Nutrition Exam 3 Collection - 16
How many vitamins are there?
13
To improve cardiorespiratory endurance, activities that use most of the large-muscle groups of the body and elevate heart rate should be sustained for at least _____.
20 minutes
The DRI suggests a diet that provides ________ of the daily energy intake from fat.
20% to 35%
It's recommended that an athlete consume ______ of calories from fat.
20-35 percent
The DRI suggests a diet that provides ___ of the daily energy from fat 10-20% Less than 10% 50-60% 20-35% 40-50%
20-35%
dietary intake of fat
20-35%
In a favorable lipid profile, total cholesterol should be below 100 mg/dL 300 mg/dL 200 mg/dL 500 mg/dL 400 mg/dL
200 mg/dL
To prevent weight gains and support weight losses, one should add ________ minutes of moderately intense physical activity each week.
200-300
Population groups such as sedentary older men, sedentary younger women, and active older women have a daily energy need of approximately ____ kcalories.
2000
Though it has limitations, a basic rule of energy balance states that one pound of fat is stored for each ______________ calories eaten in excess. 2500 1500 5000 500 3500
3500
though it has limitations, a basic rule of energy balance states that 1 pound of fat is stored for each ____ kcalories eaten in excess
3500
1 lb of fat
3500 calories
Of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States, how many have some relationship with diet?
4
Your friend Jody considers following a popular diet plan. She shows you the description of the plan in a magazine. Which of the following statements in the magazine would suggest that this plan is an unsound, fad diet?
"This fat-busting plan jump starts your metabolism and allows you to target problem areas like hips and thighs."
The normal pH of the stomach is about ________.
1.5
How much more available to the body is synthetic folate than naturally occurring folate? 1.2 times 2.5 times 0.7 times 1.5 times 1.7 times
1.7 times
Approximately what fraction of people treated for anorexia nervosa show reasonable maintenance of their weight gain?
1/2
For overweight adults, a reasonable weight loss is _____________. 10% of body weight per month 1/2 to 2 lbs per week 1 lb per day 1/2 to 2 lbs per month 1/2 lb per day
1/2 to 2 lbs per week
overweight adult reasonable weight loss
1/2 to 2 lbs/week
For overweight adults, a reasonable weight loss is ________.
1/2 to 2 pounds per week
A minimum of ____ minutes of aerobic physical activity, moderate or vigorous, is recommended.
10
About what percentage of the US population is deficient in iron?
10
a weight gain of more than ____ pounds after the age of 18 doubles the risk of developing diabetes, even in adults of average weight
10
The recommended amount of protein as a percentage of total energy intake is 40 - 50% 20 - 30% 15 - 20% 10 - 35%
10 - 35%
0 out of 1 points Imagine an adult who loses 20 pounds of excess body weight through a starvation diet. About how much of this weight loss is lean tissue?
10 lbs
Imagine an adult who loses 20 pounds of excess body weight through a starvation diet. About how much of this weight loss is lean tissue?
10 lbs
imagine an adult who loses 20 pounds of excess body weight through starvation diet. about how much of this weight loss is lean tissue?
10 pounds
Energy from the phosphagen system diminishes after _____.
10 seconds
The thermic effect of food accounts for ____________ of the average person's energy expenditure each day. 30% 10% 50% or more 40% 25%
10%
the thermic effect of food accounts for ____ of the average person's energy expenditure each day
10%
thermic effect of food accounts for
10% of energy expenditure each day
Meeting an activity goal of ________ steps a day is an excellent way to support a healthy BMI.
10,000
Meeting an activity goal of _________ steps a day is an excellent way to support a healthy BMI. 10,000 7,500 2,500 5,000 15,000
10,000
About how many sites in the human genome are associated with obesity and fat?
100
Dietary supplements such as a multivitamin are recommended when intake is __________ calories in women and ________ in men. <1400, <1600 <1400, <1800 <1200, <1800 <1000, <1200 <1200, <1500
<1200, <1800
Which of the following statements accurately describes weight gain and genetics?
