Nutrition exam 2

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A triglyceride is composed of three fatty acids attached to a

glycerol

The hormone that is secreted mainly by the stomach and stimulates eating behavior and promotes energy storage is called __________

ghrelin

BMI greater or equal to 30

obesity

Lipoprotein that transports the least triglycerides

HDL

HDL Cholestrol >/= 60 mg/dL

High

What mechanisms make energy balance complex?

Hormone levels influence weight loss Adaptive thermogenesis and NEAT vary from person to person Metabolic rates differ

What is the technical term for high blood sugar

Hyperglycemia

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (AMDR), adults should keep their daily distribution of fat calories between __________ to _____________ % of

20-35%

According to the food and nutrition board, carbohydrates should provide _____ to __________ of total calories in the diet

45% to 65%

What percent of calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates?

45%-65%

A 28 year old woman who is at a healthy body weight of 60 kg has a protein RDA of ___________ grams/day.

48

A 35 year old main who is at a healthy body weight of 80 kg has a protein RDA of ______ grams/day.

64

How many amino acids are considered essential?

9

Read each statement carefully and select the statement that is true

A person with high levels of LDL is at a high risk for developing CVD

An impoverished child living in a developing country is at risk of suffering from protein-energy malnutrition. If this child consumes insufficient dietary protein, what is the physiological consequence?

Insufficient protein intake inhibits the body's ability to make immune antibodies, some hormones, and enzymes.

What are the functions of phospholipids in the body?

Aid in fat digestion and absorption Form lipid bilayer of cell membranes Needed for normal functioning of nerve cells

Bod Pod

Air displacement method

Skin fold caliper

Skin fold measurement

Glycogen

Storage form of glucose

Excess glucose can result in

Stored glycogen Stored fat

Signs of kwashiorkor include __________.

Stunted growth Discolored patches of skin Brittle hair

major function of carbohydrate

Supply the body with energy

Central-body obesity is

Symbolic of extra visceral fat stores Sometimes described as having an "apple" body shape More common in men

Appetite

The psychological desire to eat

Which of the following contributes the least to the calories that are used each day by the body?

Thermogenesis

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

To aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins To provide energy To insulate and protect the body

Why do manufacturers partially hydrogenate oils?

To decrease rancidity (unappetizing odor and taste) To increase the shelf life of a product

To increase the number of calories used for physical activity, one could __________

Train longer Run faster Lift heavier weights

LDL

Transports cholesterol to cells for their use

Excessive upper-body weight is associated with an increased risk of sleep apnea. And yet, there are many individuals who are considered overweight who don't have sleep apnea and many individuals with sleep apnea who don't have an elevated BMI>.

True

Choose the accurate statements that explain why energy balance is a complex process

Weight gain varies even with the same amount of overfeeding Weight loss produces differing fat and lean mass losses

The energy expended for physical activity depends on the ___________

Weight of the person Type of activity Intensity and duration of the exercise

which of the following is NOT a complete protein source?

apples

Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream

as part of lipoproteins

Choose the food that does not contain cholesterol

bagels

A high protein diet can increase _________ loss in urine.

calcium

The energy needs of the body are met by

food intake

Which sugar is naturally found in fruit, honey, and a few vegetables?

fructose

Choose the hormone that is secreted mainly by the stomach and stimulates eating

ghrelin

Glycogen is comprised of many _______ units bonded together

glucose

Name the most abundant monosaccharide found in the body

glucose

The brain and other nervous system cells use mostly ______ for energy.

glucose

What is the major monosaccharide in the body?

glucose

What is the primary source of fuel for the body's cells?

glucose

Which of the following are monosaccharides?

glucose fructose galactose

When a person's blood glucose level drops too low to provide enough energy for cells they have a condition called ____________

hypoglycemia

Which of the following vegetarian diets allow a person to eat eggs but no other animal foods?

ovovegetarian

___________ are the major structural components of cell membranes

phospholipids

_____________ contribute to the flexibility, structure, and proper functioning of cell membranes

phospholipids

Amino acids are bonded together to form _________.

protein

Nitrogen equilibrium occurs when ________.

protein intake equals protein losses

The sense that enough food or beverages have been consumed to satisfy hunger is called _____________-

satiety

A triglyceride has

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

The main difference in chemical structure between mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids is that polyunsaturated fatty acids contain

two or more carbon-carbon double bond

Liquid corn oil is a rich source of:

unsaturated fatty acids

What are some good food sources of polyunsaturated fats?

