Nutrition Exam 2

There are a total of ______ nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function.

11

How many grams of alcohol are in a standard drink?

14g

Monk fruit (Luo han guo) is an intensely sweet, small, green fruit from Asia that has been cultivated about 800 years. When concentrated, the fruit's juice is ______ times sweeter than sugar.

150 to 300

How many cans of diet soft drinks can an adult consume and not exceed the acceptable daily intake of aspartame?

18

Cirrhosis of the liver affects about ______ million people in the U.S.

2

What percentage of alcohol is in a 40-proof alcoholic beverages?

20%

_______ of high school students report that they currently consume alcohol.

35%

How much alcohol will remain in a food after baking or simmering?

4-49%

Alcohol is a source of calories that constitutes what percentage of total calories in the average North American diet?

5%

What is the first change seen in the liver with long-term, excessive alcohol abuse?

fatty acid

Alcohol is derived from the process of __________, when yeast consumes carbohydrates and converts them to alcohol and carbon dioxide.

fermentation

The name of the most serious condition associated with alcohol intake during pregnancy is _____________.

fetal alcohol syndrome

The ________ digestion of amino acid chains takes place in the small intestine.

final

Maintaining good blood _________ control is critical to prevent the long term, diabetes related complications.

glucose

Glucagon

increases blood glucose

Proteins that are _______ are rarely absorbed from the digestive tract.

intact

Glycemic index

is a ratio of the blood glucose response of a given food compared with a standard (typically, glucose or white bread). -Influenced by a food's starch structure (amylose vs. amylopectin), fiber content, food processing, physical structure (small vs. large surface area), and temperature, as well as the amount of protein and fat in a meal. -potatoes, breads, Gatorade, short-grain white rice, honey, and jelly beans.

Stevia

is an alternative sweetener derived from a plant from the Amazon rain forest.

In what form is is glucose stored in plants?

plants store glucose as polysaccharides in the form of starches.

The liver and kidneys must perform to convert _____ into an energy source

protein

__________ and ____________ contain the same amount of usable energy—on average, 4 kcal/g—proteins are a very costly source of energy.

proteins and carbs

Alcohol abuse contributes to which of the following causes of death?

suicide heart failure motor vehicle accidents

Glycemic load

takes into account the glycemic index and the amount of carbohydrate consumed, so it better reflects a food's effect on blood glucose than does the glycemic index alone. (Glycemic index x Grams of Carbs)/100= Glycemic load

what does the K stand for in acesulfame-K?

the K stands for potassium

Lactose

the primary sugar in milk and milk products, consists of glucose joined to galactose by a beta bond. As discussed later in this chapter, many people are unable to digest large amounts of lactose because they don't produce enough of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to break this beta bond.

Glycogen

the storage form of carbohydrate in humans and other animals, also contains many glucose units linked together with alpha bonds.

water-soluble vitamins

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, folate

Amino acids are required for the synthesis of most hormones in the body. Some hormones, such as the _________________ and __________.

thyroid hormones insulin

Once a person moves from problem drinking to the advanced stages of alcoholism _______________.

treatment success seldom exceeds 50%

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (from the adrenal glands)

trigger the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and result in glucose release into the bloodstream.

Alcoholics often have trouble seeing in the dark (a condition called night blindness) because of ________________.

vitamin A deficiency

Which groups should not drink alcoholic beverages?

women's who are or may be pregnant anyone younger than the legal drinking age individuals taking certain medications

Is it necessary for sugar alcohols to be listed on the food ingredients label?

yes

Fasting hypoglycemia

a condition of low blood glucose after fasting for 8 hours or more. However, it usually is caused by an underlying serious medical condition, such as cancer, liver disease, or renal disease, rather than by simply fasting.

DNA

a double-stranded molecule in a helical form.

Research has shown that young people who drink at younger ages, as compared to those who do not start drinking until after age 21, are at _______________ risk for developing alcohol dependence.

a higher

Chyme triggers the release of which hormone?

CCK

Patients with hypoglycemia may need to regulate ______.

