Anatomy 25-SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
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1. The perineum __?__. (a) is located between the thighs and below the pelvic outlet (b) is divided into urogenital and anal triangles (c) contains the openings of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems (d) all of these (e) none of these
e
10. Which muscles are not anchored to the central tendinous point of the perineum ? (a) external anal sphincter (b) superficial transverse perineal (c) deep transverse perineal (d) bulbospongiosus (e) ischiocavernosus
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100. Which sequence best describes the movement of sperm away from the seminiferous tubules ? (a) straight tubules > rete testis > eferrent ducts > ductus epididymis > ductus deferens (b) ductus epididymis > rete testis > efferent ducts > straight tubules > ductus deferens (c) efferent ductules > rete testis > straight tubules > ductus deferens > ductus epididymis (d) rete testis > straight tubules > efferent ductules > ductus epididymis > ductus deferens
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101. The spermatic cord __?__. (a) starts at the deep inguinal ring (b) passes through the inguinal canal (c) emerges from the superficial inguinal ring (d) ends at the testis in the scrotum (e) all of these
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102. The spermatic cord contains __?__. (a) the ductus deferens (b) the testicular artery and pampiniform plexus of veins (c) lymphatics and nerves (d) all of these (e) none of these
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103. The pampiniform plexus __?__. (a) is a network of veins formed by the testicular veins (b) cools the blood in the testicular artery (c) is located in the spermatic cord (d) all of these (e) none of these
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104. The seminal vesicles __?__. (a) are located on the back of the urinary bladder (b) empty their secretions into the ejaculatory ducts (c) are responsible for about 60% of the volume of the semen (d) all of these (e) none of these
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105. The seminal vesicle walls__?__. (a) are lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium (b) contain smooth muscles which force secretions from the gland during ejaculation (c) are thrown into folds which give the gland a honeycombed appearance (d) all of these (e) none of these
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106. The prostate __?__. (a) sits below the urinary bladder (b) surrounds the first part of the urethra (c) empties through several ducts into the floor of the urethra (d) all of these (e) none of these
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107. The prostate gland consists of __?__. (a) a fibroelastic capsule (b) 20 or more compound tubulo-alveolar glands (c) a fibromuscular stroma of dense c.t. and smooth muscle (d) all of these (e) none of these
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108. The glands making up the prostate are called __?__ glands. (a) main (b) submucosal (c) mucosal (d) all of these (e) none of these
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109. Which type of prostate gland is largest, makes up most of the bulk of the prostate, and has the longest ducts ? (a) main (b) submucosal (c) mucosal (d) all of these (e) none of these
c
11. Which muscle forms loops around the urethra, the vagina, and the rectum ? (a) coccygeus (b) sphincter urethrae (c) levator ani (d) bulbospongiosus (e) external anal sphincter.
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110. Prostatic secretions __?__. (a) are thin and milky (b) enhance sperm mobility (c) first clot and then liquefy ejaculated semen (d) all of these (e) none of these
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111. Prostatic secretions __?__. (a) make up about 30% of the volume of ejaculated semen (b) contain citric acid and fibrinolysin, a hydrolytic enzyme (c) are forced into the urethra by smooth muscle contractions (d) all of these (e) none of these
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112. The bulbourethral glands __?__. (a) are located in the UG diaphragm (b) are also called Cowper's glands (c) empty into the penile urethra (d) all of these (e) none of these
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113. Bulbourethral gland secretions __?__. (a) may neutralize residual urine in the urethra (b) may lubricate the flow of ejaculate (c) are considered a component of semen (d) a and b (e) b and c
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114. Semen is a mixture of __?__. (a) sperm (b) prostatic secretions (c) seminal vesicle secretions (d) seminiferous tubule secretions (e) all of these