Soybean oil Corn oil

The energy required for the thermic effect of foods is due to the ________ of nutrients

digestion processing absorption

Rank the order of blood glucose regulation beginning with eating a meal

Eating a meal Elevated blood glucose Insulin released from the pancreas Blood glucose level returns to normal

Lactovegetarian

Eats milk and milk products but no animal flesh or eggs

What happens when cells metabolism glucose?

Energy is released

True or False: Dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials

False

Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes

Frequent urination Extreme thirst Blurred vision

Clayton is a 19-year-old college student. He avoids milk, because he claims drinking the beverage upsets his stomach and gives him intestinal "gas" However, he can eat yogurt and certain types of cheese without experiencing any symptoms. Based on this information< Clayton probably has

Lactose intolerance

Maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient?

Lipids

The AMDR is 20 to 35% for fat and should come predominately from _____, such as fish, nuts, and oil vegetable oils.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids Monounsaturated fatty acids

Choose the type of fatty acids that are very susceptible to oxidation causing rancidity

Polyunsaturated fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids with a cis double-bond arrangement

What is it called when two sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an inadequate amount of essential amino acids?

Protein complementation

The process of breaking down old and unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and recycling them to make new proteins is called ___________.

Protein turnover

Choose the true statements about protein

Proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen All living organisms contain protein Proteins are organic molecules

BMI 25.0-29.9

overweight

Not all amino acids need to be supplied through dietary sources because ________ breaks down only unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and then recycles them to make new proteins

protein turnover

True or false: During the measurement of bioelectric impedance, greater adipose stores are associated with lower resistance to electrical flow

False

Which of the following are disease organism-fighting proteins?

antibodies

Protein functions as ____________.

antibodies enzymes compounds that help maintain fluid and pH balance

The major components of total energy expenditure are basal ___________, _________ activity, and the __________ effect of food

Metabolism physical thermic

What are some deficiency symptoms experienced with inadequate consumption of essential fatty acids?

Scaly skin Impaired wound healing Hair loss

Which of the following food are considered to have high-quality protein?

Eggs Fish Meat Poultry

Foam cells

Holds oxidized LDL within the arterial wall

How does the body respond to an increase in blood glucose?

Insulin is secreted by the pancreas

Factors of energy output include

Metabolism Digestion Physical activity

Which of the following occurs when the amount of protein consumed equals the amount of protein lost?

Nitrogen equilibrium

Fiber

Nondigestible plant material

Choose all of the following foods which are good sources of soluble fiber

Oat bran beans carrots

When the intake is equal to the energy output, body weight is maintained and the person is in ________

energy balance

What happens when cells metabolize glucose

energy is released

A trendy weight-loss practice that has widespread appeal among the population as a "quick fix" often offering gimmicks or supplements, is called a ___________ diet.

fad

Nondigestible plant material is termed

fiber

Choose the hormone that prevents blood glucose from dropping too low

glucagon

HDL cholesterol is considered "________" cholesterol because it does not contribute to plaque formation

good

Layla has a high risk of cardiovascular disease, because of her family history and __________

high blood levels of LDL cholesterol

Muscle is denser than fat; therefore, many muscular people may have ________ BMIs and yet have healthy percentages of body fat

higher

Simple carbohydrates include _______, which contain only one sugar unit, and _________ which contain two sugar units bonded together

monosaccharide; disaccharide

The three most important single sugars or __________ are glucose, fructose, and galactose

monosaccharides

Olive oil is a rich source of _________.

monounsaturated fatty acids

Amino acids are the building blocks of

protein

The body uses __________ in blood clotting compounds, as transporters, and make certain hormones

protein

Enzymes, antibodies, and clotting compounds are made of

proteins

Major functions of lipids include all of the following EXCEPT

stimulate the production of vitamins and minerals

The primary function of glycogen is to

store glucose in the body

Signs of marasmus include

weakness wasting

Triglyceride structure

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

The muscle and liver are major sites for the storage and formation of

glycogen

Manufacturers use __________ to increase the shelf life of foods and to decrease rancidity

partial hydrogenated oils

A(n) ___________ complementation relates to plant proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.

protein

A protein is deaminated and its carbon skeleton is used for energy or stored as fat when we consume

too much protein

Eating foods that are rich sources of _______ can reduce LDL cholesterol levels.

dietary fiber

The AMDR for protein is ________ to __________ percent of energy intake.