Carbs

What occurs when two molecules bond to form a larger molecule by releasing water?

Condensation reaction

Lacto-ovo Lacto Vegan

Consumes milk and eggs Consumes milk Does not consume any animal products

Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the _______ code.

DNA

When an amino group is lost from an amino acid but is not transferred to a carbon skeleton, it is called _____________.

Deamination

Which of the following is the best example of a situation where the denaturation of proteins is useful?

Denaturation

The mental health disorders, ________ and generalized anxiety disorder, are often seen in individuals with alcohol use disorders.

Depression

Individuals with Type 1 diabetes have to be treated with...

Insulin

Tagatose

It has a prebiotic effect because it is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine.

Why is aspartame an effective alternative sweetener?

It is 200 times sweeter than sugar

Which of the following is true about aspartame?

It loses its sweetness when heated

Which form of PEM is primarily a protein deficit?

Kwashiorkor

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar

What is Maltose made up of? Sucrose? Lactose?

Maltose is made up of 2 glucose molecules. Sucrose is made up of glucose and fructose. Lactose is made up of glucose and galactose.

protein turnover

Most vital body proteins are in a constant state of breakdown, rebuilding, and repair

Patients with reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating...

Protein containing snacks & Meals with a mixture of macronutrients

Processes of protein digestion in order

Protein move from the stomach into the small intestine. Partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK. CCK causes the pancreas to release protein-splitting enzymes. Trypsin divides the chains of amino acids into smaller segments.

________ are a primary component of all cells throughout the body.

Proteins

________ are crucial to the regulation and maintenance of essential body functions. For example, maintenance of fluid balance, hormone and enzyme production, cell synthesis and repair, and vision each require specific proteins.

Proteins

Proteins serve which of the following functions?

Proteins aid in cell synthesis Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production

________ is characterized by the loss of functioning hepatocytes.

cirrhosis of the liver

As fluid builds up in the interstitial spaces, the tissues swell with excess fluid, resulting in _________.

edema

______ _______ protein has a BV of 100.

egg white

What is a fasting blood glucose level?

equal to or above 126 mg/dl

____________ is the chemical term for the form of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.

ethanol

Which of the following is an example of a conditionally essential amino acid?

glutamic acid

The advantage of the branched structure of ______________ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly.

glycogen

Aspartame

headaches, dizziness, seizures, nausea, and other side effects

Alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk for which diseases?

heart disease cancer

Amino acids are important in the synthesis of many _________, such as insulin and glucagon.

hormones

Alternative sweeteners provide _______ calories compared to sucrose.

less

A(n) _______ amino acid is an essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs and limits the amount of protein a body can synthesize.

limiting

The blood proteins albumin and globulin are important in

maintaining fluid balance between the blood and the surrounding tissue space.

Which polysaccharides are able to be digested by humans?

Amylose and Amylopectin

Which of the following are true about polysaccharides?

-They are sometimes called starches -They are sometimes called complex carbs -They are found chiefly in grains, veggies, and fruits -They are made of single sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain

Rank these sandwiches from high amount of fiber to lowest amount: -Tuna salad- served with whole wheat crackers, carrots, onions, mayonnaise, alfalfa sprouts, romaine lettuce, and cucumber slices. -Soyburger- served on a whole-wheat English muffin with tomato and pickle, romaine lettuce and hummus. -Hot Dog- served on a. white un with relish, mustard, and ketchup

1) Soyburger- served on a whole-wheat English muffin with tomato and pickle, romaine lettuce and hummus. 2) Tuna salad- served with whole wheat crackers, carrots, onions, mayonnaise, alfalfa sprouts, romaine lettuce, and cucumber slices. 3) Hot Dog- served on a. white un with relish, mustard, and ketchup

Rank the sandwiches from highest amount of fiber to lowest -Turkey/Swiss on whole wheat- served with tomato, cucumbers, lettuce, and mustard -Ham & Swiss now white bread extra lean ham served with mayonnaise -Peanut butter & Jelly- white bread with strawberry jelly and crunchy peanut butter

1)Turkey/Swiss on whole wheat- served with tomato, cucumbers, lettuce, and mustard 2) Peanut butter & Jelly- white bread with strawberry jelly and crunchy peanut butter 3) Ham & Swiss now white bread extra lean ham served with mayonnaise

The centers for disease control and prevention estimates that up to _________ babies per 1000 live births suffer from fetal alcohol syndrome.