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115. The penis consists of __?__ and __?__. (a) two corpora cavernosa , one corpus spongiosum (b) two corpora spongiosa, one corpus cavernosum (c) one corpus spongiosum, one corpus cavernosum (d) two corpora cavernosa, two corpora spongiosum
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116. The corpus spongiosum __?__. (a) begins at the bulb of the penis (b) ends at the glans of the penis (c) contains the urethra (d) contains erectile tissue (e) all of these
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117. The three corpora of the penis are surrounded by a dense white fibrous connective tissue called the __?__. (a) tunica vaginalis (b) tunica albuginea (c) tunica intima (d) tunica serosa (e) tunica muscularis
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118. The crura of the penis __?__. (a) are the proximal ends of the corpora cavernosa penis (b) lie on the ischiopubic rami (c) are covered by the Ischiocavernosus muscles (d) all of these (e) none of these
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119. The bulb of the penis __?__. (a) is covered by the Bulbocavernosus muscles (b) is the homolog of the bulb of the vestibule (c) rests against the UG diaphragm (d) all of these (e) none of these
d
12. The external genitalia or vulva of the female include the __?__. (a) clitoris (b) labia minora (c) labia majora (d) all of these (e) none of these
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120. The prepuce __?__. (a) is a fold of penile skin (b) covers the glans penis (c) is also called the foreskin (d) is removed by circumcision (e) all of these
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121. The corpora cavernosa contain __?__. (a) erectile tissue (b) deep arteries (c) helicine arteries (d) all of these (e) none of these
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122. The corpora cavernosa do not contain __?__. (a) erectile tissue (b) deep arteries (c) helicine arteries (d) the urethra
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123. The large blood vessel visible through the skin on the dorsum of the penis is called the __?__. (a) dorsal artery (b) deep dorsal vein (c) central artery (d) superficial dorsal vein (e) none of these
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124. The arteries to the penis are branches of the __?__ artery. (a) obturator (b) inferior gluteal (c) rectal (d) internal pudendal (e) none of these
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125. During erection, the erectile tissue of the penis becomes engorged with blood because __?__. (a) its arteries and veins vasodilate (b) its arteries vasoconstrict and its veins vasodilate (c) its arteries vasodilate and its veins are compressed against the tunica albuginea (d) its arteries and veins vasoconstrict (e) none of these
e
13. Which of the following is not a component of the clitoris ? (a) corpora cavernosa (b) glans (c) erectile tissue (d) crura (e) urethra
e
14. The clitoris is __?__. (a) composed of two corpora cavernosa and a glans (b) has a hood or prepuce formed by the labia minora (c) has a frenulum formed by the labia minora (d) contains erectile tissue (e) all of these
d
15. Which of the following is a component of the penis but not of the clitoris . (a) urethra (b) corpus spongiosum (c) bulb (d) all of these (e) none of these
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16. The labia minora __?__. (a) are glabrous folds of skin (b) bound the vestibule (c) are medial to the labia majora (d) all of these (e) none of these
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17. The labia majora __?__. (a) are homologs of the male scrotum (b) are more deeply pigmented than the surrounding skin (c) enclose the labia minora (d) are covered externally with pubic hairs (e) all of these
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18. The greater vestibular glands __?__. (a) are also called Bartholin's glands (b) secrete into the vestibule near the vaginal orifice (c) are homologs of the male bulbourethral glands (d) all of these (e) none of these
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19. The bulbs of the vestibule __?__. (a) consist of two masses of erectile tissue (b) are covered by the bulbospongiosus muscles (c) are located on either side of the vaginal orifice (d) are the homolog of the male bulb of the penis (e) all of these
d
2. The diamond-shaped perineum is outlined or bounded by the __?__. (a) pubic symphysis and coccyx (b) ischiopubic rami and ischial tuberosities (c) sacrotuberous ligaments and lower edges of the gluteus maximus muscles (d) all of these (e) none of these
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20. The vagina __?__. (a) lies posterior and parallel to the urethra (b) lies anterior and parallel to the rectum and anal canal (c) opens into the vestibule posterior to the external urethral meatus (d) all of these (e) none of these