10-35%

Triglycerides of 150-199 mg/dL

Borderline high

Which of the following is a condition caused by protein-energy malnutrition and characterized by stunted growth, sparse and brittle hair, patches of skin discoloration, edema and swelling, a distended abdomen, infections, and poor wound healing?

Kwashiorkor

Which of the following is NOT classified as a complex carbohydrate?

Maltose

Choose the factors that increase body fat accumulation

High stress Sleep deprivation Hormonal imbalance

Health problems associated with obesity include

metabolic syndrome infertility osteoarthritis

Which of the following is considered an essential amino acid?

methionine

There are a total of ___________ nonessential amino acids and nine essential amino acids that the body needs in order to function.

11

The RDA for carbohydrates is ____ g/day

130

During low carbohydrate consumption which of the following will occur?

Production of ketone bodies

BMI less than 18.5

underweight

Satiety

Feeling of fullness after consuming food

To determine a person's RDA for protein, multiply his or her weight in kilograms by _________.

0.8g

Hunger

An uncomfortable feeling that drives a person to consume food

A person with central-body obesity has a body that is ________ shaped and a person with lower-body fat distribution has a body that is ___________ shaped.

Apple; pear

Which of the following are good sources of soluble fiber?

Apples

_________ are a major source of energy for cells

Carbohydrates

Which of the following elements are combined to make a protein?

Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen

____________ is found only in foods that contain animal products

Cholesterol

Which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the AIs (adequate Intakes)?

Choose whole grains Choose vegetables Choose fiber-rich fruits

Lipoprotein that transports the most triglycerides

Chylomicron

What is the most advanced but expensive method to determine body fat?

DEXA

To make proteins, cells assemble the 20 amino acids in specific sequences according to information provided by _____.

DNA

To make proteins, cells assemble the 20 amino acids in specific sequences according to information provided by _______.

DNA

Insulin

Decreases blood glucose

Ovovegetarian

Eats eggs but no other animal foods

Apple-shaped obesity is associated with __________

Increased risk for serious, chronic diseases Men with an "apple" body shape

Glucagon

Increases blood glucose

Choose the health problems associated with obesity and overweight

Insulinemia metabolic syndrome Hypertension and stroke Coronary artery disease

Which of the following are health conditions associated with a very high fiber intake (>60 g/day), especially when combined with inadequate fluid intake?

Intestinal blockages Constipation

What are some common deficiencies in a poorly planned plant-based diet?

Iron Vitamin B-12 Vitamin D

When there is not enough glucose available for cells, fat metabolism

Is carried out inefficiently Results in excess ketone bodies

What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid?

It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain

Which of the following element is part of protein but not part of lipids or carbohydrates?

Nitrogen

What are some good food sources of monounsaturated fats?

Olive oil Peanut oil Canola oil

The body satisfies energy requirements by consuming

Protein Carbohydrates Fat

A complete (high-quality) protein contains __________.

all nine essential amino acids

Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor is true?

all of the choices are correct

Proteins are made up of smaller units called _______ ________

amino acids

If your diet supplies more sugar and starch than you need, the excess can be

converted into fat and stored

Reducing the consumption of saturated fat and maintaining a total dietary intake of fat no greater than 35% of total calories will most likely cause a person's risk of developing atherosclerosis to ___________.

decrease

Research shows that a high-protein diet may _______ calcium loss in urine

increase

The RDA for carbohydrate of 130g/day is enough to prevent

ketosis

The form of malnutrition with stunted growth and swollen cheeks is _______________.

kwashikor

Where is glycogen stored in the body?

liver

Glucagon is released during times of ______ blood glucose levels

low

Which of the following are disaccharides?

maltose lactose sucrose

The form of protein-energy malnutrition referred to as starvation is known as_________.

marasmus

Carbohydrate absorption occurs almost exclusively in the ____________

small intestine

Women generally have more __________ fat than men

subcutaneous

What is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range of energy from protein?

10-35%

Cholesterol <200 mg/dL

Desirable

In order to gain muscle tissue, an underweight person should engage in resistance-training AND increase his/her caloric intake.

