Nutrition exam 2
A triglyceride is composed of three fatty acids attached to a
glycerol
The hormone that is secreted mainly by the stomach and stimulates eating behavior and promotes energy storage is called __________
ghrelin
BMI greater or equal to 30
obesity
Lipoprotein that transports the least triglycerides
HDL
HDL Cholestrol >/= 60 mg/dL
High
What mechanisms make energy balance complex?
Hormone levels influence weight loss Adaptive thermogenesis and NEAT vary from person to person Metabolic rates differ
What is the technical term for high blood sugar
Hyperglycemia
According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (AMDR), adults should keep their daily distribution of fat calories between __________ to _____________ % of
20-35%
According to the food and nutrition board, carbohydrates should provide _____ to __________ of total calories in the diet
45% to 65%
What percent of calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates?
45%-65%
A 28 year old woman who is at a healthy body weight of 60 kg has a protein RDA of ___________ grams/day.
48
A 35 year old main who is at a healthy body weight of 80 kg has a protein RDA of ______ grams/day.
64
How many amino acids are considered essential?
9
Read each statement carefully and select the statement that is true
A person with high levels of LDL is at a high risk for developing CVD
An impoverished child living in a developing country is at risk of suffering from protein-energy malnutrition. If this child consumes insufficient dietary protein, what is the physiological consequence?
Insufficient protein intake inhibits the body's ability to make immune antibodies, some hormones, and enzymes.
What are the functions of phospholipids in the body?
Aid in fat digestion and absorption Form lipid bilayer of cell membranes Needed for normal functioning of nerve cells
Bod Pod
Air displacement method
Skin fold caliper
Skin fold measurement
Glycogen
Storage form of glucose
Excess glucose can result in
Stored glycogen Stored fat
Signs of kwashiorkor include __________.
Stunted growth Discolored patches of skin Brittle hair
major function of carbohydrate
Supply the body with energy
Central-body obesity is
Symbolic of extra visceral fat stores Sometimes described as having an "apple" body shape More common in men
Appetite
The psychological desire to eat
Which of the following contributes the least to the calories that are used each day by the body?
Thermogenesis
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?
To aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins To provide energy To insulate and protect the body
Why do manufacturers partially hydrogenate oils?
To decrease rancidity (unappetizing odor and taste) To increase the shelf life of a product
To increase the number of calories used for physical activity, one could __________
Train longer Run faster Lift heavier weights
LDL
Transports cholesterol to cells for their use
Excessive upper-body weight is associated with an increased risk of sleep apnea. And yet, there are many individuals who are considered overweight who don't have sleep apnea and many individuals with sleep apnea who don't have an elevated BMI>.
True
Choose the accurate statements that explain why energy balance is a complex process
Weight gain varies even with the same amount of overfeeding Weight loss produces differing fat and lean mass losses
The energy expended for physical activity depends on the ___________
Weight of the person Type of activity Intensity and duration of the exercise
which of the following is NOT a complete protein source?
apples
Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream
as part of lipoproteins
Choose the food that does not contain cholesterol
bagels
A high protein diet can increase _________ loss in urine.
calcium
The energy needs of the body are met by
food intake
Which sugar is naturally found in fruit, honey, and a few vegetables?
fructose
Choose the hormone that is secreted mainly by the stomach and stimulates eating
ghrelin
Glycogen is comprised of many _______ units bonded together
glucose
Name the most abundant monosaccharide found in the body
glucose
The brain and other nervous system cells use mostly ______ for energy.
glucose
What is the major monosaccharide in the body?
glucose
What is the primary source of fuel for the body's cells?
glucose
Which of the following are monosaccharides?
glucose fructose galactose
When a person's blood glucose level drops too low to provide enough energy for cells they have a condition called ____________
hypoglycemia
Which of the following vegetarian diets allow a person to eat eggs but no other animal foods?
ovovegetarian
___________ are the major structural components of cell membranes
phospholipids
_____________ contribute to the flexibility, structure, and proper functioning of cell membranes
phospholipids
Amino acids are bonded together to form _________.
protein
Nitrogen equilibrium occurs when ________.
protein intake equals protein losses
The sense that enough food or beverages have been consumed to satisfy hunger is called _____________-
satiety
A triglyceride has
three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
The main difference in chemical structure between mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids is that polyunsaturated fatty acids contain
two or more carbon-carbon double bond
Liquid corn oil is a rich source of:
unsaturated fatty acids
What are some good food sources of polyunsaturated fats?