Adopted children tend to have body weights more like their biological parents than their adoptive parent
Which of the following statements accurately describes weight gain and genetics?
Adopted children tend to have body weights more like their biological parents than their adoptive parents.
What is the strongest predictor of bone density?
Age
Vegan diets exclude what kind of products?
All animal products
Whole grains are composed of which of the following Germ and bran only Endosperm only Germ only All edible parts of the grain Bran and husk only
All edible parts of the grain
Which of the following is a correct statement about the energy systems and fuels used by the body?
All energy systems are used at all times, but one system which dominates depending on intensity and conditioning of athlete.
Which of the following is correct statement about the U.S. adult population's physical activity?
Approximately 80% of adults do not meet physical activity guidelines.
Which amino acid lowers blood pressure and prevents blood clots?
Arginine
What is a risk factor for skin cancer?
Arsenic
Melanoma is a type of cancer that arises from _____.
Pigmented skin cells
Foods rich in carbohydrates include all _____ foods Unsweetened Plant Low fat Health Processed
Plant
Which of the following defines the body's set point?
Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight
Living microorganisms found in foods and dietary supplements that, when consumed in sufficient quantities, are beneficial to health are called ________.
Probiotics
A diet that is deficient in carbohydrate, thus deficient in glucose, will ultimately force the liver to Produce glucose from amino acids (gluconeogenesis) Convert galactose stores to glucose in the liver Reduce their level of metabolic activities Use fat stores to synthesize glucose
Produce glucose from amino acids (gluconeogenesis)
Which of the following accurately describes vitamin D from the sun?
Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity.
An important function of fat in the body is to Build muscle tissue Facilitate reproduction Provide precursors for glucose synthesis Regulate blood glucose levels Protect vital organs against shock
Protect vital organs against shock
Which energy-yielding nutrient is the most satiating?
Protein
Which food component has the highest thermic effect?
Protein
How do proteins regulate fluid balance?
Proteins attract water.
What do cellulose and lignin fibers do in the body?
Provide bulk and feelings of fullness.
What is the primary factor that differentiates bulimia nervosa from binge eating?
Purging is rarely practiced in binge-eating disorder
Which of the following is a naturally occurring food source of vitamin D?
Salmon
Statements that characterize the relationship between a nutrient or other substance in a food and its role in the body is known as:
Structure-function claims
What does magnesium do in the body?
Supports immune system functioning
A saturated fatty acid carries the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and contains only single bonds between carbon atoms.
True
Abnormal BRAIN CHEMISTRY has been theorized as a possible cause for EATING DISORDERS.
True
Abnormal BRAIN CHEMISTRY has been theorized as a possible cause for EATING DISORDERS. True False
True
After leaving the mouth, proteins are denatured in the stomach by hydrochloric acid.
True
Alcohol affects every organ in the body, but it is especially damaging to the liver.
True
Americans spend an estimated $60 billion a year on weight-loss services and products.
True
An individual who has lost fluids equivalent to 3 to 4 percent of his or her body weight may experience impaired physical performance.
True
Artichokes contain more potassium per serving than do eggs.
True
Avocados and olives naturally contain unsaturated fats and do not contribute to heart disease.
True
During PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, the body cells do NOT require INSULIN to intake GLUCOSE. True False
True
During STARVATION or EXTREME DIETING, Brain/Nervous System agree to accept KETONES for 25% of its fuel need. True False
True
Endogenous cholesterol is produced in the body.
True
Excess lead in the blood deranges the structure of red blood cell membranes, making them leaky and fragile.
True
Fat cells enlarge if excess carbohydrate, protein, or fat is consumed in the human diet.
True
Flexibility allows the joints to move freely, reducing the risk of injury.
True
Food labels present nutrient information based on one serving and therefore must identify the size of a serving.
True
For an underweight person to gain weight, meals must contain energy-dense foods and strength training exercise is necessary to build muscle.
True
In hyperthermia, body heat builds up and triggers maximum sweating, but without sweat evaporation, little cooling takes place.
True
In starvation, less eating, lowers appetite.