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21. The vaginal mucosa__?__. (a) consists of stratified squamous epithelium and connective tissue (b) is thrown into transverse folds called rugae (c) undergoes cyclic changes in response to ovarian hormones (d) all of these (e) none of these
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22. The vaginal wall contains __?__ muscle. (a) no (b) skeletal (c) smooth (d) smooth and skeletal
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23. The hymen __?__. (a) is a fold of vaginal mucosa (b) is always intact in virgins (c) narrows the vaginal orifice (d) a and b (e) a and c
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24. The upper end of the vagina encloses the __?__ of the uterus. (a) fundus (b) corpus (c) cervix (d) all of these (e) none of these
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25. The vaginal fornices form a gutter-like space between the __?__ and the __?__. (a) cervix, upper end of the vagina (b) urethra, vaginal orifice (c) rectum, upper end of the vagina (d) labia minora, labia majora (e) none of these
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26. If a sharp instrument pierced the roof of the posterior vaginal fornix, it __?__. (a) would enter the rectouterine recess (b) would enter the peritoneal cavity (c) could lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (d) all of these (e) none of these
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27. Which of the following is not a part of the uterus ? (a) fundus (b) corpus (c) cervix (d) isthmus (e) pylorus
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28. The inferior, constricted part of the uterus is called the __?__. (a) fornix (b) fundus (c) cervix (d) body (e) salpinx
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29. The uterus is usually __?__. (a) vertical (b) tilted forward over the urinary bladder (c) tilted backward over the rectum (d) none of these
b
3. The boundary between the urogenital and the anal triangles is an imaginary line connecting the __?__. (a) pubic symphysis and coccyx (b) ischial tuberosities (c) ischial spines (d) sacrospinous ligaments (e) ischiopubic rami
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30. The uterus is enveloped by a fold of peritoneum called the __?__. (a) ovarian ligament (b) broad ligament (c) uterosacral ligaments (d) greater omentum (e) mesentery proper
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31. The myometrium __?__. (a) is composed of spiral wrappings of smooth muscle (b) forms the middle layer of the uterine wall (c) contracts during orgasms and parturition (= childbirth) (d) contracts in response to the pituitary hormone oxytocin (e) all of these
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32. The lining of the uterus __?__. (a) is a mucosa (b)undergoes cyclic changes in response to ovarian hormones (c) is called the endometrium (d) all of these (e) none of these
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33. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes called the uterine or menstrual cycle. The cycle is divided into __?__ phases. (a) menstrual (b) proliferative (c) secretory (d) all of these (e) none of these
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34. The uterine endometrium is divided into a deeper stratum __?__ and a more superficial stratum__?__. (a) basalis, functionalis (b) functionalis, basalis (c) corneum, basalis (d) basalis, corneum (e) basalis, granulosum
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35. Only the stratum __?__ of the endometrium is shed during menstruation. (a) basalis (b) corneum (c) luteum (d) functionalis (e) menstrualis
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36. A functional endometrium contains __?__. (a) spiral arteries (b) veins with enlargments called sinusoids (c) glands that secrete glycoproteins into the uterine cavity (d) all of these (e) none of these
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37. During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle __?__. (a) the stratum functionalis is regenerated from the stratum basalis (b) spiral arteries and veins develop and grow (c) glands develop and grow (d) all of these (e) none of these
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38. The proliferative phase of the uterine cycle is controlled by __?__ produced and released into the bloodstream by ovarian granulosa and theca cells. (a) progesterone (b) LH (c) FSH (d) estrogen (e) none of these
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39. During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle __?__. (a) the endometrium becomes thicker and moister (b) the glands enlarge and begin secreting glycoproteins (c) the arteries and veins become more elaborate (d) all of these (e) none of these
b
4. The levator ani and coccygeus muscles form the__?__. (a) urogenital diaphragm (b) pelvic diaphragm (c) anal triangle (d) anococcygeal raphe (e) central tendinous point of the perineum.
