Nutrition EXAM 1

The cardiovascular system is made up of which of the following components? (multiple) A. Arteries B. Heart C. Veins D. Lymphatic Vessels

A. Arteries B. Heart C. Veins

The cardiovascular system is made up of which of the following components? (multiple) A. Arteries B. Heart C. Veins D. Lymphatic Vessels

A. Arteries B. Heart C. Veins

Proton pump inhibitors and H2 blockers are used in the treatment of (multiple) A. GERD B. hemorrhoids C. peptic ulcers D. celiac disease

A. GERD C. peptic ulcers

During the process of gene expression, after RNA transcribes the DNA code, A. RNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm B. DNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm C. RNA moves to the Golgi complex D. DNA and RNA stay inside the nucleus

A. RNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Which of the following medications may be used in the treatment of a peptic ulcer? Select all that apply. A. antibiotics B. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs C. H2 blockers D. proton pump inhibitors

A. antibiotics C. H2 blockers D. proton pump inhibitors

The chyme production in the stomach is very acidic and would damage the absorptive cells that line the small intestine. To neutralize this acid, the pancreas releases _______ into the small intestine. A. bicarbonate B. bile C. proteases D. mucus

A. bicarbonate

Examples of probiotic foods include (multiple) A. buttermilk B. yogurt C. whole wheat bread D. candy

A. buttermilk B. yogurt

Why would drinking milk and cream not be good treatment for the relief of ulcer pain? A. calcium in milk and cream stimulates acid production. B. The probiotics in milk and cream stimulates acid production. C. the protein in the milk and cream "sour" when mixed with the stomach acid and make the pain worse.

A. calcium in milk and cream stimulates acid production.

Large dosages of vitamin A (e.g., more than 3 times the RDA) A. can cause harmful side effects B. is nothing to worry about C. will enhance eye health

A. can cause harmful side effects

Which of the following are functions of carbohydrates in the cell membrane? A. cell-to-cell communication B. form channels C. Immune defense D. cellular identity

A. cell-to-cell communication C. Immune defense D. cellular identity

It is difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but some possible causes include (multiple) A. depression and stress B. inflammatory responses C. alteration of hormones that regulate the movement of food through the GI tract D. low blood cholesterol levels

A. depression and stress B. inflammatory responses C. alteration of hormones that regulate the movement of food through the GI tract

Which of the following are commonly reported signs or symptoms that may lead to a diagnosis of noncebiac gluten sensitivity? Select all that apply. A. diarrhea B. fatigue C. joint pain D. low bone mass

A. diarrhea B. fatigue C. joint pain

Energy for chemical reactions in the cells can be derived from (multiple) A. fats B. vitamins C. water D. protein E. carbohydrates

A. fats D. protein E. carbohydrates

Surgical removal of the gallbladder is the primary treatment for _____. A. gallstones B. kidney stones C. irritable bowel syndrome D. celiac disease

A. gallstones

People with celiac disease experience an immunological reaction to the protein ______, which is commonly found in wheat. A. gluten B. albumin C. lactose D. whey

A. gluten

The pituitary gland secretes A. growth hormone B. epinephrine C. insulin D. thyroid hormones

A. growth hormone

To alleviate __________, avoid lying down after eating and raise the head of your bed 6 inches. A. heartburn B. peptic ulcers C. hemorrhoids D. irritable bowel syndrome

A. heartburn

Which of the following are potential long-term complications of untreated celiac disease? Select all that apply. A. osteoporosis (bone loss) B. type 2 diabetes C. anemia D. infertility

A. osteoporosis (bone loss) C. anemia D. infertility

When we have a cold, food often does not taste as good because _______. A. our noses are blocked, and our sense of smell contributes to our sense of taste. B. our noses are blocked, and it is our sense of smell that signals the brain to release chemicals to start digestion. C. our body's ability to recognize hunger is impaired. D. our appetite is suppressed.

