Nutrition Chapter 6 (Exam 2)

Which food contains low quality protein? Turkey Fish Eggs Corn

Corn

Which factor influences the protein quality of a food?

Digestibility and composition

How does celiac disease affect the body?

Eating the protein gluten causes autoimmune response that decreases nutrient absorption.

What makes certain amino acids essential to the body?

Essential amino acids are amino acids that either cannot be synthesized by the body or are synthesized too slowly to meet physiological need. They must be supplied in foods.

Which combination of foods would provide the most protein? 2 oz of meat, 2 oz of cheese, and ½ c legumes 1 c milk, ½ c fruit, and ½ c vegetables ½ c grains, ½ c vegetables, and ½ c legumes 1 c milk, ½ c vegetables, and ½ c grains

2 oz of meat, 2 oz of cheese, and ½ c legumes

What possible problems are associated with a very high protein intake?

A diet high in animal protein is usually high in saturated fat which, in turn, is linked with heart disease. A high protein intake increases the work for kidneys, which is a problem for people with kidney disease. Other problems associated with a high protein may be related more to the high protein intake crowding out other important foods with their nutrients and phytochemicals, rather than to the excess protein itself.

What are the benefits of a food intake that includes meat and other animal proteins?

An omnivorous diet usually provides enough high quality protein to support growth at critical times in the life cycle. It supplies vitamin B12 and it is more likely to provide an adequate intake of calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin D than a vegetarian diet.

What is celiac disease?

Celiac disease is an autoimmune response to gluten, a protein found in wheat. Consumption causes the microvilli and villi of the intestine to flatten, which decreases the surface area and nutrient absorption. The book states that celiac disease is an allergic reaction to gluten which is INCORRECT. Celiac disease is an autoimmune response to gluten.

What are the steps in the process of digesting protein?

Chewing breaks the protein into small pieces. Stomach acid denatures the protein and starts to unravel the protein strands. The strands are broken mostly into protein fragments. In the small intestine the stomach acid is neutralized, and enzymes from the small intestine itself and from the pancreas break the polypeptides into tripeptides, dipeptides, and single amino acids. Enzymes on and in the cells lining the small intestine finish the job so single amino acids can be absorbed into the blood stream.

What foods and combinations of foods will adequately supply protein for most Americans?

Following the USDA Food Guide will provide more than enough protein to fulfill recommendations. Meat, fish, poultry, cheese, eggs, milk, and soybean products all contain ample amounts of high quality proteins. Other foods, such as vegetables, grains, and legumes, can be combined in a day's diet to provide complementary proteins. Again, a normal well balanced diet can easily provide enough protein.

According to the DRI recommendation for estimating protein intake, about how much protein should a 140-pound person ingest?

For adults, the DRI protein recommendation is 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight. To convert pounds to kilograms, divide the weight in pounds by 2.2. 140 lb/2.2 = 63.6 kilograms. To find how much protein a person needs multiply 0.8 times the person's weight in kilograms. 0.8 x 63.6 = about 51 grams.

What is the formula for calculating an individual's protein need (DRI)?

For adults, the recommended intake for protein is set at 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight. To find a person's weight in kilograms, divide their weight in pounds by 2.2 pounds per kilogram.

In the semi-starvation video, why did Jim lose weight on the recovery diet?

His body was losing fluid due to increased protein reversing the effects of edema

Who will benefit from a gluten-free diet?

Individuals with celiac disease

What are the possible fates of an amino acid when it arrives in a cell?

It can be used in building a new protein. It can be altered to form a new compound. It can be dismantled to use the amino group to make a different (non-essential) amino acid. If the cell is in desperate need of energy, the amino group will be removed and excreted so the side chain can be used for energy. Amino acids themselves are not stored in the body.

What happens to amino acids after protein is digested?

The amino acids are absorbed, at specific sites in the small intestine, into the blood and delivered to the liver. The liver can use them or deliver via blood to other cells where they are made into specific proteins. The proteins can be used by those cells or delivered by blood or lymph to other locations. Amino acids will be used for energy under some circumstances.