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40. The secretory phase of the uterine cycle is controlled by __?__ produced and released into the bloodstream by the __?__. (a) estrogens, follicles (b) progesterone, corpus luteum (c) LH, adenohypophysis (d) FSH, adenohypophysis (e) none of these
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41. The secretory phase of the uterine cycle lasts __?__. (a) fourteen days (b) nine days (c) five days (d) one day (e) none of these
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42. The secretory phase of the uterine cycle lasts as long as the __?__ phase of the ovarian cycle. (a) follicular (b) ovulatory (c) luteal
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43. The menstrual phase of the uterine cycle is caused by __?__. (a) degeneration of the corpus luteum (b) a drop in the blood levels of progesterone (c) alternating vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the spiral arteries resulting in destruction of the functional layer of the endometrium (d) all of these (e) none of these
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44. The mentrual flow (= menstruum) consists of blood from ruptured blood vessels and chunks of the degenerated functional layer of the endometrium. (a) true (b) false
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45. The mucosa of the cervix __?__. (a) is shed during menstruation (b) contains mucous glands (c) is lined with simple columnar epithelium (d) a and b (e) b and c
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46. The cervical canal opens into the uterine cavity at the __?__. (a) external os (b) internal os (c) posterior fornix (d) anterior fornix (e) infundiubulum
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47. The uterine tube is also called the __?__. (a) Fallopian tube (b) mesosalpinx (c) ductus deferens (d) epioophoron (e) ovarian tube
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48. Which part of the uterine tube is attached to the uterus ? (a) isthmus (b) ampulla (c) infundibulum (d) vulva (e) fimbriae
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49. Which part of the uterine tube is closest to the ovary ? (a) isthmus (b) ampulla (c) infundibulum (d) none of these
c
5. Pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, and puborectalis are parts of __?__. (a) external anal sphincter (b) coccygeus (c) levator ani (d) the U-G diaphagm (e) obturator internus.
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50. The mucosa of the uterine tube __?__. (a) is lined with a simple columnar epithelium (b) contains both ciliated and secretory cells (c) is thrown into branching, longitudinal folds (d) all of these (e) none of these
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51. The smooth muscle in the uterine tube __?__. (a) is arranged in circular and longitudinal layers (b) produces peristaltic contractions (c) helps to propel the ovum towards the uterine cavity (d) all of these (e) none of these
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52. If you traced an ovum from the ovary to the uterine cavity, through which of the following listed spaces or structures would it pass thirdly ? (a) peritoneal cavity (b) ampulla (c) infundibulum (d) isthmus (e) uterine cavity
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53. Fertilization of an ovum usually takes place in the __?__ of the uterine tube. (a) fimbriae (b) ampulla (c) isthmus (d) infundibulum (e) none of these
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54. Which of the following does not attach to the uterus at the junction of the fundus and the corpus ? (a) uterine tube (b) round ligament (c) ovarian ligament (d) uterosacral ligament (e) none of these
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55. Which of the following contains the ovarian artery and veins ? (a) ovarian ligament (b) suspensory ligament of the ovary (c) round ligament (d) uterosacral ligament (e) none of these
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56. The ovaries __?__. (a) are located in the pelvis minor (b) are attached to the broad ligament (c) are suspended by folds called mesovaria (d) all of these (e) none of these
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57. Follicles are located in the __?__ of the ovary. (a) tunica albuginea (b) germinal epithelium (c) cortex (d) medulla (e) hilus
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58. From birth until puberty, the cortex of the ovary contains only __?__. (a) primordial follicles (b) primary follicles (c) secondary follicles (d) corpora lutea (singular = corpus luteum) (e) corpora albicantes (singular = corpus albicans)
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59. As a follicle progresses from primordial to primary, __?__. (a) the oocyte enlarges (b) the granulosa cells become cuboidal and multiply (c) a zona pellucida envelopes the oocyte (d) a theca folliculi condenses around the granulosa (e) all of these
a
6. The sphincter urethrae and the deep transverse perineal muscles form the (a) urogenital diaphragm (b) pelvic diaphragm (c) anal triangle (d) anococcygeal raphe (e) central tendinous point of the perineum.
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60. In a mature or vesicular ovarian follicle, __?__. (a) the antrum is a single, large fluid-filled cavity (b) the oocyte is pushed to one side of the follicle (c) the oocyte is surrounded by a cluster of cells, the corona radiata (d) all of these (e) none of these.