6-9

Sucralose

600 times sweeter than sucrose. It is made by substituting 3 chlorines (Cl) for 3 hydroxyl groups (-OH) on sucrose.

What percent of diabetes cases are type 2?

90%

A polysaccharide that is digestible, highly branched-chain structure that links glucose molecules using 2 types of alpha bonds. Also, it digests more rapidly.

Amylopectin

Long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch. Ex. Veggies, beans, pasta, breads and rice

Amylose

What are some characteristics of sugar alcohols?

Absorbed and metabolized more slowly than sugars Contribute fewer calories than sugars Do not promote dental decay

Cancer is related to alcohol consumption due youths compound, ___________, which is a known carcinogen that is formed during the metabolism of ethanol.

Acetaldehyde

An alcohol is likely to suffer from nutrient deficiencies because __________.

Alcohol contains few nutrients Alcohol may replace food in the diet

Which enzymes are involved in alcohol metabolism?

Alcohol dehydrogenase Aldehyde dehydrogenase

Saccharin

Alternative sweeteners was once believed to cause bladder cancer but since has been proven safe.

The biological value of which type of protein reflects a tissue amino acid composition similar to that of human tissues?

Animal

____________ are a key component of the immune system.

Antibody proteins

When excess protein is consumed, excess amino acids can be

Are converted into fat Converted into glucose Metabolized as fat

___________ ___________ is a measure of how efficiently the absorbed food protein is converted into body tissue protein.

Biological value Ex. egg whites is the highest BV

The alcohol content of _________ is related to the amount of alcohol in the blood.

Exhaled air

Which U.S. agency regulates the approval and usage of artificial sweeteners?

FDA

The damage to the liver in long-term excessive alcohol intake (first to occur to last occur)

Fatty liver Alcoholic hepatitis Cirrhosis

Healthy individuals need to consume protein in an amount that replaces that protein lost in...

Feces, Hair, and urine

_____ is different from starches since the chemical links that join the individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract.

Fiber

What hormone stimulates the stomach's parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid?

Gastrin

Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an ___________ system disorder, which causes destruction of the ______- producing cells in the ____________.

Immune; insulin; pancreas

Which fibers form the structural part of the plant cell wall in veggies and whole grains?

Hemicellulose Lignins Cellulose

Hyperglycemia

High blood sugar

The characteristics of gruel which makes it difficult to consume enough to meet energy and protein needs include:

High in plant fibers Low protein density

Protein efficiency ratio with food: Chicken Bread Corn Tuna

High per Low per Low per High per

What individuals are at risk for PEM?

Hospital patients Living in Poverty Suffering from anorexia nervosa

The RDA for protein would be higher (increase)

In highly trained athletes During recovery from illness or injury

Most ________ proteins are examples of lower-quality proteins.

Plant

Which type of carb is formed by linking may (ex. hundreds) of glucose units together?

Polysaccharides

What is another name for complex carbs?

Polysaccharides and starch

A condition in which blood glucose levels are above normal but not yet diagnostic of diabetes.

Pre-diabetes

What are the levels of protein organization?

Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary

Residents in Europe and __________ drink the most alcohol in the world.

Russia

Symptoms of hypoglycemia

Shakiness & Irritability

Pectins, gums, mucilages, and some hemicelluloses are classified as __________.

Soluble

The role of gastrin is to

Stimulate the production of acid in the stomach Control the release of pepsin

What shape of the protein determines the function?

Tertiary

Which of the following affect alcohol metabolism?

The amount of alcohol consumed The individual's usual alcohol intake Alcohol content of the beverage

Polysaccharides

The polysaccharides include some that are digestible, such as starch, and some that are largely indigestible, such as fiber.