Soybean oil Corn oil
The energy required for the thermic effect of foods is due to the ________ of nutrients
digestion processing absorption
Rank the order of blood glucose regulation beginning with eating a meal
Eating a meal Elevated blood glucose Insulin released from the pancreas Blood glucose level returns to normal
Lactovegetarian
Eats milk and milk products but no animal flesh or eggs
What happens when cells metabolism glucose?
Energy is released
True or False: Dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials
False
Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes
Frequent urination Extreme thirst Blurred vision
Clayton is a 19-year-old college student. He avoids milk, because he claims drinking the beverage upsets his stomach and gives him intestinal "gas" However, he can eat yogurt and certain types of cheese without experiencing any symptoms. Based on this information< Clayton probably has
Lactose intolerance
Maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient?
Lipids
The AMDR is 20 to 35% for fat and should come predominately from _____, such as fish, nuts, and oil vegetable oils.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids Monounsaturated fatty acids
Choose the type of fatty acids that are very susceptible to oxidation causing rancidity
Polyunsaturated fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids with a cis double-bond arrangement
What is it called when two sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an inadequate amount of essential amino acids?
Protein complementation
The process of breaking down old and unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and recycling them to make new proteins is called ___________.
Protein turnover
Choose the true statements about protein
Proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen All living organisms contain protein Proteins are organic molecules
BMI 25.0-29.9
overweight
Not all amino acids need to be supplied through dietary sources because ________ breaks down only unneeded proteins into their component amino acids and then recycles them to make new proteins
protein turnover
True or false: During the measurement of bioelectric impedance, greater adipose stores are associated with lower resistance to electrical flow
False
Which of the following are disease organism-fighting proteins?
antibodies
Protein functions as ____________.
antibodies enzymes compounds that help maintain fluid and pH balance
The major components of total energy expenditure are basal ___________, _________ activity, and the __________ effect of food
Metabolism physical thermic
What are some deficiency symptoms experienced with inadequate consumption of essential fatty acids?
Scaly skin Impaired wound healing Hair loss
Which of the following food are considered to have high-quality protein?
Eggs Fish Meat Poultry
Foam cells
Holds oxidized LDL within the arterial wall
How does the body respond to an increase in blood glucose?
Insulin is secreted by the pancreas
Factors of energy output include
Metabolism Digestion Physical activity
Which of the following occurs when the amount of protein consumed equals the amount of protein lost?
Nitrogen equilibrium
Fiber
Nondigestible plant material
Choose all of the following foods which are good sources of soluble fiber
Oat bran beans carrots
When the intake is equal to the energy output, body weight is maintained and the person is in ________
energy balance
What happens when cells metabolize glucose
energy is released
A trendy weight-loss practice that has widespread appeal among the population as a "quick fix" often offering gimmicks or supplements, is called a ___________ diet.
fad
Nondigestible plant material is termed
fiber
Choose the hormone that prevents blood glucose from dropping too low
glucagon
HDL cholesterol is considered "________" cholesterol because it does not contribute to plaque formation
good
Layla has a high risk of cardiovascular disease, because of her family history and __________
high blood levels of LDL cholesterol
Muscle is denser than fat; therefore, many muscular people may have ________ BMIs and yet have healthy percentages of body fat
higher
Simple carbohydrates include _______, which contain only one sugar unit, and _________ which contain two sugar units bonded together
monosaccharide; disaccharide
The three most important single sugars or __________ are glucose, fructose, and galactose
monosaccharides
Olive oil is a rich source of _________.
monounsaturated fatty acids
Amino acids are the building blocks of
protein
The body uses __________ in blood clotting compounds, as transporters, and make certain hormones
protein
Enzymes, antibodies, and clotting compounds are made of
proteins
Major functions of lipids include all of the following EXCEPT
stimulate the production of vitamins and minerals
The primary function of glycogen is to
store glucose in the body
Signs of marasmus include
weakness wasting
Triglyceride structure
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
The muscle and liver are major sites for the storage and formation of
glycogen
Manufacturers use __________ to increase the shelf life of foods and to decrease rancidity
partial hydrogenated oils
A(n) ___________ complementation relates to plant proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.
protein
A protein is deaminated and its carbon skeleton is used for energy or stored as fat when we consume
too much protein
Eating foods that are rich sources of _______ can reduce LDL cholesterol levels.
dietary fiber
The AMDR for protein is ________ to __________ percent of energy intake.
