Nutrition Chapter 1

How much of the body's total weight is water?

50-70%

What is a phytochemical in many fruits and vegetables that the body can convert to vitamin A?

Beta-carotene

Element: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Carbohydrate

*Major source of Energy (most forms) *Maintenance of normal blood glucose levels *Elimination of solid waste from gastrointestinal tract (fiber)

Carbohydrates

are long-term conditions that usually take many years to develop and have complex causes.

Chronic Diseases

a nutrient that is normally nonessential, but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to produce it

Conditionally essential nutrient

What nutrients are normally not essential but become essential under certain conditions?

Conditionally essential nutrients

A product that contains a vitamin, mineral, herb, or other plant product, an amino acid, or dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake.

Dietary supplement

What act allows manufacturers to classify nutrient supplements and herbal products a foods?

Dietary supplement health and education act of 1994

a substance, such as carbon and oxygen, that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means

Element

___________ (or calorie density) is the amount of energy (kcal) a food provides per given weight (grams) of the food

Energy Density

What diseases make up 50 % of deaths, and are diet related?

Heart disease, and Cancer

Are water, and minerals organic or inorganic?

Inorganic

Nutrients that do not contain carbon

Inorganic

Young women have less what, and more what in comparison to men?

Less water and protein, more fat

Element: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen; phosphorus (phospholipids), nitrogen (certain phospholipids)

Lipids

Major source of energy (fat) Cellular development, physical growth and development Regulation of body processes (certain hormones, for example) Growth and development of the brain Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Lipids

supply energy for cells, whereas micronutrients are not sources of energy

Macronutrients

What conditions can cause certain nutrients to become conditionally essential?

Metabolic disorders, serious illness, prenatal development

The total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells, including chemical reactions involved in supplying energy, making proteins, and eliminating waste products.

Metabolism

Element: Sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, molybdenum, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, selenium, iodine, fluorine

Minerals

Regulation of body processes, including fluid balance and energy metabolism Formation of certain chemical messengers Formation of structural and functional components of various substances and tissues Cellular development, growth, and maintenance

Minerals

Increase the contribution of fruits to the diets of the population aged 2 years and older

NWS-14

Increase the contribution of whole grains to the diets of the population aged 2 years and older

NWS-16

Reduce the consumption of calories from solid fats and added sugars

NWS-17.3

Reduce the proportion of adults who are obese

NWS-9

a condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat

Obesity

is a risk factor for numerous chronic health problems, including heart disease and type 2 diabetes

Obesity

Are Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins are organic or inorganic?

Organic

refers to compounds that contain carbon

Organic

98% of the body is composed of what five elements?

Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Calcium

Element: Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, Sulfur, (methionine and cysteine)

Proteins

Production of structural components, such as cell membranes, and functional components, such as enzymes Cellular development, growth, and maintenance Regulation of body processes (certain hormones, for example) Transportation of substances within the blood Energy (normally a minor source)

Proteins

personal characteristics that increase a person's chances of developing a chronic disease

Risk factors

When the amount of vitamin C in the subject's white blood cells (leukocytes) became too low for them to function normally, the person would develop physical signs of

Scurvy; Vitamin C deficiency disease

The physical changes associated with a disease state that are observable or measurable

Signs

Subjective complaints of ill health that are difficult to observe or measure

Symptoms

are subjective complaints of ill health that are difficult to observe and measure, such as dizziness, fatigue, and headache.

Symptoms

Regulation of body processes Immune function Production and maintenance of cells Protection against agents that can damage cellular components

Vitamins

Bodies with high fat content tend to have less what?

Water

Element: Hydrogen, Oxygen

Water

Maintenance of fluid balance Regulation of body temperature Elimination of wastes Transportation of substances Participation in many chemical reactions

Water

a level of calorie intake that enables a person to maintain a healthy weight

balance

The calorie content of a food or beverage can be determined through direct calorimetry, which involves placing a specific amount of food in a

bomb calorimeter

A _______ is the amount of heat (a form of energy) necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g (1 mL) of water 1° Celsius (C). A _____ is such a small unit of measurement that the amount of energy in food is reported in 1000-calorie units called kilocalories or Calories.

calorie

Six classes of nutrients

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

a state of health characterized by certain abnormal physiological changes. Changes that are observable or measurable are

deficiency disease; signs of disease

Food supplies excessive calories from unhealthy types of fat, added sugar, and or alcohol

empty calorie

a _______(kcal) or _______ is the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g (1 liter) of water 1° Celsius (C).

kilocalorie; Calorie

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are _____________ because the body requires relatively large amounts of these nutrients daily (macro = large)

macronutrients

state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished (overnutrition, Undernutrition)

malnutrition

nutritionally modified diets for people with chronic health conditions; can be planned by registered dieticians or registered dietitian nutritionists

medical nutrition therapies

is an amount of a vitamin or mineral that is very high, generally at least 10 times the recommended amount of the nutrient

megadose

Vitamins and minerals are _______________ because the body needs very small amounts of them to function properly (micro = small).

micronutrients

eating reasonable amounts of each food

moderation

Food supplies more key beneficial nutrients in relation to total calories

nutrient dense

Broccoli, leafy greens, fat-free milk, oranges, lean meats, and whole-grain cereals are examples of what type of foods?

nutrient dense foods

foods that are high in nutrients as compared with their calorie content; has little or no solid fats, added sugars, refined starches, and sodium.

nutrient dense foods

The life sustaining substances in food.

nutrients

The scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them.

nutrition

This dose of a nutrient is the amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally

physiological dose

Plants make hundreds of substances called ______________ (phyto = plant), which are not nutrients (nonnutrients), yet they may have healthful benefits.

phytochemicals

a diet that contains foods from each food group

variety