Nutrition- Conrad MSU Test 3

Name one drawback of Calorie restriction.

-Reported side effects include constant hunger, feeling cold, lower sex drive-Long-term effects are not known

What are established effects of Calorie restriction (CR)?

-decreased fat mass and lean body mass-decreased blood glucose levels-decreased LDL and total cholesterol and increased HDL cholesterol-decreased core body temperature and blood pressure-decreased energy expenditure-decreased oxidative stress-lower levels of DNA damage-lower levels of chronic inflammation-protective changes in some hormone levels-nutrient dense diet

What percentage of a toddler's daily energy intake come from fat in order to promote proper growth and development?

30-40% of total kcal from fat

A low-birth-weight infant is one who weighs less than about how many pounds?

5 pounds, 8 ounces

At what age can solids be introduced to an infant's diet?

6 months

As compared to the general population, the children of diabetic women are at how much greater risk of developing Type 2 diabetes?

8x greater risk

What is a cofactor? Why do we need it?

A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that is required for the protein's biological activity. These proteins are commonly enzymes, and cofactors can be considered "helper molecules" that assist in biochemical transformations.

Know the difference between preterm and small-for-gestational age babies.

A preterm baby is born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Small for gestational age is a term used to describe babies who are smaller than usual for the number of weeks of pregnancy. These babies have birth weight below the 10th percentile.

What is beriberi?

A thiamine deficiency (vitamin b)

What are the different components of the blood?

Blood has three cellular components and a matrix. 1. Erythrocytes transport oxygen. 2. Leukocytes are the key to our immune function. 3. Platelets assist in formation of blood clots. 4. Plasma is the watery matrix of blood in which the cells and platelets flow, transporting oxygen and nutrients and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes.

What is an important concept to know about iron as it relates to breastfeeding?

Breast milk is a good source of calcium and magnesium and contains an easily absorbed form of iron.

The composition of milk changes during a feeding/ know the difference (beginning vs end of the feeding)

Breastmilk changes during a feeding You may have heard that the milk at the beginning of a feed, called foremilk, is more watery while the milk at the end, called hindmilk, is fattier. It's true that the fat in breastmilk increases gradually during a feeding, but that doesn't mean that hindmilk is better than foremilk.

What is the most abundant major mineral in the body?

Calcium

How do carotenoids help the body?

Carotenoids in general are known to: -enhance the immune system -protect skin from damage by UV light -protect eyes from damage

What is a coenzyme? Why do we need it?

Coenzyme Q10, or CoQ10, is a substance that the human body makes naturally. Cells use it to generate energy. CoQ10 also functions as a powerful antioxidant to help fight free radicals that can damage cells and DNA. However, your body produces less and less CoQ10 as you get older.

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B12?

Diarrhea Constipation Tiredness Light-headedness Loss of appetite Pale skin Lack of focus Shortness of breath Swollen, red tongue Bleeding gums Long-term vitamin B12 deficiency can cause: Confusion Dementia Depression Loss of balance Numbness and tingling in your hands and feet

Know which type of fats pregnant women should limit and which they should consume (DHA/EPA vs saturated fats)

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is especially important in the maternal diet. should limit consumption of saturated fats

What is the difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins?

Fat-soluble vitamins are soluble in fats. They are absorbed by fat globules that travel through the small intestines and into the general blood circulation within the body. Unlike water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body when they are not in use. Typically, they are stored in the liver and fat tissues. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water, which means these vitamins and nutrients dissolve quickly in the body. Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble vitamins are carried to the body's tissues, but the body cannot store them.

What are some benefits of breastfeeding?

Look at ch 14 notes

What factors influence the body's ability to absorb iron?

Many factors influence iron absorption: i. Iron status ii. Stomach acid iii. The amount of iron in the diet iv. The type of iron in the diet, whether heme iron or non-heme iron

A toxicity of folate can disguise a deficiency of which nutrient?

Mask a deficiency of B12

During pregnancy, women should avoid consuming large, predatory types of fish and consume no more than 12 oz per week of other types of fish to avoid what kind of contamination?

Mercury

What are the three processes by which bones develop?

Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts are the three cell types involved in the development, growth and remodeling of bones. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells, osteocytes are mature bone cells and osteoclasts break down and reabsorb bone.

Wasting is a condition characterized by what appearance?

Patients with cachexia experience severe weight loss, along with wasting of the muscles of the body, and they develop a characteristically thin, sunken experience with a corresponding loss of energy. undernourished infants

What happens to the blood's ability to clot when you do not consume enough of this vitamin?

Significantly, it acts as a coenzyme in the synthesis of proteins involved in the coagulation (clotting) of blood. Without adequate vitamin K, clotting time can be delayed or may fail to occur.

Know the recommended weight gain ranges in pounds for difference weight ranges such as: underweight, normal weight and overweight women.