A. our noses are blocked, and our sense of smell contributes to our sense of taste.

Which organ secretes bicarbonate into the small intestine to neutralize chyme as it moves from the stomach into the small intestine? A. pancreas B. gallbladder C. liver

A. pancreas

The main function of the lower esophageal sphincter is to A. prevent the back flow of GI tract contents B. produce bicarbonate to neutralize the acid C secrete gastrin to begin stomach digestion

A. prevent the back flow of GI tract contents

Yogurt would be classified as a ______ food. A. probiotic B. Prebiotic

A. probiotic

Joint pain, fatigue , headaches, and sleep disorders are symptoms of A. pancreatitis B. ulcers C. hemorrhoids and constipation D. noncebiac gluten sensitivity

D. noncebiac gluten sensitivity

________ _______ nutrients move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the aid of a carried protein.

Facilitated diffusion

There is no harm in taking large doses of nutrients. The extra nutrients will simply be excreted in the urine. True or False.

False

True or false: cells need water, building supplies, and chemical regulators to function properly.

True

True or false: Peptic ulcers occur only in the stomach.

false

True or false: celiac disease is caused by a food allergy.

false

An individual with GERD should not lie down after eating because lying down A. Allows stomach acid to enter the esophagus. B. Causes the stomach to overproduce acid. C. Lessens the ability of the GI tract to digest food. D. Decreases the production of mucus.

A. Allows stomach acid to enter the esophagus.

Which of the following illustrate the relationship between the immune system and the nutritional status? (multiple) A. An individual with vitamin C deficiency suffers from impaired wound healing. B. A child refuses to eat meat unless it is fried chicken nuggets. C. An individual with HIV is at increased risk of contracting food-borne illness. D. Populations in areas stricken by famine experience increased rate of infections.

A. An individual with vitamin C deficiency suffers from impaired wound healing. C. An individual with HIV is at increased risk of contracting food-borne illness. D. Populations in areas stricken by famine experience increased rate of infections.

Which of the following are functions of the cardiovascular system? A. Distributing nutrients B. Produces hormones that regulate reproductive functions C. Delivering hormones to target cells D. Facilitating the exchange of oxygen E. Transmission of nerve impulses

A. Distributing nutrients C. Delivering hormones to target cells D. Facilitating the exchange of oxygen

In times of stress, the release of epinephrine from the adrenal glands causes blood sugar to A. Increase B. Decrease

A. Increase

Oxygenated blood circulates from the lungs to the ______ side of the heart and then to the rest of the body. A. Left B. Right

A. Left

Which of the following cell components are organelles? Select all that apply. A. Lysosome B. Chromosome C. Protein D. Mitochondrion

A. Lysosome D. Mitochondrion

An _____ is a compound that allows for communication between a neuron and other cells. A. Neurotransmitter B. Hormone C. Antibody D. Enzyme

A. Neurotransmitter

Which of the following hormones is released from the adrenal gland and has the effect of increasing glucose in the blood? A. Norepinephrine B. Growth Hormone C. Glucagon D. Thyroid Hormone

A. Norepinephrine

Phagocytosis occurs when the absorptive cells in the small intestine A. Surround and engulf a solid compound B. surround and engulf a liquid. C. move nutrients across the energy gradient

A. Surround and engulf a solid compound

A neurotransmitter transmits a chemical signal between (multiple) A. a neuron and a muscle cell B. two muscle cells C. two neurons

A. a neuron and a muscle cell C. two neurons

To resynthesizes, white blood cells need A. a steady nutrient intake B. a good supply of protein weekly C. iron to reproduce D. vitamin C to boost their immune function

A. a steady nutrient intake

Which of the following are signs or symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome? Select all that apply. A. abdominal pain relieved by bowel movement B. abdominal distension C. streaks of blood in the stool D. mucus in the stool

A. abdominal pain relieved by bowel movement B. abdominal distension D. mucus in the stool

The primary site for storage of fat is the A. adipose tissue B. muscles C. lymphatic system D. brain