What is it called when an amino group from 1 amino acid is transferred to a carbon skeleton to form a new amino acid?

Transamination

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?

Triglycerides Fasting glucose Blood pressure

The hormones secretin and CCK act to stimulate the pancreas to release

Trypsin Chymotrypsin

individuals with ________- always require daily administrations of insulin.

Type 1 diabetes

____________ diabetes is strongly associated with physical activity, poor diet, and obesity. Diet, exercise and oral medications are the typical treatments.

Type 2

The amino group from an amino acid is excreted in the

Urine

Cellulose

carbs indigestible by humans Made of glucose molecules Linked by beta bonds Insoluble fiber

Insulin

decreases blood glucose

The combination of a poor diet and decreased absorption can lead to which of the following mineral deficiencies?

calcium

Deficiencies of which of the following are likely to be seen with long-term alcoholism?

calories proteins vitamins

What are the major storage sites for glycogen?

Liver and muscles

What are some physiological benefits that may be associated with moderate drinking in some studies?

Lower risk for developing dementia Lower risk for developing cardiovascular disease Lower risk for developing type 2 diabetes

A disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages

Maltose

To improve blood glucose control for patients with type 2 diabetes....

A mediterranean-style eating plan is recommended

Frequent urination, extreme thirst, lost 12 pounds in 3 months with dieting, sudden vision changes, drowsiness/lethargy

Diabetes

The treatment for type 2 diabetes is aimed at maintaining normal ranges of blood glucose through...

Lifestyle Modifications and medications

"the disease that the first child gets when the new child comes."

Kwashiorkor

Which of the following conditions may be present in a. person with metabolic syndrome?

Large waist Low HDL cholesterol Hypertension High fasting glucose High blood triglycerides

Protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies

Calorie deficiency Lack of nutrients

Can/Cannot Changing a protein's shape _____ destroy its ability to function normally.

Can

An essential (indispensable) amino acid

Cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts. Must be included in the diet or a deficiency will occur.

Symptoms of metabolic syndrome increase the risk of...

Cardiovascular disease Type 2 Diabetes

The largest drinking population in North America consists of young, ______________ college students.

Caucasian

What can consuming too much sugar alcohol do?

Cause diarrhea

Food intolerance

Caused by an individual's inability to digest certain food components

Food allergy

Causes an immune response

The Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) is derived by multiplying a food's chemical score by the food's ___________.

Digestibility

Does/Does not Every cell in the human body _________ contain protein.

Does

Treatment for Metabolic Syndrome includes

Eating a healthy diet Weight loss Increasing Physical Activity

Potential cause of denaturation

Enzymes

Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but it often begins during...

Late childhood (8-12 yrs old)

PKU

Leads to a lack of tyrosine production. Is caused by an enzyme inefficiency.

Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by poorly controlled diabetes?

Kidney, eyes, and heart

Hemicellulose

Mostly insoluble fiber containing galactose, glucose, and other monosaccharides bonded together.

In North America, which of the following ethnic groups suffer from the highest rate of alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents and other health burdens?

Native American Indians

Which of the following groups tend to have the highest alcohol consumption?

Native American Indians Non-hispanic whites

__________ is heat stable and can be used in cooking and as a tabletop sweetener. Neotame is approximately 7000 to 13,000 times sweeter than sucrose.

Neotame

Which non-nutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the U.S.?

Neotame Aspartame Acesulfame-K

Which class of substances provides sweetness to foods and provides calories for the body

Nutritive sweeteners

Protein serve which of the following functions?

Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production. Proteins aid in cell synthesis. Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions.

Common table sugar, is composed of glucose and fructose linked by an alpha bond. Large amounts of sucrose are found naturally in plants, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, and maple tree sap.

Sucrose

Metabolic syndrom measurements

a waist circumference greater than 35 inches for women and 40 inches for men, a fasting triglyceride level above 150 mg/dl, blood HDL-cholesterol below 40 mg/dl for men and below 50 mg/dl for women, elevated blood pressure above 130/85 mm Hg, and fasting blood glucose above 100 mg/dl.