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61. Which structure is largest and closest to ovulation ? (a) oocyte (b) primordial follicle (c) primary follicle (d) secondary follicle (e) vesicular follicle
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62. The ovaries produce __?__. (a) LH and FSH (b) estrogens and oxytocin (c) estrogens and progesterone (d) progesterone and FSH (e) LH and estrogens
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63. The ovaries undergo cyclic changes referred to as the ovarian cycle. The cycle is divided into __?__ and __?__ phases, separated by ovulation. (a) proliferative, secretory (b) follicular, luteal (c) menstrual, secretory (d) follicular, secretory (e) proliferative, menstrual
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64. During follicular development, the granulosa and the theca cells secrete mostly __?__. (a) estrogens (b) progesterone (c) luteinizing hormone (d) follicle stimulating hormone (e) none of these
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65. Follicular development is stimulated by the the hormones __?__ and __?__ released by the adenohypophysis (= anterior pituitary). (a) estrogen, progesterone (b) FSH, LH (c) estrogen, testosterone (d) growth hormone, oxytocin (e) ACTH, growth hormone
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66. At ovulation __?__. (a) the follicle wall ruptures (b) the theca externa cells contract (c) the oocyte and corona radiata are expelled into the peritoneal cavity (d) all of these (e) none of these
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67. Ovulation is initiated by a sudden increase in the amount of __?__ released from the adenohypophysis. (a) FSH (b) LH (c) ACTH (d) PTH (e) progesterone
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68. The post-ovulatory phase of the ovarian cycle is called the __?__. (a) proliferative (b) secretory (c) luteal (d) follicular (e) menstrual
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69. After ovulation, the granulosa and the theca cells __?__. (a) enlarge (b) form a yellowish structure called the corpus luteum (c) secrete progesterone and estrogens (d) all of these (e) none of these
a
7. Which muscle is not located in the urogenital triangle ? (a) coccygeus (b) bulbospongiosus (c) superficial transverse perineal (d) ischiocavernosus (e) deep transverse perineal.
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70. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum __?__. (a) slowly degenerates (b) ceases to function fourteen days after ovulation (c) forms a scar known as a corpus albicans in the ovarian cortex (d) all of these (e) none of these
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71. The scrotum __?__. (a) is the male homolog of the female labia majora (b) is divided into two compartments by a median septum (c) is more deeply pigmented than the surrounding skin (d) all of these (e) none of these
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72. The scrotum contains __?__. (a) the testes (b) the epididymes (c) parts of the spermatic cords (d) all of these (e) none of these
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73. The cremaster muscle __?__. (a) is located between the external and the internal spermatic fascia (b) surrounds the spermatic cord and the testis (c) is derived from the Internal abdominal oblique muscle (d) all of these (e) none of these
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74. The tunica vaginalis __?__. (a) is a double-walled, serous sac (b) partially encloses the testis (c) allows the testis to move freely in the scrotum (d) is derived from the peritoneum of the abdominopelvic cavity (e) all of these
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75. The dense fibrous connective tissue capsule of the testis is called the __?__. (a) tunica vaginalis (b) testicular capsule (c) tunica albuginea (d) external spermatic fascia (e) none of these
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76. Each lobule of the testis contains two to four looped and coiled __?__. (a) straight tubules (b) seminiferous tubules (c) efferent ductules (d) epididymes (e) rete testis
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77. Sperm are produced in __?__. (a) the rete testis (b) the seminal vesicles (c) seminiferous tubules (d) the epididymis (e) the prostate gland
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78. Seminiferous tubules contain __?__. (a) spermatogonia (b) primary and secondary spermatocytes (c) sustentacular cells (d) spermatids (e) all of these
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79. Type B spermatogonia __?__. (a) move away from the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule (b) enlarge (c) are converted into primary spermatocytes (d) all of these (e) none of these
b
8. Which perineal muscle covers the crura of the penis or the clitoris ? (a) sphincter urethrae (b) ischiocavernosus (c) bulbospongiosus (d) superficial transverse perineal (e) pubococcygeus..