A. adipose tissue

Which of the following illustrate the connectedness of the immune system with nutritional status? A. an individual with HIV and increased risk of food-borne illness B. a child who refuses to eat meat unless it is fried C. famine and increased rate of infections D. impaired wound healing due to vitamin C deficiency

A. an individual with HIV and increased risk of food-borne illness C. famine and increased rate of infections D. impaired wound healing due to vitamin C deficiency

What can be taken to reduce acid in the stomach? A. antacids B. alcohol C. NSAIDs D. spicy meals

A. antacids

The junction between the lymphatic system and the cardiovascular system is located near the A. heart B. kidney C. liver D. groin

A. heart

Which of the following are potential long term complications of untreated celiac disease? Select all that apply. A. infertility B. type 2 diabetes C. osteoporosis (bone loss) D. anemia

A. infertility C. osteoporosis (bone loss) D. anemia

Filtering the blood is a function of which organ? A. kidney B. lungs C. heart D. pancreas

A. kidney

Which of the following lifestyles modifications may help prevent ulcers from occurring or recurring? A. limiting use of NSAIDs B. consuming more dairy products C. avoiding smoking D. restricting fiber intake

A. limiting use of NSAIDs C. avoiding smoking

Hepatic portal circulation refers to circulation to the _______. A. liver B. stomach C. pancreas D. heart

A. liver

The mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of A. mechanical digestion B. secretory digestion C. indigestion D. chemical digestion

A. mechanical digestion

These foods should be avoided by people with ulcers because they stimulate acid secretion and inhibit ulcer healing. A. milk and cream B. legumes and root vegetables C. fruits and vegetables D. carbonated drinks

A. milk and cream

The Golgi complex A. packages proteins for export from the cell B. is continuous with the outer membrane of cell nucleus C. stores genetic information within the cell D. digest foreign materials within the cell

A. packages proteins for export from the cell

Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system? A. returns fluid that collects between cells back to the bloodstream B. transport of water-soluble nutrients C. defense of the body against invading pathogens D. transport of absorbed dietary fats

A. returns fluid that collects between cells back to the bloodstream C. defense of the body against invading pathogens D. transport of absorbed dietary fats

Identify how fiber works in reducing constipation. A. fiber stimulates the action of the parathyroid hormone. B. Fiber stimulates peristalsis by drawing water into the large intestine. C. fiber stimulates the amount of water drawn out of food. D. fiber stimulates in the reabsorption of water from the large intestine.

B. Fiber stimulates peristalsis by drawing water into the large intestine.

A protease assists in the digestion of which macronutrient? A. carbohydrate B. Protein C. fat D. lipid

B. Protein

When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called A. facilitated diffusion B. active absorption C. phagocytosis D. passive diffusion

B. active absorption

Identify healthy bacteria that resides the large intestine. A. clostridia B. bifidobacteria C. lactobacilli

B. bifidobacteria C. lactobacilli

A long-term deficiency of a nutrient results in the breakdown of tissues. An example of this is when calcium is taken from ____. A. hair B. bone C. muscle D. skin

B. bone

tendons and cartilage are made of ______ tissue. A. nervous B. connective C. epithelial D. muscle

B. connective

Which of the following hormones increases blood glucose? (multiple) A. insulin B. epinephrine C. growth hormone D. glucagon

B. epinephrine C. growth hormone D. glucagon

An increased risk of esophageal cancer and chronic esophageal inflammation occurs in individuals with untreated _____. A. celiac disease B. heartburn C. gallstones D. ulcers

B. heartburn

Transporting absorbed nutrients to the liver to be processed before being released into the general bloodstream is referred to as A. recycling B. hepatic portal circulation C. deoxygenated circulation D. enterohepatic circulation

B. hepatic portal circulation

The safest type of laxatives are those that A. contain mineral oil B. increase fecal bulk C. stimulate the nerves in the large intestine

B. increase fecal bulk

Which of the following are serious risks of untreated peptic ulcers? select all that apply. A hemorrhoids B. infections C. internal bleeding D. gallstones