Benefits of moderate ________ consumption include decreased risk of developed cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

alcohol

The liver is the primary site for _________metabolism.

alcohol

Which two enzymes are used in ethanol metabolism to ultimately convert ethanol into carbon dioxide and water?

alcohol dehydrogenase aldehyde dehydrogenase

Denaturing

altering the 3-dimensional structure of a protein.

_________ acids are the building blocks of protein

amino

Each amino acid is composed of a central carbon bonded to 4 groups of elements: a nitrogen (amino) group, an acid (carboxyl) group, hydrogen, and a side chain (R group).

amino acid

Pulses

an important component of most vegetarian diets. Pulses are a group of 12 crops, including beans, peas, chickpeas, and lentils.

Proteins from __________ are considered to be a good source of all 9 essential amino acids.

animals

The relatively lower rates of alcohol abuse in this population group may be due to the uncomfortable side effects of having lower levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase.

asians

Those with the genetic disease phenylketonuria (PKU), which interferes with the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine, also should avoid _______ because of its high phenylalanine content.

aspartame

An amino acid without an amino group is called a _________

carbon skeleton

Hemoglobin Lipoproteins Retinol-binding protein Transferrin

carries oxygen from the lungs to cells. transport large lipid molecules from the small intestine through the lymph and blood to body cells. (a carrier protein for vitamin A). (carrier and storage proteins, respectively, for iron).

Reactive (postprandial) hypoglycemia

caused by an exaggerated insulin response after eating. Symptoms of irritability, sweating, anxiety, weakness, headache, and confusion may develop 2 to 5 hours after a meal, especially a meal high in sugars.

Proteins that are ________ need not be consumed at the same meal but can be balanced over the course of a day to provide sufficient essential amino acids.

complementary

What is it called when two sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an inadequate amount of essential amino acids?

complementary protein

Oligosaccharides

complex carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 single sugar units. Two oligosaccharides of nutritional importance are raffinose and stachyose, which are found in onions, cabbage, broccoli, whole wheat, and legumes, such as kidney beans and soybeans. The beta bonds in oligosaccharides cannot be broken down by our digestive enzymes.

In order for amino acids to be available for absorption, proteins must be __________ during digestion.

denatured

metabolic syndrome

is characterized by a group of factors that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, including insulin resistance or glucose intolerance (causing high blood glucose), abdominal obesity, high blood triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol with low HDL-cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, increased inflammatory blood proteins (e.g., C-reactive protein), and higher concentrations of oxidized LDL-cholesterol. Metabolic Syndrome also is associated with overall obesity, physical inactivity, genetic predisposition, and aging.

Glucose

is the most abundant monosaccharide, although we eat very little of it as a monosaccharide. Much of the glucose in our diets is linked together with additional sugars to form disaccharides or polysaccharides. In the bloodstream, glucose is sometimes called "blood sugar."

A(n) ____________ amino acid is the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a. food or diet relative to body needs and limits the amount of protein a body can synthesize.

limiting

The ________ works in concert with the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels.

liver

the main organ for alcohol metabolism, long-term alcohol abuse of the _________.

liver

The CDC estimates that the annual cost of alcohol abuse in the U.S. is $249 billion in...

lost productivity, health-care costs, automobile collisions, and criminal justice expenses.

In middle-aged adults, moderate drinking has been shown to _______ the risk cardiovascular disease in comparison with non-drinkers.

lower

Blood alcohol concentration can be readily determined by measuring the amount of alcohol excreted through the __________.

lungs

Type 2 diabetic patients _________ require insulin.

may

Alcohol requires _______ digestion.

no

A(n) _________ amino acid, sometimes called dispensable, is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

nonessential

One of the primary functions of protein is to

provide structural support to body cells and tissues

What disease occurs due to an incorrect arrangement of proteins on the hemoglobin molecules?

sickle-cell anemia

A high- fiber diet may improve cholesterol measurements because

soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted; fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver; reduced insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver

Quinoa and _____ protein is an example of a plant-based protein that meets the essential amino acid needs.

soy