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80. Type A spermatogonia __?__. (a) stay near the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule (b) divide mitotically (c) produce new Type A and Type B spermatogonia (d) all of these (e) none of these
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81. Primary spermatocytes divide to produce __?__ . (a) two secondary spermatocytes (b) four secondary spermatocytes (c) two spermatids (d) four spermatids (e) none of these.
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82. Secondary spermatocytes are located __?__ the lumen of the seminiferous tubule than primary spermatocytes. (a) closer to (b) farther from
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83. Secondary spermatocytes divide to produce two __?__. (a) spermatogonia (b) spermatids (c) spermatozoa (d) primary spermatocytes (e) Sertoli cells
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84. During its conversion into a spermatozoon (= sperm), a spermatid __?__. (a) forms an acrosome (b) forms a flagellum (c) loses most of its cytoplasm (d) all of these (e) none of these
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85. DNA is located in the __?__ of a sperm. (a) acrosome (b) head (c) neck (d) middle piece of the tail (e) principal piece of the tail
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86. In which part of a sperm would you find the enzymes involved in penetration of the zona pellucida ? (a) acrosome (b) head (c) middle piece (d) neck (e) tail
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87. The general term for sperm production is __?__ and the term applied to the conversion of a spermatid into a spermatozoon is __?__. (a) spermiogenesis and spermatogenesis (b)spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis (c) oogenesis and meiosis (d) spermatogenesis and capacitation (e) none of these
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88. Sustentacular cells __?__. (a) are located in seminiferous tubules (b) surround developing spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids (c) extend from the basal lamina to the tubule lumen (d) are also called Sertoli cells (e) all of these
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89. The blood-testis barrier __?__. (a) is produced by the tight junctions between Sertoli cells (b) prevents the developing spermatids from contacting the blood vessels in the conective tissues around the seminiferous tubules (c) prevents an auto-immune reaction to the spermatids (d) all of these (e) none of these
a
9. Which perineal muscles are separated by the vestibule in the female, but joined across the midline by a raphe in the male ? (a) bulbospongiosus (b) ischiocavernosus (c) superficial transverse perineal (d) deep transverse perineal (e) sphincter urethrae.
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90. Sustentacular cells __?__. (a) phagocytize the cellular materials shed by spermatids (b) control the movement of spermatocytes and spermatids towards the lumen of a seminiferous tubule (c) produce inhibin and androgenbinding protein (d) produce testicular fluid (e) all of these
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91. The spermatogenesis is controlled by __?__. (a) FSH released by the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) (b) testosterone produced by interstitial cells (c) both (d) neither
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92. Androgen-binding hormone produced by sustentacular cells __?__. (a) inhibits FSH (b) concentrates testosterone in the seminiferous tubules (c) decreases the amount of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules (d) kills defective sperm (e) none of these
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93. Testosterone is produced by __?__ located in the connective tissues around the seminiferous tubules . (a) sustentacular cells (b) Sertoli cells (c) interstitial cells (d) all of these (e) none of these
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94. The epididymis __?__. (a) is a highly coiled tube (b) sits on the back of the testis (c) is divided into a head, body, and tail (d) is the major storage site for sperm (e) all of these
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95. While stored in the epididymis, sperm __?__. (a) mature (b) become capable of fertilization (c) develop motility (= ability to move by whipping their tails) (d) all of these (e) none of these
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96. The epithelial cells lining the epididymis __?__. (a) reabsorb excess testicular fluids (b) secrete proteins necessary for sperm maturation (c) supply stored sperm with nutrients (d) phagocytize sperm stored for more than a few months (e) all of these
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97. The ductus deferens __?__. (a) starts at the tail of the epididymis (b) enters the spermatic cord (c) ends at the prostate gland (d) all of these (e) none of these
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98. The ampulla of the ductus deferens __?__. (a) is an expanded part of the tube (b) connects with duct of a seminal vesicle (c) ends in an ejaculatory duct at the prostate gland (d) all of these (e) none of these
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99. The smooth muscles in the walls of the epididymis and the ductus deferens contract during ejaculation. (a) true (b) false