True

True or False: Fructose is known as fruit sugar or levulose

True

True or false: Glucagon and insulin are both released from the pancreas

True

True or false: Hyperglycemia occurs when an individual's blood sugar level is abnormally elevated

True

True or false: The main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel

True

All of the following are examples of energy output except

calories consumed in a large meal

Cells require a steady supply of energy which is largely provided by

carbohydrates

Choose the lipoprotein that carries the most protein

HDL

Lactoovovegetarian

Eats milk and milk products and eggs but no other animal foods

The following factors can affect actual energy requirements

Height Weight Age

What happens when excess protein is consumed?

It is turned into glucose or fat It is metabolized for energy needs

Which of the following is a limitation of the BMI calculation?

It would not be accurate for a very muscular person

Bioelectric impedance

Low energy electrical current

LDL cholesterol < 100 mg/dL

Optimal

Choose factors that decrease body fact accumulation

Physical activity Healthy sleep Mindful eating practices

Eating a diet high in trans fatty acids has been shown to increase circulating levels of LDL. Why do food manufacturers use trans fatty acids like partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in packaged and processed foods?

Trans fatty acids increase a food's shelf life

HDL

Transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal

Oxidized LDL

Transports cholesterol into arterial lining

____________ fat forms a protective structure under the abdominal muscle whereas _____________ fat holds skin in place

Visceral Subcutaneous

Underwater weighing

Water displacement method

Which two variables are used to calculate a person's BMI?

Weight Height

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake

between 20 and 35% of total calories

The method used to estimate total body fat that uses a low-energy electrical current is known as

bioelectric impedance

BMI 18.5-24.9

normal weight

Humans digest animal proteins better than plant proteins. For this reason, vegetarians may need to increase their protein intake by about ________% to meet their protein requirements.

10%

A person consuming 2000 kcals and eating 20% of her kcals from protein is eating how many grams of protein?

100 grams

Angela weighs 61 kg and is 1.6 meters tall, calculate her BMI, rounding to the nearest whole number

24

Stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination and extreme thirst. Over the past 3 months he also lost 12 pounds without dieting. His doctor sends him fore tests to see if he has

Diabetes

The liver can convert glucose into fat if

Glycogen storage reaches maximum capacity

Which type of lipoprotein transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal?

HDL

What type of lipoprotein carries cholesterol from the body tissue back to the liver for recycling?

HDL Cholesterol

In terms of HDL and LDL levels, risk for development of cardiovascular disease increases when ____________ levels are low and ___________ levels are high in the bloodstream

HDL; LDL

What is a symptom associated with insufficient consumption of essential fatty acids?

Hair loss

_______________ is a general term for water-soluble structures that transport lipids throughout the bloodstream

Lipoprotein

Choose the dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development

Reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total Calories Replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats Limit trans fat intake

Choose the following dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development

Reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total calories Limit trans fat intake Replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats

Fad diets _____________

Rely on testimonial for evidence of effectiveness Limit food selections to a few food groups Offer a 'quick fix' to your weight problem

An LDL level of 154 would be classified by the American Heart Association as ____________.

borderline high

Most dietary _______ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest

fibers

Antibodies are proteins that function by ___________

fighting disease organisms

Antibodies are proteins that function by ____________.

fighting disease organisms

Sarah had her gallbladder removed one week ago. At her follow-up visit, she complained of having greasy stools. What dietary modification could help her alleviate Sarah's problem?

Avoid high-fat meals

When calculating your estimated energy requirement, you will need to incorporate your ________

Height Weight Age

Proteins that contain all nine essential amino acids in amounts that support growth are considered ________________.

High-quality (complete) protein

The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a _________.

peptide bond

_______-unsaturated fatty acids contain two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

poly

The cholesterol carried by LDL is often called "_________" cholesterol because LDL conveys the lipid to tissues that contribute to atherosclerotic plaques.

Bad

True or false: DNA does not play a vital role in protein synthesis

False

If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrate to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrate can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the by-products of partial breakdown of ____________.

fat

Which foods are good to consume to increase your dietary fiber intake?

Brown Rice Fresh fruits Oatmeal

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol

Eggs Ice cream Chicken

Energy ____________ occurs when calorie intake matches calorie expenditure

equilibrium

Which food rates very high for protein quality because it is easy to digest and has a pattern of essential amino acids that closely resembles that needed by humans?

Eggs

Lipids include phospholipids, sterols, and amino acids

False

True or False: A high-fiber diet may increase the availability of nutrients

False

Lipoprotein that transports the most cholesterol

LDL

The calories that cells use to carry out their activities is called _________

energy output

There are nine _________ amino acids that cannot be produced by the body and must be consumed as part of our diet.

essential


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