Nutrition Chapter 5
Fructose
Monosaccharide in fruits, honey, and certain vegetables; "levulose" or "fruit sugar"
pre-diabetes
condition characterized by fasting blood glucose levels that are 100 to 125 mg/dl
metabolic syndrome
condition that increases risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD
Hypoglycemia
condition that occurs when the blood glucose level is abnormally low
ketoacidosis
condition that occurs when the body forms excessive ketone bodies
Lactose
disaccharide comprised of a glucose and a galactose molecule; "milk sugar"
Sucrose
disaccharide comprised of a glucose and fructose molecule; "table sugar"
Maltose
disaccharide comprised of two glucose molecules; "malt sugar"
pancreatic amylase
enzyme secreted by pancreas that breaks down starch into maltose molecules
Salivary amylase
enzyme secreted by salivary glands that begins starch digestion
lactase
enzyme that splits lactose molecule
Glycogenolysis
glycogen breakdown
simple carbohydrates
group of carbohydrates that includes sugars
Diabetes mellitus (diabetes)
group of serious chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
syndrome
group of signs and symptoms that occur together and indicate a specific health problem
glucagon
hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels
insulin
hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels
Lactose intolerance
inability to digest lactose properly
Galactose
monosaccharide that is a component of lactose
Dietary fiber (fiber)
nondigestible plant material; most types are polysaccharide
added sugars
sugars added to foods during processing or preparation
diverticula
abnormal, tiny sacs that form in wall of colon
Hyperglycemia
abnormally high blood glucose level
High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)
caloric sweetener that is often added to food
ketone bodies
chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown
Carbohydrates
class of nutrients that includes glucose, a major source of energy for the body
Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
compounds comprised of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together
maltase
enzyme that splits maltose molecule
Sucrase
enzyme that splits sucrose molecule
lipolysis
fat breakdown
Gestational diabetes
form of diabetes that pregnant women can develop
Soluble fiber
forms of dietary fiber that dissolve or swell in water
insoluble fiber
forms of dietary fiber that generally do not dissolve in water
nonnutritive sweeteners
group of synthetic compounds that are intensely sweet tasting compared to sugar
Glucose
monosaccharide that is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells; "dextrose" or "blood sugar"
Disaccharide
simple sugar comprised of two monosaccharides
Monosaccharide
simple sugar that is the basic chemical unit of carbohydrates
Glycogen
storage polysaccharide in animals
Starch
storage polysaccharide in plants
Nutritive sweeteners
substances that sweeten and contribute energy to foods
Alternative sweeteners
substances that sweeten foods while providing few or no kilocalories