The average recommended weight gain for women of normal prepregnancy weight is 25 to 35 pounds.

What factors influence calcium bioavailability?

The bioavailability of calcium depends on our age, need for calcium, how much is consumed at one time, and dietary factors.

During pregnancy, excessive consumption of which of the following micronutrients is MOST significantly associated with birth defects?

Vitamin A

What are the key functions of vitamin B12 in the body?

Vitamin B12 plays a role in normalizing the function of the nerves and the brain, in addition to the formation of red blood cells in the body. Vitamin B12 plays a role in metabolism is the metabolism of the body's cells. As well as the synthesis and regulation of energy metabolism into fatty acids contained in the body.

Know the relationship between vitamin C and collagen.

Vitamin C is a necessary substance for collagen production in the body. Without it, the body simply cannot produce it. Both low collagen and low vitamin C input can lead to saggy skin, wrinkles, heart issues, Leaky Gut, and chronic disease. Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin which means it is not stored in the body.

What is rickets?

Vitamin D deficiency; children with softening bones due to failure to calcify normally; symptoms include bowed leg, enlarged head, joints, rib cage, and deformed pelvis

What are some functions of vitamin D?

Vitamin D is a nutrient found in some foods that is needed for health and to maintain strong bones. It does so by helping the body absorb calcium from food and supplements. People who get too little vitamin D may develop soft, thin, and brittle bones, a condition known as rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

What vitamin can be made by the body when exposed to UV light from the sun?

Vitamin D3

Which fat-soluble vitamin serves as a coenzyme during production of specific proteins that assist in blood circulation and bone metabolism?

Vitamin K

Which vitamin has a strong role in blood clotting?

Vitamin K

What percentage of dietary zinc is absorbed?

You absorb between 15 and 35 percent of the zinc you consume. The exact amount depends on the amount of zinc you take in

What is the primary role of the B-vitamins?

act as coenzymes in a number of metabolic processes

During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, the woman's energy needs increase by how many kilocalories per day?

an additional 300 to 450 kcal/day

Where is fluoride stored in the body?

bones and teeth

How can a stroke or Parkinson's disease can impair the nutritional status of older adults?

causing dysphagia - inability to swallow (forget how to swallow)

What is infant mortality?

death of infants between birth and 1 year old

During the first six months of lactation, the daily energy needs of the mother increase by how many kilocalories as compared to pre-pregnancy levels?

demanded 640 kcal/day during the first 6 months compared to 300kcal/day during the last 2 trimesters of pregnancy

What do you call the process by which a fetus's metabolism, hormone production, and other physiological processes shift in response to inadequate energy intake during pregnancy?

fetal adaptation

What is colostrum?

first milk produced (from birth up to 3 days after); rich in proteins, antibodies, vitamins, and minerals

In which trimester of pregnancy is the fetus the most vulnerable to teratogens?

first trimester

What nutrient is added to municipal water supplies to promote healthy tooth formation?

flouride

Inadequate intake of which nutrient during the first few weeks of pregnancy is associated with spinal cord defects in the fetus?

folate

What is the term used to describe areas where people lack access to fresh, healthful and affordable foods?

food desert

How do free radicals cause damage in the body?

have harmful destabilizing powers (damages cell integrity)

High concentrations of homocysteine in the blood are associated with the development of what disease?

heart disease

What is a food related issue associated with behavioral and learning problems in school-aged children?

hunger

According to certain studies, exposure of a fetus to famine in the first trimester of pregnancy can result in high risk for the development of what condition in adulthood?

increased risk of obesity, coronary heart disease, abnormal serum lipid profile, and metabolic syndrome

What is the MOST common micronutrient deficiency in the world?

iron deficiency; anemia

What are the side effects of vitamin A deficiency?

irreversible blindness, impaired immunity, reproductive system disorders, and growth failure.

Which sequence BEST describes the vicious cycle of malnutrition?

malnutrition increases risk of infections, which can impact nutrient absorption, which can further malnutrition, etc

Pellagra results from a deficiency of what vitamin?

niacin

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that fruit juice be limited to a maximum of how many ounces per day?

no more than 6 oz a day; 4-6 oz a day

How does a decreased family income influence the risk of a child being overweight or obese?

obesity is more prevalent is low-income populations. Some researchers have also observed a so-called hunger obesity paradox where low income people are obese and deficient in one or more nutrients- living

Which micronutrient is destroyed by exposure to light?

riboflavin

Poor maternal intake of calcium increases the risk of what disease in the adult offspring?

risk of hypertension

What is scurvy?

the most common vitamin C deficiency disease

What is bioavailability?

the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

An increased risk of cardiovascular disease is associated with high maternal intake of nutrient?

trans fat

Which fat-soluble vitamin Functions primarily as a powerful antioxidant?

vitamin E

Does caffeine cross the placenta and reach the fetus?

yes

What mineral is important in a healthy immune system and wound healing for older adults?

zinc