10-35%
Triglycerides of 150-199 mg/dL
Borderline high
Which of the following is a condition caused by protein-energy malnutrition and characterized by stunted growth, sparse and brittle hair, patches of skin discoloration, edema and swelling, a distended abdomen, infections, and poor wound healing?
Kwashiorkor
Which of the following is NOT classified as a complex carbohydrate?
Maltose
Choose the factors that increase body fat accumulation
High stress Sleep deprivation Hormonal imbalance
Health problems associated with obesity include
metabolic syndrome infertility osteoarthritis
Which of the following is considered an essential amino acid?
methionine
There are a total of ___________ nonessential amino acids and nine essential amino acids that the body needs in order to function.
11
The RDA for carbohydrates is ____ g/day
130
During low carbohydrate consumption which of the following will occur?
Production of ketone bodies
BMI less than 18.5
underweight
Satiety
Feeling of fullness after consuming food
To determine a person's RDA for protein, multiply his or her weight in kilograms by _________.
0.8g
Hunger
An uncomfortable feeling that drives a person to consume food
A person with central-body obesity has a body that is ________ shaped and a person with lower-body fat distribution has a body that is ___________ shaped.
Apple; pear
Which of the following are good sources of soluble fiber?
Apples
_________ are a major source of energy for cells
Carbohydrates
Which of the following elements are combined to make a protein?
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen
____________ is found only in foods that contain animal products
Cholesterol
Which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the AIs (adequate Intakes)?
Choose whole grains Choose vegetables Choose fiber-rich fruits
Lipoprotein that transports the most triglycerides
Chylomicron
What is the most advanced but expensive method to determine body fat?
DEXA
To make proteins, cells assemble the 20 amino acids in specific sequences according to information provided by _____.
DNA
To make proteins, cells assemble the 20 amino acids in specific sequences according to information provided by _______.
DNA
Insulin
Decreases blood glucose
Ovovegetarian
Eats eggs but no other animal foods
Apple-shaped obesity is associated with __________
Increased risk for serious, chronic diseases Men with an "apple" body shape
Glucagon
Increases blood glucose
Choose the health problems associated with obesity and overweight
Insulinemia metabolic syndrome Hypertension and stroke Coronary artery disease
Which of the following are health conditions associated with a very high fiber intake (>60 g/day), especially when combined with inadequate fluid intake?
Intestinal blockages Constipation
What are some common deficiencies in a poorly planned plant-based diet?
Iron Vitamin B-12 Vitamin D
When there is not enough glucose available for cells, fat metabolism
Is carried out inefficiently Results in excess ketone bodies
What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid?
It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain
Which of the following element is part of protein but not part of lipids or carbohydrates?
Nitrogen
What are some good food sources of monounsaturated fats?
Olive oil Peanut oil Canola oil
The body satisfies energy requirements by consuming
Protein Carbohydrates Fat
A complete (high-quality) protein contains __________.
all nine essential amino acids
Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor is true?
all of the choices are correct
Proteins are made up of smaller units called _______ ________
amino acids
If your diet supplies more sugar and starch than you need, the excess can be
converted into fat and stored
Reducing the consumption of saturated fat and maintaining a total dietary intake of fat no greater than 35% of total calories will most likely cause a person's risk of developing atherosclerosis to ___________.
decrease
Research shows that a high-protein diet may _______ calcium loss in urine
increase
The RDA for carbohydrate of 130g/day is enough to prevent
ketosis
The form of malnutrition with stunted growth and swollen cheeks is _______________.
kwashikor
Where is glycogen stored in the body?
liver
Glucagon is released during times of ______ blood glucose levels
low
Which of the following are disaccharides?
maltose lactose sucrose
The form of protein-energy malnutrition referred to as starvation is known as_________.
marasmus
Carbohydrate absorption occurs almost exclusively in the ____________
small intestine
Women generally have more __________ fat than men
subcutaneous
What is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range of energy from protein?
10-35%
Cholesterol <200 mg/dL
Desirable
In order to gain muscle tissue, an underweight person should engage in resistance-training AND increase his/her caloric intake.
