Nutrition- Chapter 5

12. Health experts advise that you decrease consumption of foods rich in _____ and increase the intake of _____ to achieve a more healthful balance. A. omega-6 fatty acids; omega-3 fatty acids B. saturated fat; cholesterol C. omega-3 fatty acids; omega-9 fatty acids D. chylomicrons; LDL-cholesterol E. HDL-cholesterol; LDL-cholesterol

A

17. Americans are urged to eat more fish due to its high content of ____. A. omega-3 fatty acids B. HDL-cholesterol C. vitamin A D. lecithin E. sterols

A

18. A desirable level of total blood cholesterol in adults is ____. A. B. 200-239 mg/dL C. 240-259 mg/dL D. 260-274 mg/dL E. 275-300 mg/dL

A

21. To reduce added fats in your diet when preparing home-cooked meals, use ____ to coat pans. 5 A. nonstick sprays B. shortening C. butter D. canola oil E. corn oil margarine

A

3. Which substance makes up 95 percent of the lipids in foods and in the human body? A. triglycerides B. cholesterol C. phospholipids D. sucrose E. sterols

A

32. Trans fats are ____. A. formed when margarine is hydrogenated B. created when oils become rancid C. omitted on food labels D. naturally found in legumes and some nuts E. unsaturated fatty acids with hydrogen atoms attached on the same side of the points of unsaturation

A

35. The most important difference between the typical American diet and the typical Mediterranean diet is that ____. A. Americans eat more saturated fat B. Americans eat more fruits C. Americans exercise less D. Americans eat more monounsaturated fat E. Americans consume more of their food earlier in the day

A

39. _____ diffuse easily into intestinal cells, which release them into capillaries without further processing. A. Glycerol and short-chain fatty acids B. Glycerol and long-chain fatty acids C. Cholesterol and phospholipids D. Cholesterol and short-chain fatty acids E. Cholesterol and long-chain fatty acids

A

40. As the amount of _____ in a lipoprotein increases, its _____ also increases. A. protein; density B. triglycerides; solubility C. protein; size D. triglycerides; density E. protein; solubility

A

76. The health benefits of olive oil are primarily due to its lower calorie content than other oils. A. True B. False

B

78. A high-fiber diet is typically high in dietary cholesterol. A. True B. False

B

81. One of the functions of fat is storing genetic information. A. True B. False

B

1. One pound of body fat provides _____ calories. A. 1,000 B. 2,500 C. 3,000 D. 3,500 E. 4,000

D

15. Which food contains cholesterol? A. peanut butter B. corn oils C. avocados D. beef liver E. garlic cloves

D

46. What process occurs in atherosclerosis? A. Oxidized LDL is incorporated into the lining of arteries. 11 B. A blood clot travels to the brain and causes a stroke. C. Chylomicrons cause veins to lose their elasticity. D. Blood pressure becomes too low and leads to dizziness E. o-LDL levels increase due to reactions with antioxidants.

A

49. Which food is rich in saturated fat? A. steak B. banana C. avocado D. broccoli E. canola oil

A

50. Bob read an article about how fat travels in his body. He learned that ____. A. blood cholesterol is carried in LDLs that are taken up by macrophages and deposited in plaque inside his arteries B. saturated fats and trans fats only travel in HDL and are taken back to his liver for disposal C. fat from a recent meal is carried in HDL to his liver for storage D. HDL is only found in vegetable oils and not in any animal food E. HDL is soluble in water

A

53. The body can store fat in practically unlimited amounts. A. True B. False

A

54. High concentrations of high-density lipoproteins are associated with a high risk of heart attack. A. True B. False

A

56. Based on a 2,000-calorie diet, the DV for saturated fat is 20 grams. A. True B. False

A

60. To lower blood cholesterol, an atherogenic diet plan advocates keeping saturated fat to less than five to six percent of daily calories. A. True B. False