Which is an example of complementary proteins?

Meat, fish, poultry, cheese, eggs, and milk are all sources of high quality proteins. With the exception of soybeans, plant proteins are low in some essential amino acids. Combinations of grains and legumes can supply all the essential amino acids - these are called complementary proteins. Meat (a complete protein) combined with grain or legumes (incomplete proteins) help the body use all the amino acids in the incomplete proteins, but these combinations are not called complementary proteins.

Which foods have LOW quality protein?

Meat, fish, poultry, cheese, eggs, milk, and soybean products all contain ample amounts of the essential amino acids and are thus high quality proteins. Other foods, such as vegetables, grains, and legumes, do not contain all of the essential amino acids and are thus considered low quality proteins.

Which part of amino acids is excreted in urine when amino acids are degraded?

N

Do people need to ingest enzyme supplements? Why or why not?

No. Enzymes are protein molecules, and whether they are the enzymes found naturally in some foods or supplied in supplements, they digested and absorbed just like any other protein. Even the stomach's enzymes are eventually denatured and digested after their jobs are completed. The body is designed to make its own enzymes.

What makes protein DIFFERENT from other macronutrients?

Protein contains nitrogen.

In the semi-starvation video clip, Jim mentioned that starved people, in usual circumstances, would have died due to other illnesses. Why would that be?

Protein helps build immunity by making antibodies. Antibodies help fight infections and illnesses.

What are the unique roles of protein in the body?

Protein is required to build new tissue and replace worn-out cells (growth and maintenance). It is used to make enzymes, hormones, and other regulatory compounds. Antibodies, a critical part of the immune system, are protein molecules. Proteins are necessary to keep the body's fluids and electrolytes balanced, as well as maintain the pH in the normal range (acid-base balance). Protein is required for blood to clot. Protein can also be used for energy, once the amino group is removed from the amino acids.

Which is a function of protein? (Select all that apply.) Provide energy Support growth Increase metabolism Maintain acid-base balance

Protein provides 4 calories of energy per gram. In a normal diet protein provides about 15% of total daily energy. This is one function, but not the only one. Amino acids are used to continuously build the proteins of new tissues. Protein also helps to replace worn-out cells and internal cell structures. This is one function, but not the only one. Blood proteins do act as buffers to help maintain the body's acid-base balance. This is one function, but not the only one

In what ways is protein similar to carbohydrate and fat? In what ways is it different?

Protein, carbohydrate, and fats all provide energy. All three molecules have some repeating units: amino acids in protein, glucose in complex carbohydrates, and fatty acids in triglycerides. All three contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Protein is unique in that it contains nitrogen.

Which nutrients are of concern with vegetarian diets?

Protein, zinc, calcium, vitamin B12 A vegetarian diet generally contains adequate amounts of folate and the vitamin A precursor, beta carotene. It may also be low in fat, but that typically is a benefit, not a concern.

What are the benefits of well-chosen vegetarian diets? What are some possible limitations?

Rates of obesity, heart disease, and high blood pressure are lower in vegetarians. Intakes of calcium, iron, zinc, vitamins B12 and D, and omega-3 fatty acids may be too low. It is hard for small children to eat enough food to meet calorie needs if they are vegans.

Which organ is the first to begin protein digestion?

Stomach

What are the symptoms of celiac disease?

Symptoms include a wide range of digestive problems. Nutrient absorption decreases and the individual may lose weight. Treatment is a strict diet avoiding gluten.

What is the AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) for protein? How hard or easy is it for Americans to ingest the recommended amount of protein?

The AMDR for protein is 10 to 35% of total calorie intake. The typical American diet provides ample amounts of protein.

Estimate the protein need for someone who weighs 175 pounds.

The DRI is 0.8 g/kg of body weight. Convert the weight in pounds into kilograms: 175 pounds ÷ 2.2 pounds/kg = 79.5 kg (can be rounded to 80 kg)0.8 g/kg x 80 kg = 64 g protein.