True
In starvation, less eating, lowers appetite. True False
True
Increasing the percent of DIETARY PROTEIN or CARBOHYDRATE in your FUEL MIX can displace DIETARY FAT leading to greater storage as BODY FAT. True False
True
People with binge-eating disorder feel out of control during a binge episode.
True
People with binge-eating disorder feel out of control during a binge episode. True False
True
People with eating disorders often don't know they are ill or they hide their condition.
True
People with eating disorders often don't know they are ill or they hide their condition. True False
True
People with extra fat cells tend to regain lost weight rapidly.
True
Prolonged thiamin deficiency can result in the disease beriberi.
True
Red bell peppers provide more vitamin C per serving than do oranges.
True
The niacin-deficiency disease pellagra produces the symptoms of diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and eventually death.
True
The orange-yellow pigment curcumin, commonly found in curry powder, may help reverse insulin resistance, inflammation, and other symptoms associated with obesity.
True
The primary role of carbohydrates in the body is to supply the cells with glucose for energy.
True
Though called a vitamin, the active form of vitamin D is actually a hormone.
True
To meet the more prolonged demands of sustained activity, the muscles rely on the aerobic system to provide ATP for muscle contraction.
True
Unlike vitamins, minerals are inorganic elements that always retain their chemical identity.
True
What are crypts?
Tubular glands that secret juices into the small intestine
A new growth of tissue that forms an abnormal mass with no function is a ____.
Tumor
What amino acid is used to synthesize the neurotransmitter epinephrine and the pigment melanin?
Tyrosine
Condensation is a chemical reaction that releases ________.
Water
The body needs more ________ each day than any other nutrient.
Water
Which substance is found in the largest amount in both food products and human beings?
Water
Brittany is a chronic dieter. She has experience repeated cycles of weight loss from fat and muscle followed by gains of body fat only. This process is known as:
Weight cycling
Which of the following statements accurately describes the "browning" of white fat cells?
White fat cells with brown fat cell characteristics sometimes are called beige adipocytes.
Which of the following are indicative of a product containing whole grains? Stone ground Whole wheat flour Cracked wheat Multi grain Organic
Whole wheat flour
Calcium supplements should be taken ________.
With a meal to enhance absorption of calcium
How soon would death occur from starvation if the body was unable to shift to a state of ketosis?
Within 3 weeks
Which of the following is an example of a flexibility activity?
Yoga
Which part of the brain is the primary center for appetite control?
\Hypothalamus
Fast-food restaurants have significantly contributed to the development of obesity for all of the following reasons except:
Close proximity of fast-food establishments does not increase the risk of obesity.
What product has the highest amount of saturated fatty acids?
Coconut Oil
Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between the speed at which one eats and weight management?
Faster eating correlates with higher BMI.
Bile is known to assist in the absorption of Carbohydrate Protein Vitamins Fat Minerals
Fat
What occurs when a person eats too much?
Fat cells enlarge.
What is the reason that fat yields more calories than carbohydrate or protein
Fat contains many carbon-hydrogen bonds that can be readily oxidized.
An athlete's first sign of dehydration is typically ______
Fatigue
Lipids that are solid at room temperature are known as Glycerols Omegas Fats Oils Phospholipids
Fats
What term describes the combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis?
Female athlete triad
Replacing simple carbohydrates with complex carbohydrates typically results in a diet that is higher in Energy Fiber Refined foods Protein Fat
Fiber
What undigested carbohydrate lingers in the stomach creating satiety? Glycogen Starch Fiber Lactose Sucrose
Fiber
Which guideline acknowledges that all segments of our society have a role to play in supporting healthy choices?
Fifth guideline
Which product provides abundant amounts of omega 3 fatty acids? Corn oil Sunflower oil Flaxseed oil Palm oil Safflower oil
Flaxseed oil
Which of these protein foods is the leanest?
Flounder
Fruits contribute ______ when consumed.
Folate
Methotrexate, a medication used for chemotherapy, resembles ____.
Folate
leading cause of food contamination in the US
Food poisoning from microbes
Which monosaccharide is found abundantly in fruits?
