Nutrition Chapter 8

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The pathway by which glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells i

glycogenesis

Once the basic functions of amino acids have been met (e.g., synthesizing enzymes), the remaining amino acids can be used for energy or converted to ______.

fatty acids, glucose

What is energy metabolism?

is the sum of all the chemical pathways in the body that break down molecules to release energy and use energy to build new molecules

Which of the following hormones can adapt to increasing or decreasing metabolic rates?

thyroid hormone

The human body stores more energy in _________ than in _________.

fat cells; glycogen stores

Metabolic reactions are either....

catabolic or anobolic

During beta-oxidation, fatty acid molecules are separated into ______ carbon segments that are converted to ______.

2; acetyl CoA

What are the steps of glucose breakdown

1. glycolysis, 2. citric acid cycle, 3. electron transport chain

Order the steps to explain how triglyceride is stored within the cell.

1. triglycerides are circulated in VLDL 2. lipoprotein lipase cleaves glycerol backbone from 3 fatty acids 3. triglyceride components enter the cell 4. three fatty acids attach to glycerol molecule forming triglyceride molecule

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between enzymes and coenzymes?

Coenzymes will often help enzymes catalyze reactions.

Which vitamin deficiency would have a potentially limiting effect on protein metabolism?

B-6

Metabolic hormonal action can act while the digestive tract is absorbing nutrients, ______, or when the digestive tract is inactive, ______.

Fed; fasted

When the body is in need of glucose it can synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors in a process known as

Gluconeogenesis

_______ _______ ______ is an enzyme that cleaves apart a triglyceride molecule leaving 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone.

Hormone sensitive lipase

_______is the degradation of proteins in order to release amino acids

Proteolysis

What is required before an amino acid can be used for ATP production?

Pyridoxal phosphate must be available. The nitrogen group must be removed.

What happens after the liver's glycogen supply runs out?

The body metabolizes fatty acids. Certain amino acids are turned into pyruvate and then glucose.

How much of the triglycerides absorbed from a meal get incorporated into very-low-density-lipoprotein?

a considerable amount

A drink that contains 13 to 14g of alcohol is considered ______.

a standard drink

Which of the following ketone bodies formed during ketogenesis produces a "fruity" odor similar to nail polish remover?

acetone

Liver cells convert extra acetyl CoA molecules to ____________ which are known as ketone bodies.

acetone, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate

When an ATP molecule loses its third phosphate group, it becomes ______.

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

What is mitochondria?

are organelles that synthesize most of the ATP that cells need to function. "powerhouses" which catabolize macronutrients and transfer the energy

What are coenzymes?

are organic compounds that assist enzymes with chemical reactions Vitamin Bs (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin b6

Which of the following factors may cause differences in the storage capacity of fat and glycogen between individuals?

body composition physical fitness dietary intake

Mitochondria are responsible for

catabolize macronutrients. transfer energy released to ATP.

_______is a catabolic hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands.

cortisol

True or false: During starvation, the body will break down glycogen and adipose tissue while not degrading protein.

false

True or false: In most cases, the body will excrete excess glucose in the urine.

false

After eating a combo meal from the local fast food joint, triglycerides get absorbed and

flood into the liver. incorporated into VLDL.

Gluconeogenesis

gluco=glucose, neo= new, genesis =formation

Oxaloacetate is produced during ________ metabolism.

glucose

What transports glucose from the blood into the cell?

glucose transport proteins

Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, and thyroid hormone are key ______ that direct or regulate metabolic activities.

hormones

Cortisol promotes which of the following actions?

increases protein catabolism increases use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis

The hormone that activates receptors on cell membranes of adipocytes and muscle cells and signals glucose transport proteins is

insulin

Which of the following can be a product of anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate?

lactic acid lactate

Where does glycogenolysis occur?

liver

Where is the primary site of glycogen degradation to provide tissues with energy?

liver

Which of the following is a major storage site for energy within the body?

liver adipose cells muscle

You might be at risk for an alcohol use disorder if you

lose interest in food as a result of your drinking habits. drink alone. drink to relax, forget your worries, or improve your mood.

Why can drinking caffeinated alcoholic beverages be dangerous?

may not meet the legal standard for a safe food additive makes the person feel more alert masks the effects of the alcohol and a person may drink more

ATP production during anaerobic metabolism is __________ during aerobic metabolism.

much less than

When excess protein is consumed, the amino acids are stripped of the _____ and used to make either glucose or fat.

nitrogen group

Excess amino acids may be ______.

oxidized in the citric acid cycle used to make glucose

Human cells obtain energy by

releasing chemical energy from macronutrients

Alcohol is absorbed in the _____ and _____.

stomach and small intestine

The conversion of ATP to ADP results from ______.

the cleaving of the bond between the last two phosphate groups of ATP

The conversion of amino acids into other molecules such as glucose and fatty acids is dependent on the overall needs of the body and ______.

the specific amino acid

Which of the following nutrients provides the greatest energy density?

triglycerides

True or false: The thyroid hormone can have catabolic or anabolic actions.

true

The amount of ATP formed by catabolism of an amino acid depends on

where it entered the catabolic pathway.

Liver glycogen becomes depleted in an approximate range of____ to _____ hours

12-24

During ______ metabolism, adequate oxygen is present allowing mitochondria to make lots of ATP.

aerobic

The body can utilize ______________ for energy.

alcohol, protein, lipids, and carbs

Beta-oxidation is the chemical pathway that breaks down ______.

fatty acids


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