Nutrition Concepts and Controversies, Ch. 4

inflammation and/or infection of the appendix

Appendicitis

a chemical shorthand for carbohydrate is ___.

CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

compounds composed of single and or multiple sugars.

Carbohydrates

carbohydrate means "_______ and water"

Carbon

green plants make carbohydrate through photosynthesis in the presence of _______ and sunlight

Chlorophyll

the green pigment of plants that captures energy from sunlight for use in photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll

long chains of sugar units arranged to form fiber or starch

Complex Carbohydrates

these are also called polysaccharides.

Complex Carbohydrates

glucose is sometimes known as blood sugar or _____.

Dextrose

pairs of single sugars linked together

Disaccharide

the two categories that the six sugar molecules are organized in are known as

Disaccharide and Monosaccharides

sacs or pouches that balloon out of the intestinal wall, caused by weakening of the muscle layers that encase the intestine. Ample dietary fiber may reduce the likelihood of this.

Diverticula

_____s dilute, bind, and rapidly remove potential cancer-causing agents from the colon.

FIbers

true or false - carbohydrates are the storage form of glucose in the body

False Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in the body.

true or false - type 1 is the type of diabetes in which the pancreas makes plenty of insulin but the body's cells resist insulin's action; often diagnosed in adulthood.

False Type 2 diabetes

true or false - some fiber is susceptible to fermentation by the bacteria in the liver

False bacteria in the colon

true or false - digestion of most starches begins in the stomach where starch is broken down into disaccharides and smaller polysaccharides

False Digestion of most starched begins in the mouth where an enzyme in saliva breaks down the starch into shorter units.

true or false - insoluble fibers are best known for their ability to modulate blood glucose levels, lower blood cholesterol, and promote the health of the colon.3

False Soluble fibers

he anaerobic (without oxygen) breakdown of carbohydrates by microorganisms that releases small organic compounds along with carbon dioxide and energy.

Fermentation

the indigestible parts of plant foods, largely nonstarch polysaccharides that are not digested by human digestive enzymes, although some are digested by resident bacteria of the colon.

Fiber

the sweetest monosaccharide is

Fructose

apples, barely, carrots, and legumes are rich in what that can help lower blood cholesterol levels in humans?

Gel-forming fibers

a hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood when blood glucose concentration dips.

Glucagon

the hormone insulin stimulates glucose storage as glycogen, while the hormone _____ helps release glucose from storage.

Glucagon

_______ provides energy for the work of all the cells of the stem, roots, flowers, and fruit of the plant.

Glucose

a single sugar used in both plant and animal tissues for energy

Glucose

maltose, or malt sugar, appears whenever starch is being broken down and contains two ?-ose units

Glucose

starch is a plants storage form of ______.

Glucose

the liver converts galactose and fructose to _____.

Glucose

the most basic carbohydrate unit used for energy by the body is

Glucose

sucrose is known as table sugar and is comprised of what two monosaccharides

Glucose and Fructose

these types of fibers aid in digestion: examples include; outer layers of whole grain, the strings of celery, and the skins of corn kernels.

Insoluble fibers

a hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to a high blood glucose concentration. It assists cells in drawing glucose from the blood.

Insulin

what are added into highly refined grains to make them enriched?

Iron, Riboflavin, Thiamin, Folate and Niacin.

acidic, water-soluble compounds that arise during the breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available.

Ketone Bodies

an undesirably high concentration of ketone bodies, such as acetone, in the blood or urine.

Ketosis

the intestinal enzyme that splits disaccharides lactose to monosaccharides during digestion.

Lactase

galactose is part of what disaccharide?

Lactose

_______ _______ is the impaired ability to digest lactose due to reduced amounts of the enzyme lactase.

Lactose intolerance

the three disaccharides that are important in nutrition

Lactose, Maltose, and Sucrose

fibers that readily dissolve in water are the ______ ______.

Soluble Fibers

a plant polysaccharide composed of glucose.

Starch

sugarlike compounds derived from fruit or manufactured from carbohydrates; sugar alcohols are absorbed more slowly than sugars, are metabolized differently, and do not elevate the risk of dental caries. Also called polyols.

Sugar Alcohols

simple carbohydrates; that is, molecules of either single sugar units or pairs of those sugar units bonded together. Also referred to as sucrose.

Sugars

what year was the U.S. Enrichment Act initiated?

The U.S. Enrichment Act of 1942

how are dietary fibers classified by?

Their solubility in water

sugars, including both single sugar units and linked pairs of sugar units.

Simple Carbohydrates

a ranking of foods accord- ing to their potential for raising blood glucose relative to a reference dose of glucose.

Glycemic index

a highly branched polysaccharide that is made and held in liver and muscle tissues as a storage form of glucose

Glycogen

chlorophyll stands for _____ and _____ in latin. (chloros and phyllon)

Green and leaf (chloros and phylon)

swollen, hardened (varicose) veins in the rectum, usually caused by pressure resulting from constipation

Hemorrhoids

an abnormally low blood glucose concentration, often accompanied by symptoms such as anxiety, rapid heartbeat, and sweating.

Hypoglycemia

whole grains are higher in vitamin B6 and the minerals ____ and ____ when compared to enriched refined grains.

Magnesium and ZInc

a single sugar molecule such as glucose, galactose, or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.

Monosaccharide

fructose is what type of saccharide?

Monosaccharide

he process by which green plants make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water using the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the sun's energy

Photosynthesis

compounds composed of long strands of glucose units linked together, also another name for complex carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

true or false - a higher intake of whole grains correlates to a lower risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers - colon cancer.

True

true or false - all three disaccharides (lactose, maltose, and sucrose) contain glucose

True

true or false - hypoglycemia most happens as . consequence of poorly managed diabetes

True

true or false - people can digest the starch to glucose and extract the sun's energy stored in its chemical bonds

True

the type of diabetes in which the pancreas produces no or very little insulin; often diagnosed in childhood, although some cases arise in adulthood.

Type 1 diabetes

grains or foods made from them that contain all the parts and naturally occurring nutrients of the entire grain seed, except the inedible husk.

Whole Grains