Which statement is true about amino acid supplements? The body can handle whole proteins better than amino acid supplied in supplements. Supplements provide amino acids in the best proportions for building muscle. Supplements can help reduce Inflammation throughout the body. Supplements can help a person lose weight.

The body can handle whole proteins better than amino acid supplied in supplements.

When an amino acid is "recycled," what part of the molecule is excreted? What happens to the rest of the molecule?

The nitrogen-containing amine group is removed and excreted in the urine. The rest of the molecule can be used for energy, either as a carbohydrate or a fatty acid, depending on the particular amino acid.

What happens if the structure of a protein is altered? What can alter a protein's structure?

The particular shape of a protein determines its function, so if the structure is distorted it can no longer function as needed. Heat (cooking), radiation, alcohol, acids, bases, and salts of heavy metals can all denature a protein. Once a protein is denatured the process cannot be reversed.

What happens if the body needs to make a specific protein, and one or more of the essential amino acids required for that protein is missing?

The protein cannot be built. The missing amino acids must be supplied by eating proteins that contain those specific amino acids.

What happens if the structure of a protein in the body is altered?

The protein cannot be used for its original function.

Which aspect of vegetarian diets is correlated with lower heart disease risks? They are high in omega-3 fatty acids. They are low in fiber. They are low in saturated fats. They are high in energy.

They are low in saturated fats.

What makes certain amino acids essential to the body?

They are not synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts.

Which is true about complementary proteins? They are found mostly in meat products. They are low in calories. They provide all the essential amino acids. They must be eaten at the same meal.

They provide all the essential amino acids.

Describe the factors that determine the quality of a protein.

Two factors influence a protein's quality: its amino acid composition and its digestibility. In terms of amino acid composition, high-quality proteins provide enough of all the essential amino acids needed by the body to create its own working proteins. The quality of a protein also is affected by its digestibility, or how well people can actually use it.

Which nutrient is most likely to be adequate in a typical vegetarian diet?

Vegetarian diets are often low in protein, calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, and vitamin B12. Folate, which is abundant in fresh fruits and vegetables, is generally supplied in a vegetarian diet.

Which is NOT one of the main ideas in the article, "A New Food Guide for North American Vegetarians"? Milk is grouped with legumes, nuts, and other protein-rich foods in this Food Guide. Vegetarians need to follow a very strict food guide in order to meet nutrient needs. The guide recommends getting at least 2 servings of fats daily. Calcium needs can be met by eating 8 or more servings of specific calcium-rich foods from any of the food groups

Vegetarians need to follow a very strict food guide in order to meet nutrient needs.

According to the article "Quick Start- Gluten Free Diet Guide", which of the following statements is false? Gluten free diet is a life-long commitment and should not be started before being diagnosed. Wheat free is the same as gluten free and foods with such labels can be safely consumed. Labels should be checked every time the product is purchased to ensure ingredients have remained the same. Wheat flour can be airborne for many hours in a bakery.

Wheat free is the same as gluten free and foods with such labels can be safely consumed.

When does negative nitrogen balance occur?

When muscle is broken down and lost

Under what circumstances is a person in nitrogen balance? In negative balance? In positive balance?

When someone has the same amount of protein in the body at the beginning and end of the day, that person is in nitrogen balance or equilibrium. If the person has less protein at the end of the day than at the start, that is negative nitrogen balance. This happens when protein breakdown exceed protein creation. Positive nitrogen balance is when more proteins are made than broken down in the body.

Which statement is accurate about protein digestion and absorption? Protein digestion first begins in the acidic environment of the small intestine. Polypeptides are much better absorbed by the small intestine than single amino acids. The nitrogen group is removed before amino acids can be absorbed. Whole proteins are digested and absorbed better than amino acid supplements.

Whole proteins are digested and absorbed better than amino acid supplements.

In the semi-starvation video, which symptom was probably caused by lack of protein?

edema

Several connections have been suggested between a HIGH protein intake and disease risk. Which health problem is most strongly linked with a high protein intake from meat?

kidney disease in people who already have a problem