Fructose
Which of the following statements about fructose is FALSE?
Fructose suppresses appetite.
There is evidence that an adequate intake of ____ protects against the development of cancers of the lung, mouth, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus.
Fruits and vegetables
what is the name of the list that contains food such as tea, caffeine and spices
GRAS
Which of the following is a hormone secreted by the cells in the stomach wall?
Gastrin
Modifiable risk factors for development of heart disease include all of the following except Gender Elevated blood lipid levels High blood pressure Physical inactivity Smoking
Gender
Which of the following is a protein that stimulates appetite and decreases energy expenditure?
Ghrelin
Which of the following is a monosaccharide sometimes known blood sugar?
Glucose
Why is appetite suppressed after intense exercise?
Glucose and fatty acids are abundant in the blood.
What reaction can supply ATP quickly for up to three minutes anaerobically?
Glucose to pyruvate
For short, intense exercise, which energy-producing pathway does the body rely on most?
Glucose to pyruvate to lactate
Which of the following is a storage form of energy for the body? Fiber Lactose Starch Sucrose Glycogen
Glycogen
Which statement accurately describes physical exams as a nutrition assessment tool?
Hair and posture can provide clues to nutrient imbalances.
Which of the following substances is a contaminant mineral?
Lead
Which protein provides about 20 grams of carbohydrate in a ½-cup serving?
Legumes
Which of the following is a protein produced by fat cells under the direction of the ob gene that decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure?
Leptin
Hematopoietic stem cell transplants can be used as a primary treatment for ____.
Leukemia
The type of cancer that arises from white blood cell precursors is ____.
Leukemia
Which of the following statements about vitamin A's role in the body is FALSE?
Lycopene serves as a vitamin A precursor and acts as an antioxidant.
A vegetarian who plans a meal involving rice can consume all the essential amino acids by adding another a plant protein rich in ________.
Lysine
Enhances absorption of nonheme iron
MFP factor
Which of the following substances enhances absorption of nonheme iron?
MFP factor
A philosophical eating pattern based on mostly plant foods such as whole grains, legumes, and vegetables, with small amounts of fish, fruits, nuts, and seeds, is known as:
Macrobiotic diet
Which of the following is not a characteristic of metabolic syndrome?
Macrocytic anemia
Three important disaccharides are Fructose, glucose, and galactose Lactose, fructose, and maltose Maltose, sucrose, and lactose Sucrose, fructose, and glycogen
Maltose, sucrose, and lactose
Which of the following statements is not true regarding manganese?
Manganese toxicity is more likely to occur from an excessive dietary intake than from exposure to a contaminated environment.
To minimize carcinogen formation during cooking, ____.
Marinate meat before cooking
The World Health Organization and UNICEF recommend two doses of vitamin A supplements, given 24 hours apart, for all children with _____.
Measles
Dietary modifications that might be appropriate for a patient with cancer of the brain include _____.
Mechanically altered diet
When health experts say to consume alcohol "in moderation," what do they mean?
Men should have no more than two drinks per day; women, no more than one drink per day.
Which of the following statements accurately describes nutrient intakes?
Nutrient intakes above the UL put an individual at risk of toxicity.
Which of the following terms is defined as the science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes and how genes affect the activities of nutrients?
Nutritional genomics
Which food was one of the first recognized for its ability to reduce blood cholesterol and the risk of heart disease?
Oatmeal
The Seven Countries Study found that Mediterranean countries have low rates of heart disease because they consume more _________ in their diet.
Olive Oil
Regular consumption of __ may prevent blood clots Oleic acid Arachidonic acid Omega 3 Omega 6 Stearic acid
Omega 3
Which lipid is an essential nutrient? Omega 6 Stearic acid Lecithin Adipokine Cholesterol
Omega 6
Which statement accurately describes essential fatty acids?
Omega-3 fatty acids play critical roles in the optimal structure and function of cells.
Which term refers to a relatively new food practice that uses restrictive diets, ritualized eating patterns, and rigid food avoidance?
Orthorexia nervosa
Which term describes the process of a substance combing with oxygen?
