Nutrition Chapter 8
The pathway by which glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells i
glycogenesis
Once the basic functions of amino acids have been met (e.g., synthesizing enzymes), the remaining amino acids can be used for energy or converted to ______.
fatty acids, glucose
What is energy metabolism?
is the sum of all the chemical pathways in the body that break down molecules to release energy and use energy to build new molecules
Which of the following hormones can adapt to increasing or decreasing metabolic rates?
thyroid hormone
The human body stores more energy in _________ than in _________.
fat cells; glycogen stores
Metabolic reactions are either....
catabolic or anobolic
During beta-oxidation, fatty acid molecules are separated into ______ carbon segments that are converted to ______.
2; acetyl CoA
What are the steps of glucose breakdown
1. glycolysis, 2. citric acid cycle, 3. electron transport chain
Order the steps to explain how triglyceride is stored within the cell.
1. triglycerides are circulated in VLDL 2. lipoprotein lipase cleaves glycerol backbone from 3 fatty acids 3. triglyceride components enter the cell 4. three fatty acids attach to glycerol molecule forming triglyceride molecule
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between enzymes and coenzymes?
Coenzymes will often help enzymes catalyze reactions.
Which vitamin deficiency would have a potentially limiting effect on protein metabolism?
B-6
Metabolic hormonal action can act while the digestive tract is absorbing nutrients, ______, or when the digestive tract is inactive, ______.
Fed; fasted
When the body is in need of glucose it can synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors in a process known as
Gluconeogenesis
_______ _______ ______ is an enzyme that cleaves apart a triglyceride molecule leaving 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone.
Hormone sensitive lipase
_______is the degradation of proteins in order to release amino acids
Proteolysis
What is required before an amino acid can be used for ATP production?
Pyridoxal phosphate must be available. The nitrogen group must be removed.
What happens after the liver's glycogen supply runs out?
The body metabolizes fatty acids. Certain amino acids are turned into pyruvate and then glucose.
How much of the triglycerides absorbed from a meal get incorporated into very-low-density-lipoprotein?
a considerable amount
A drink that contains 13 to 14g of alcohol is considered ______.
a standard drink
Which of the following ketone bodies formed during ketogenesis produces a "fruity" odor similar to nail polish remover?
acetone
Liver cells convert extra acetyl CoA molecules to ____________ which are known as ketone bodies.
acetone, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate
When an ATP molecule loses its third phosphate group, it becomes ______.
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
What is mitochondria?
are organelles that synthesize most of the ATP that cells need to function. "powerhouses" which catabolize macronutrients and transfer the energy
What are coenzymes?
are organic compounds that assist enzymes with chemical reactions Vitamin Bs (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin b6
Which of the following factors may cause differences in the storage capacity of fat and glycogen between individuals?
body composition physical fitness dietary intake
Mitochondria are responsible for
catabolize macronutrients. transfer energy released to ATP.
_______is a catabolic hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands.
cortisol
True or false: During starvation, the body will break down glycogen and adipose tissue while not degrading protein.
false
True or false: In most cases, the body will excrete excess glucose in the urine.
false
After eating a combo meal from the local fast food joint, triglycerides get absorbed and
flood into the liver. incorporated into VLDL.
Gluconeogenesis
gluco=glucose, neo= new, genesis =formation
Oxaloacetate is produced during ________ metabolism.
glucose
What transports glucose from the blood into the cell?
glucose transport proteins
Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, and thyroid hormone are key ______ that direct or regulate metabolic activities.
hormones
Cortisol promotes which of the following actions?
increases protein catabolism increases use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis
The hormone that activates receptors on cell membranes of adipocytes and muscle cells and signals glucose transport proteins is
insulin
Which of the following can be a product of anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate?
lactic acid lactate
Where does glycogenolysis occur?
liver
Where is the primary site of glycogen degradation to provide tissues with energy?
liver
Which of the following is a major storage site for energy within the body?
liver adipose cells muscle
You might be at risk for an alcohol use disorder if you
lose interest in food as a result of your drinking habits. drink alone. drink to relax, forget your worries, or improve your mood.
Why can drinking caffeinated alcoholic beverages be dangerous?
may not meet the legal standard for a safe food additive makes the person feel more alert masks the effects of the alcohol and a person may drink more
ATP production during anaerobic metabolism is __________ during aerobic metabolism.
much less than
When excess protein is consumed, the amino acids are stripped of the _____ and used to make either glucose or fat.
nitrogen group
Excess amino acids may be ______.
oxidized in the citric acid cycle used to make glucose
Human cells obtain energy by
releasing chemical energy from macronutrients
Alcohol is absorbed in the _____ and _____.
stomach and small intestine
The conversion of ATP to ADP results from ______.
the cleaving of the bond between the last two phosphate groups of ATP
The conversion of amino acids into other molecules such as glucose and fatty acids is dependent on the overall needs of the body and ______.
the specific amino acid
Which of the following nutrients provides the greatest energy density?
triglycerides
True or false: The thyroid hormone can have catabolic or anabolic actions.
true
The amount of ATP formed by catabolism of an amino acid depends on
where it entered the catabolic pathway.
Liver glycogen becomes depleted in an approximate range of____ to _____ hours
12-24
During ______ metabolism, adequate oxygen is present allowing mitochondria to make lots of ATP.
aerobic
The body can utilize ______________ for energy.
alcohol, protein, lipids, and carbs
Beta-oxidation is the chemical pathway that breaks down ______.
fatty acids