A

62. Flaxseed is rich in omega-3 fatty acids. A. True B. False

A

63. Hydrogenation makes unsaturated fats more saturated. A. True B. False

A

66. Some studies show that garlic may reduce blood pressure. A. True B. False

A

68. The Mediterranean diet provides about 30 to 35 percent of calories from fat. A. True B. False

A

69. Based on research at Harvard University, more than 30,000 American deaths each year are attributable to trans fatty acids. A. True B. False

A

7. To adhere to dietary recommendations of both the American Heart Association and Dietary Guidelines for Americans, cholesterol intake in persons at high risk for heart disease or diabetes should be below _____ milligrams per day A. 200 B. 250 C. 300 D. 350 E. 400

A

70. Eating more fiber promotes fat and cholesterol excretion. A. True B. False

A

72. Lecithin is a major constituent of cell membranes. A. True B. False

A

77. Lecithin is often used as a food additive to keep the fats evenly dispersed with the other ingredients. A. True B. False

A

79. Moderate drinking, defined as no more than one drink a day for most women, and no more than two drinks a day for most men, is associated with higher HDL levels. A. True B. False

A

8. What fat replacer was the first to gain the approval of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)? A. Simplesse B. Olestra C. Caprenin D. Stevia E. Placebo

A

80. Prior to menopause, estrogen may protect women from cardiovascular disease. A. True B. False

A

75. Fat provides the optimal form of energy for the brain. A. True B. False

B

2. Fats provide _____ by _____. A. an energy reserve/ promoting hunger B. satiety/ slowing stomach emptying C. climate control/ cushioning organs D. shock absorption/ coating cell membranes E. body temperature homeostasis /dissipating excess body heat

B

22. Joy decides to cook dinner with less fat tonight and instead of two tablespoons of butter, she uses one tablespoon on her baked potato. Approximately how many grams of fat did Joy remove from her meal? A. 5 grams B. 12 grams C. 25 grams D. 50 grams E. 100 grams

B

25. Fat that enters the small intestine is ____. A. immediately digested by enzymes from the pancreas B. immediately emulsified by bile from the gallbladder C. absorbed as is through the villi packaged as a chylomicron D. trapped in fiber and carried out of the body E. transported to the large intestine where digestion begins

B

28. What part of the body senses blood pressure? A. heart B. kidneys C. liver D. pancreas E. pituitary gland

B

31. What factor is associated with the process of atherosclerosis? A. Artery walls become more elastic B. Passage through the arteries narrows C. White blood cells remove plaque formations D. HDL particles penetrate the walls of the arteries E. Red blood cells + oxidized LDL create plaque formations

B

34. A sizable body of evidence from around the world suggests that garlic may benefit health by ____. A. reducing blood platelets B. lowering blood cholesterol C. keeping arteries rigid D. lowering HDL E. increasing the white blood cell count

B

41. How is a trans fatty acid different from other unsaturated fatty acids? A. A trans fatty acid has at least two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom in the chain. B. At a trans fatty acid's point of unsaturation, the hydrogens are on opposite sides of the carbon chain instead of on the same side. 9 C. A trans fatty acid's carbon chain contains at least one double bond between two carbon atoms instead of all single bonds. D. At a trans fatty acid's point of unsaturation, the hydrogens are on the same side of the carbon chain instead of on opposite sides. E. A trans fatty acid has two additional carbon atoms and two additional hydrogen atoms.

B

43. Jack lacks control over which risk factor? A. obesity B. genetics C. stress D. atherogenic diet E. Jack can change all of these risk factors.

