty calorie
a _______(kcal) or _______ is the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g (1 liter) of water 1° Celsius (C).
kilocalorie; Calorie
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are _____________ because the body requires relatively large amounts of these nutrients daily (macro = large)
macronutrients
state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished (overnutrition, Undernutrition)
malnutrition
nutritionally modified diets for people with chronic health conditions; can be planned by registered dieticians or registered dietitian nutritionists
medical nutrition therapies
is an amount of a vitamin or mineral that is very high, generally at least 10 times the recommended amount of the nutrient
megadose
Vitamins and minerals are _______________ because the body needs very small amounts of them to function properly (micro = small).
micronutrients
eating reasonable amounts of each food
moderation
Food supplies more key beneficial nutrients in relation to total calories
nutrient dense
Broccoli, leafy greens, fat-free milk, oranges, lean meats, and whole-grain cereals are examples of what type of foods?
nutrient dense foods
foods that are high in nutrients as compared with their calorie content; has little or no solid fats, added sugars, refined starches, and sodium.
nutrient dense foods
The life sustaining substances in food.
nutrients
The scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them.
nutrition
This dose of a nutrient is the amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally
physiological dose
Plants make hundreds of substances called ______________ (phyto = plant), which are not nutrients (nonnutrients), yet they may have healthful benefits.
phytochemicals
a diet that contains foods from each food group
variety