B. infections C. internal bleeding

Norepinephrine is (multiple) A. not involved in blood glucose regulation B. involved in hunger regulation C. released in times of stress D. a hormone

B. involved in hunger regulation C. released in times of stress D. a hormone

Visible abdominal distention, pain relief after a bowel movement, increased stool frequency, loose stools with pain onset, mucus in stool, and a feeling of incomplete elimination after a bowel movement are all symptoms associated with _____. A. noncebiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) B. irritable bowel syndrome C. FODMAPs D. Celiac disease

B. irritable bowel syndrome

The thyroid hormone help control growth and A. digestion B. metabolism C. cognitive development D. vision

B. metabolism

The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to A. increase the activity of disease-causing bacteria B. metabolize undigested food C. absorb water-soluble vitamins D. decrease the amount of antibodies produced

B. metabolize undigested food

True or false: Carbohydrates on cell membranes are involved in the identification of cells by the immune system. True or false

True

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and plasma are components of A. Hormones B. Chyme C. Blood D. Lymph

C. Blood

True or false: For the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, insoluble fiber is more effective than soluble fiber.

false

The hormone epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone all _______ blood glucose through a variety of actions. increase decrease

increase

Enzymes are sensitive to changes in pH True or false

true

Which of the following systems are responsible for circulating fluids through the body?(multiple) A. Endocrine System B. Nervous System C. Cardiovascular System D. Lymphatic System

C. Cardiovascular System D. Lymphatic System

What distinguishes the portal vein from other veins in the body? A. The portal vein carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the heart. B. The portal vein carries blood away from the heart. C. The portal vein transports blood to the liver rather than directly to the heart. D. The portal vein transports blood from the lungs to the heart.

C. The portal vein transports blood to the liver rather than directly to the heart.

The liver secretes unwanted substances from the blood by adding them to _____. A. bacteria B. enzymes C. bile D. nutrients

C. bile

The ______ environment of the small intestine (acid and digestive enzymes) result in the rapid cell turnover of the absorptive cells which leads to ______ nutrient need for the small intestine. A. mild, high B. mild, low C. harsh, high D. harsh, low

C. harsh, high

Although the majority of nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine, sodium, potassium, water, some fatty acids, and gases can be absorbed by the A. atomach B. pancreas C. large intestine D. esophagus

C. large intestine

Glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen stored in the A. pancreas B. adipose tissue C. liver D. muscle cells

C. liver

The gastroesophageal sphincter and the cardiac are alternative names used for the A. esophageal peristalsis B. upper esophageal sphincter C. lower esophageal sphincter

C. lower esophageal sphincter

Large dietary fats are absorbed from the small intestine into the A. blood B. portal vein C. lymph D. chyme

C. lymph

What is an exocrine role of the pancreas? A. production of glucagon B. production of bile C. production of amylase D. production of insulin

C. production of amylase

It is possible to consume too much of a nutrient, which can lead to a nutrient toxicity. This is most likely to occur when a person A. consumes a varied and balanced diet. B. eats a lot of fruits and vegetables. C. takes high-dose dietary supplements. D. eats a lot of breakfast cereal.

C. takes high-dose dietary supplements.

The average adult's stomach can hold about ____ of food. A. 2 quarts B. 1 gallon C. 1 cup D. 4 cups

D. 4 cups

The exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and the cells throughout the body occurs across the cells lining the A. Lacteals B. Arteries C. Veins D. Capillaries

D. Capillaries

Depression and stress likely contribute to the development of A. CD B. GERD C. NCGS D. IBS

D. IBS

Place in order the pathway a food takes when swallowing, beginning with the food in the mouth. A. Epiglottis B. Pharynx C. Esophagus D. Mouth

D. Mouth B. Pharynx A. Epiglottis C. Esophagus

Calcium is involved in the A. Supply of energy to the brain B. Formation of the myelin sheath that surrounds neurons C. Synthesis of neurotransmitters D. Release of neurotransmitters from neurons