True
True or False: Fructose is known as fruit sugar or levulose
True
True or false: Glucagon and insulin are both released from the pancreas
True
True or false: Hyperglycemia occurs when an individual's blood sugar level is abnormally elevated
True
True or false: The main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel
True
All of the following are examples of energy output except
calories consumed in a large meal
Cells require a steady supply of energy which is largely provided by
carbohydrates
Choose the lipoprotein that carries the most protein
HDL
Lactoovovegetarian
Eats milk and milk products and eggs but no other animal foods
The following factors can affect actual energy requirements
Height Weight Age
What happens when excess protein is consumed?
It is turned into glucose or fat It is metabolized for energy needs
Which of the following is a limitation of the BMI calculation?
It would not be accurate for a very muscular person
Bioelectric impedance
Low energy electrical current
LDL cholesterol < 100 mg/dL
Optimal
Choose factors that decrease body fact accumulation
Physical activity Healthy sleep Mindful eating practices
Eating a diet high in trans fatty acids has been shown to increase circulating levels of LDL. Why do food manufacturers use trans fatty acids like partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in packaged and processed foods?
Trans fatty acids increase a food's shelf life
HDL
Transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal
Oxidized LDL
Transports cholesterol into arterial lining
____________ fat forms a protective structure under the abdominal muscle whereas _____________ fat holds skin in place
Visceral Subcutaneous
Underwater weighing
Water displacement method
Which two variables are used to calculate a person's BMI?
Weight Height
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake
between 20 and 35% of total calories
The method used to estimate total body fat that uses a low-energy electrical current is known as
bioelectric impedance
BMI 18.5-24.9
normal weight
Humans digest animal proteins better than plant proteins. For this reason, vegetarians may need to increase their protein intake by about ________% to meet their protein requirements.
10%
A person consuming 2000 kcals and eating 20% of her kcals from protein is eating how many grams of protein?
100 grams
Angela weighs 61 kg and is 1.6 meters tall, calculate her BMI, rounding to the nearest whole number
24
Stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination and extreme thirst. Over the past 3 months he also lost 12 pounds without dieting. His doctor sends him fore tests to see if he has
Diabetes
The liver can convert glucose into fat if
Glycogen storage reaches maximum capacity
Which type of lipoprotein transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal?
HDL
What type of lipoprotein carries cholesterol from the body tissue back to the liver for recycling?
HDL Cholesterol
In terms of HDL and LDL levels, risk for development of cardiovascular disease increases when ____________ levels are low and ___________ levels are high in the bloodstream
HDL; LDL
What is a symptom associated with insufficient consumption of essential fatty acids?
Hair loss
_______________ is a general term for water-soluble structures that transport lipids throughout the bloodstream
Lipoprotein
Choose the dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development
Reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total Calories Replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats Limit trans fat intake
Choose the following dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development
Reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total calories Limit trans fat intake Replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats
Fad diets _____________
Rely on testimonial for evidence of effectiveness Limit food selections to a few food groups Offer a 'quick fix' to your weight problem
An LDL level of 154 would be classified by the American Heart Association as ____________.
borderline high
Most dietary _______ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest
fibers
Antibodies are proteins that function by ___________
fighting disease organisms
Antibodies are proteins that function by ____________.
fighting disease organisms
Sarah had her gallbladder removed one week ago. At her follow-up visit, she complained of having greasy stools. What dietary modification could help her alleviate Sarah's problem?
Avoid high-fat meals
When calculating your estimated energy requirement, you will need to incorporate your ________
Height Weight Age
Proteins that contain all nine essential amino acids in amounts that support growth are considered ________________.
High-quality (complete) protein
The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a _________.
peptide bond
_______-unsaturated fatty acids contain two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
poly
The cholesterol carried by LDL is often called "_________" cholesterol because LDL conveys the lipid to tissues that contribute to atherosclerotic plaques.
Bad
True or false: DNA does not play a vital role in protein synthesis
False
If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrate to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrate can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the by-products of partial breakdown of ____________.
fat
Which foods are good to consume to increase your dietary fiber intake?
Brown Rice Fresh fruits Oatmeal
What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol
Eggs Ice cream Chicken
Energy ____________ occurs when calorie intake matches calorie expenditure
equilibrium
Which food rates very high for protein quality because it is easy to digest and has a pattern of essential amino acids that closely resembles that needed by humans?
Eggs
Lipids include phospholipids, sterols, and amino acids
False
True or False: A high-fiber diet may increase the availability of nutrients
False
Lipoprotein that transports the most cholesterol
LDL
The calories that cells use to carry out their activities is called _________
energy output
There are nine _________ amino acids that cannot be produced by the body and must be consumed as part of our diet.
essential
