Nutrition Chapter 5

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Fructose

Monosaccharide in fruits, honey, and certain vegetables; "levulose" or "fruit sugar"

pre-diabetes

condition characterized by fasting blood glucose levels that are 100 to 125 mg/dl

metabolic syndrome

condition that increases risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD

Hypoglycemia

condition that occurs when the blood glucose level is abnormally low

ketoacidosis

condition that occurs when the body forms excessive ketone bodies

Lactose

disaccharide comprised of a glucose and a galactose molecule; "milk sugar"

Sucrose

disaccharide comprised of a glucose and fructose molecule; "table sugar"

Maltose

disaccharide comprised of two glucose molecules; "malt sugar"

pancreatic amylase

enzyme secreted by pancreas that breaks down starch into maltose molecules

Salivary amylase

enzyme secreted by salivary glands that begins starch digestion

lactase

enzyme that splits lactose molecule

Glycogenolysis

glycogen breakdown

simple carbohydrates

group of carbohydrates that includes sugars

Diabetes mellitus (diabetes)

group of serious chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism

syndrome

group of signs and symptoms that occur together and indicate a specific health problem

glucagon

hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels

insulin

hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels

Lactose intolerance

inability to digest lactose properly

Galactose

monosaccharide that is a component of lactose

Dietary fiber (fiber)

nondigestible plant material; most types are polysaccharide

added sugars

sugars added to foods during processing or preparation

diverticula

abnormal, tiny sacs that form in wall of colon

Hyperglycemia

abnormally high blood glucose level

High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)

caloric sweetener that is often added to food

ketone bodies

chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown

Carbohydrates

class of nutrients that includes glucose, a major source of energy for the body

Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

compounds comprised of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together

maltase

enzyme that splits maltose molecule

Sucrase

enzyme that splits sucrose molecule

lipolysis

fat breakdown

Gestational diabetes

form of diabetes that pregnant women can develop

Soluble fiber

forms of dietary fiber that dissolve or swell in water

insoluble fiber

forms of dietary fiber that generally do not dissolve in water

nonnutritive sweeteners

group of synthetic compounds that are intensely sweet tasting compared to sugar

Glucose

monosaccharide that is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells; "dextrose" or "blood sugar"

Disaccharide

simple sugar comprised of two monosaccharides

Monosaccharide

simple sugar that is the basic chemical unit of carbohydrates

Glycogen

storage polysaccharide in animals

Starch

storage polysaccharide in plants

Nutritive sweeteners

substances that sweeten and contribute energy to foods

Alternative sweeteners

substances that sweeten foods while providing few or no kilocalories


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