D. Release of neurotransmitters from neurons

In the liver and muscle cells, glycogen is the short-term storage form of A. vitamin K B. fat C. protein D. carbohydrates

D. carbohydrates

The malabsorption of nutrients caused by ____ can lead to weight loss, anemia, infertility, and bone loss. A. irritable bowel syndrome B. constipation C. gallstones D. celiac disease

D. celiac disease

Which nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion? A. glucose B. Protein C. water D. fructose

D. fructose

Glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen stored in the A. muscle cells B. pancreas C. adipose tissue D. liver

D. liver

The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called A. chyme B. nerve contractions C. bolus D. peristalsis

D. peristalsis

An enzyme that breaks down the bonds in protein is a A. amylase B. lipase C. peptide D. protease

D. protease

An enzyme that breaks down the bonds in protein is a(n) A. lipase B. peptide C. amylase D. protease

D. protease

Which of the following are roles of the endocrine system? (multiple) A. produces hormones B. maintains water balance C. plays a major role in the regulation of metabolism D. converts beta-carotene to vitamin C

A. produces hormones B. maintains water balance C. plays a major role in the regulation of metabolism

Which of the following characteristics are shared by people with celiac disease and those with nonceliac gluten sensitivity? select all that apply. A. relief of symptoms with avoidance of dietary gluten B. flattening of the villi of the small intestine after dietary exposure to gluten C. production of antibodies to gluten D. gastrointestinal distress after dietary exposure to gluten

A. relief of symptoms with avoidance of dietary gluten D. gastrointestinal distress after dietary exposure to gluten

Identify the functions of the urinary system. (multiple) A. removing unneeded substances from the blood B. enterohepatic circulation C. maintaining proper fluid balance D. excreting fat-soluble vitamins

A. removing unneeded substances from the blood C. maintaining proper fluid balance

Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ______. A. starch B. protein C. fat D. cholesterol

A. starch

Identify structures made up of connective tissue (multiple). A. tendons B. blood vessels C. bones D. cartilage

A. tendons B. blood vessels C. bones D. cartilage

For a healthy person with normal digestive function, feces contain large amounts of (multiple) A. tough connective tissues B. undigested fat C. undigested fiber D. bacteria

A. tough connective tissues C. undigested fiber D. bacteria

The 5 primary taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and _____. A. umami B. bland C. spicy D. creamy

A. umami

The storage capacity A. varies by nutrient B. is the same for each different nutrient

A. varies by nutrient

Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the A. vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function B. type of bacteria for which they provide fuel C. type of chemical reaction they catalyze D. pH of the environment in which they function

A. vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function C. type of chemical reaction they catalyze D. pH of the environment in which they function

Which of the following substances are needed for chemical reactions to take place within the cells of the body? Select all that apply. A. vitamins B. oxygen C. protein D. carbon dioxide E. minerals

A. vitamins B. oxygen C. protein E. minerals

Identify the nutrients that are absorbed via passive diffusion A. Fructose B. Water C. fats D protein

A. water B. fats

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed directly into the blood and transported by the hepatic portal vein to the liver? Select all that apply. A. water-soluble compounds B. long-chain fatty acids C. glucose D. amino acids

A. water-soluble compounds C. glucose D. amino acids

________ _______ nutrients move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, which requires both a carrier protein and energy.

Active absorption

Select two different names for the blood proteins that bind to foreign proteins and destroy them. A. Enzymes B. Antibodies C. Immunoglobulins D. Antigens

B. Antibodies C. Immunoglobulins

Bile aids in the digestion of _______ in the small intestine. A. Protein B. Fat C. Carbohydrates D. Alcohol

B. Fat

Which of the following substances increases the amount of glucose available in the blood? A. Insulin B. Glucagon C. Epinephrine D. Norepinephrine

B. Glucagon C. Epinephrine D. Norepinephrine

After blood flows through the body, it returns to the heart through the A. Capillaries B. Veins C. Lacteals