B

48. A characteristic of saturated fats is that they ____. A. are liquid at room temperature B. carry the maximum possible number of hydrogens C. function as emulsifiers in the small intestine D. provide four calories per gram E. are found mostly in vegetable oils

B

5. Cholesterol ____. A. should, if possible, be avoided altogether B. can be synthesized by the body C. has no use in the human body D. has no relation to heart disease according to present-day research E. is synthesized by the gallbladder and stored in the liver

B

55. Cholesterol is found in plant and animal foods. A. True B. False

B

57. Palm and coconut oils are examples of polyunsaturated fats. A. True B. False

B

58. Running is the only exercise that raises HDL levels. A. True B. False

B

59. Foam cells play an important role in preventing heart disease progression. A. True B. False

B

61. The human body can synthesize all the fatty acids it needs from carbohydrate, fat, or protein. A. True B. False

B

64. All food fats contain a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. A. True B. False

B

65. Nonsmokers have uniformly lower HDL levels than do smokers. A. True B. False

B

71. Phytosterols are phytochemicals that facilitate the absorption of dietary cholesterol from the intestine. A. True B. False

B

73. Linolenic acid is one of the fatty acids synthesized by the human body. A. True B. False

B

74. Vitamin C and vitamin E are natural oxidants. A. True B. False

B

11. Which type of lipoprotein transports newly digested fat from the intestine through the lymph and blood? A. high-density lipoprotein B. low-density lipoprotein C. chylomicron D. very-low-density lipoprotein E. triglycerides

C

13. What food is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids? A. palm oil B. beef tallow C. safflower oil D. cocoa butter E. butter

C

14. Which factor is associated with lower HDL levels? A. Being a non-smoker, as opposed to a smoker B. Weight loss C. Being male, as opposed to female D. Consumption of fish rather than meat E. Moderate alcohol consumption

C

16. For most Americans, the most important dietary change to make in order to reduce blood LDLcholesterol levels is to reduce intake of ____. A. polyunsaturated fat B. cholesterol C. saturated and trans fats D. monounsaturated fat E. fish oils

C

19. Which food has the most grams of saturated fat per serving portion? A. skim milk B. salmon C. regular cheddar cheese D. extra lean ham E. mixed nuts

C

24. The Mediterranean diet is low in ____. A. fiber B. phytochemicals C. red meats D. cheese E. whole-grain products

C

26. Sue overate by 500 calories each day on her recent cruise to the Bahamas. If Sue gained one pound of body fat as a result, how long was her cruise? 6 A. two days B. five days C. seven days D. 14 days E. one month

C

27. One concern regarding olestra is that it ____. A. increases the risk of obesity by providing nine calories per gram B. increases the risk of high blood pressure in sensitive individuals C. can inhibit the absorption of vitamins D. is hard to avoid because it is naturally found in foods E. increases cravings for sweets

C

33. Sam and Regina have a two-year old daughter, Keira. Sam believes they should put Keira on a low-fat diet like the one he and Regina follow. What advice would you give these parents? A. Try to prevent heart problems by limiting Keira's fat calories to 20 to 35 percent of calories. B. Take proactive measures and should limit her fat intake to less than 20 percent of calories. C. Monitor Keira's fat intake to include 30 to 40 percent of calories, which is appropriate for children ages one to three. D. Do not restrict a child's fat consumption from birth to two years of age. E. The healthiest diet for everyone is a vegan diet.

C

36. Unprocessed oils are best stored in airtight containers because ____. A. exposure to the air will decrease the likelihood of rancidity B. airtight storage destroys the natural antioxidants in the oils C. points of unsaturation in their molecules are vulnerable to oxidation D. this prevents hydrogenation, which makes them less healthful E. this allows the oil to be stored long-term without additives

C

4. What lipid is an essential fatty acid? A. lecithin B. cholesterol C. linoleic acid D. stearic acid E. butyric acid

C

51. Bob wants to lower his blood cholesterol. What piece of advice should he ignore? A. You should lower your intake of trans fats only, not of other types of fat. B. Lowering your saturated fat intake may be more important than reducing dietary cholesterol. C. Eat more plant sources of fats to lower total blood cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. D. Eat more high-soluble fiber foods such as legumes. E. Bake or grill fish to avoid adding unhealthy fats.

C

9. Which oil is highest in saturated fats? A. safflower oil B. corn oil C. coconut oil D. sunflower oil E. soybean oil

C

;29. An optimal LDL-cholesterol level is ____, while an optimal HDL-cholesterol level is ____. A. ≥ 240 mg/dL B. 70-159 mg/dL; > 30 mg/dL C. ≥ 50 mg/dL D. ≥ 40 mg/dL E. It is irrelevant as long as your total cholesterol is lower than 170 mg/dL.

C

20. Monounsaturated fats are better for you than polyunsaturated fats because they ____. A. are lower in calories per tablespoon B. increase total cholesterol C. decrease LDL and decrease HDL D. decrease LDL and without decreasing HDL E. increase triglycerides

D

23. Joy decides to cook dinner with less fat tonight and omits two tablespoons of vegetable oil from her recipe for rice pilaf. This change reduces the calories from fat in this recipe by approximately ____. A. 24 calories B. 50 calories C. 100 calories D. 200 calories E. 350 calories

D

38. Phospholipids can help fats cross cell membranes because ____. A. they are so abundant in foods and widespread in the body B. they are fat soluble but not water soluble C. they have a large, multiple-ring structure D. they have water-soluble heads and fat-soluble tails E. their phosphorus components inhibit water from crossing the membranes

D

42. Which dietary change would be most effective for lowering one's LDL? A. Replacing monounsaturated fats with saturated fats B. Replacing polyunsaturated fats with hydrogenated fats C. Choosing whole milk instead of a soda beverage D. Choosing broiled salmon instead of a bacon burger E. Replacing two glasses of water with two glasses of red wine per day

D

44. Jack's results from his blood lipid level test are as follows: Total cholesterol 255 mg/dL 10 LDL 145 mg/dL HDL 40 mg/dL Triglycerides, fasting 220 mg/dL Which statement accurately describes Jack's test results? A. His total cholesterol is in the desirable range. B. His LDL-cholesterol puts him at high risk for CVD. C. His triglycerides are in the desirable range. D. His HDL is borderline for high risk for CVD. E. His ratio of LDL to HDL is optimal.

D

45. Which choice would be best in order for Jack to lower his LDL-cholesterol without decreasing his HDLcholesterol? A. Reduce exercise. B. Eat an atherogenic diet. C. Switch back to butter instead of margarine. D. Eat cashews and use olive oil. E. Eat more trans fats when possible.

D

47. Because he is now better-informed, Jack wants to cook healthier meals. Which recommendation should he avoid? A. Use fruit jam instead of margarine on toast. B. Use applesauce instead of butter when baking brownies. C. Eat salmon and herring twice per week. D. If exercising daily, eat sweets as desired. E. Drink fat-free or low fat milk.

D

52. Bob knows he needs to take in fewer calories to lose weight. Bob should be aware that ____. A. individual food items eaten should contain less than 10 percent calories from saturated fat B. saturated fats lose approximately 30 percent of their calories when melted C. monounsaturated fats accumulate as adipose tissue primarily around the waist D. both saturated and unsaturated fats have nine calories per gram E. high intakes of nuts as snacks are encouraged by the American Medical Association

D

6. The American Heart Association recommends a saturated fat intake of ____ of total calories. A. 21-25 percent B. 15-20 percent C. 10-12 percent D. 5-6 percent E. 2-4 percent

D

10. What fat replacer is a noncaloric artificial fat made from fatty acids and sucrose? A. Caprenin B. Stevia C. Simplesse D. Splenda E. Olestra

E

30. Heart disease the major cause of death among women after menopause because ____. A. osteoporosis is so common and weakens the heart B. women tend to eat more fat in their diets after they reach 55 C. stress levels increase while activity levels decrease D. menopause leads to the overproduction of chylomicrons E. low estrogen levels lower HDL and raise LDL

E

37. Heather notices that her favorite breakfast cereal contains BHA and BHT. Why did the manufacturer add these ingredients? A. To enhance the flavor of the cereal B. To fortify the cereal with fat soluble vitamins C. To improve the lipid profile of the cereal D. To provide essential fatty acids E. To keep the oil in the cereal from spoiling

E

67. Long-chain fatty acids are water soluble and travel freely in blood and lymph. A. True B. False

b