B. Veins

Three functions of epithelial tissues are to (multiple) A. aid in communication B. absorb nutrients C. support structures in the body D. excrete waste E. secrete substances

B. absorb nutrients D. excrete waste E. secrete substances

Epinephrine is also called A. growth hormone B. adrenaline C. thyroid hormone D. insulin

B. adrenaline

Some people experience symptoms of celiac disease after ingestion of gluten but do not have the related pathology of celiac disease. This is termed ______. A. gluten allergy B. nonceliac gluten sensitivity C. gluten insensitivity D. GERD

B. nonceliac gluten sensitivity

When DNA is replicated during cell division, each new cell contains (multiple) A. less DNA that the original cell B. one strand of DNA from the original cell C. two new strands of DNA D. one stand of new DNA

B. one strand of DNA from the original cell D. one stand of new DNA

H. pylori bacteria and heavy use of medications that impair mucus production by the stomach are considered the two chief culprits of _____. A. constipation B. peptic ulcer disease C. hemorrhoids D. irritable bowel syndrome

B. peptic ulcer disease

The kidneys produce a hormone that is involved in A. regulation of Basal metabolic rate B. red blood cell synthesis C. cellular uptake of blood glucose D. synthesis of bone cells

B. red blood cell synthesis

Which of the following types of flour is gluten-free? A. spelt B. rice C. graham D. the

B. rice

individuals with ulcers should minimize the use of ______ because they reduce the mucus secreted by the stomach. A. high protein foods B. carbonated soda C. NSAIDs D. sugary foods

C. NSAIDs

Glucose and amino acids are absorbed via ______. A. phagocytosis B. facilitated diffusion C. active absorption D. passive diffusion

C. active absorption

The chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action of A. lipase B. pepsin C. amylase D. protease

C. amylase

Peroxisomes contain the enzyme ________, which neutralizes hydrogen peroxide in the cell. A. peroxidase B. lactase C. catalase D. hydrogenase

C. catalase

identify the bacteria that is problematic if found in the digestive tract. A. lactobacilli B. bifidobacteria C. clostridia

C. clostridia

In those with celiac disease, exposure to ______ causes the villi of the small intestine to flatten. A. stomach acid B. lactose C. gluten D. H. pylori

C. gluten

The storage form of glucose in the body is A. glycolysis B. glucagon C. glycogen

C. glycogen

Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the A. portal vein B. venous blood C. lymphatic system D. blood capillaries

C. lymphatic system

A mucus lining protects this organ from digesting itself. A. small intestine B. esophagus C. stomach D. gallbladder

C. stomach

The process of using the instructions contained in RNA to synthesize a new protein on a ribosome is called A. transcription B. metabolism C. translation D. gene expression

C. translation

Peristalsis refers to A. back and forth movements along the small intestine that mix chyme with digestive enzymes. B. the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus. C. waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract. D. muscular spasms in the gastrointestinal tract that may cause irritable bowel syndrome.

C. waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract.

What contains water, undigested fiber, bacteria, parts of dead intestinal cells, and some body wastes? A. chyme B. digestive enzymes C. vomit D. feces

D. feces

A highly branched cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals is called a A. nephron B. electrolyte C. enterocyte D. neuron

D. neuron

Treatment for diarrhea in infants and older adults A. is different in the recommendations for fluid choice. B. is no more critical than for children and adults. C. is more advanced. D. should be prompt to prevent rapid dehydration.

D. should be prompt to prevent rapid dehydration.

Very little nutrient absorption occurs here except for some water and alcohol A. small intestine B. pancreas C. mouth D. stomach

D. stomach

Match the site of production with the secretions (Mouth, stomach, pancreas, liver) - bile - lipase, amylase, protease, and bicarbonate - hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor - salivary amylase

Mouth - salivary amylase Stomach - hydrochloric acid and inartistic factor Pancreas - Lipase, amylase, protease, and bicarbonate Liver- Bile

________ _______ nutrients move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without the aid of a carrier.

Passive diffusion