Oxidation
Why do cancer patients tend to reduce their food intake?
Pain
Low blood glucose stimulates which organ(s) to release glucagon into the bloodstream?
Pancreas
Diabetes mellitus is a possible side effect of ____ resection
Pancreatic
What deficiency disease produces the symptoms known as the "four Ds?"
Pellagra
Which of the following is not a nutrition assessment used by a trained health care professional?
Personality profile screening
The process in which immune cells engulf and then destroy foreign antigens is known as
Phagocytosis
niacin flush
Pharmacological doses of niacin have been prescribed to help lower blood cholesterol
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. Which mineral is the second most abundant?
Phosphorus
Which of the following is not known to increase vitamin C needs?
Physical activity
_________ strikes males and females equally in the Unites States. a. Binge Eating Disorder b. Anorexia Nervosa c. Body Dysmorphic Disorder d. Bulimia Nervosa
a. Binge Eating Disorder
Acidic erosion of the esophagus and dental enamel is most commonly associated with: a. Bulimics b. Binge Eaters c. Anorexics d. Body Dysmorphics
a. Bulimics
What is the first dietary objective when treating a patient with anorexia nervosa? a. Stop weight loss b. Decrease fat intake c. Eat foods with higher fiber content d. Eat foods with a lower energy density at first e. Decrease physical activity
a. Stop weight loss
Brittany is a chronic dieter. She has experience repeated cycles of weight loss from fat and muscle followed by gains of body fat only. This process is known as: a. Weight Cycling b. Repetitive Failure c. Repetitive Relapse d. Fat Cycling
a. Weight Cycling
Research shows that ________ of women have suffered from anorexia nervosa at some point in their lives. a. less than 1% b. 5% c. 3.5% d. 2% e. 10%
a. less than 1%
Some of the energy released during the breakdown of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids is captured in the high energy compound with three phosphate groups called ____.
adenosine triphosphate
Functions of fatty acids are dependent on location of double bonds configuration/shape length degree of saturation all of the above are correct
all of the above are correct
Metabolism is regulated by presence and activity of enzymes hormones such as insulin ATP levels in the individual cells all of the above are correct
all of the above are correct
Nutritional recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease include all of the following EXCEPT total fat <30% of total calories saturated fat <7-10% of of total calories all of the above are nutritional recommendations for the prevention of CVD high fiber intake, especially soluble fiber
all of the above are nutritional recommendations for the prevention of CVD
Potential micronutrient deficiencies when following a vegan diet include all of these answers are correct calcium B12 iron vitamin D
all of these answers are correct
Deficiency signs of Vitamin A include all of these choices are correct xerophthalmia night blindness hyperkeratosis
all of these choices are correct
Ketosis (elevated production of ketone body formation) increases with uncontrolled Type I diabetes mellitus fasting all of these choices are correct a low-carbohydrate diet
all of these choices are correct
Which member of the Vitamin E family is maintained in the body? gamma-tocotrienol alpha-tocotrienol beta-tocopherol delta-tocopherol alpha-tocopherol
alpha-tocopherol
Which of these is an anabolic reaction?
amino acid to protein
If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, what can be converted to glucose? carbon dioxide amino acids fatty acids urea acetyl CoA
amino acids
when the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of these compounds can be converted to glucose?
amino acids
Which of these is an anabolic reaction? glycogen to glucose energy release amino acids to protein protein to amino acids triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol
amino acids to protein
immediate product of deaminated amino acids
ammonia
Urea is formed by carbon dioxide and two ________.
ammonia fragments
Which person would need more body fat than the others? a professional ballet dancer a high school basketball player a bodybuilder a pregnant woman a ranch hand in Phoenix, Arizona
a pregnant woman
which person would need more body fat than others?
a pregnant woman
The scientific method always begins with ________.
a problem or a question
Ribosome is composed of RNA and protein and can be thought of as ________.
a protein-making machine
what is acetaldehyde?
a toxic compound created in alcohol metabolism
Which of the following is NOT one of the psychological changes that can occur during food restriction (as in the "conscientious objectors?"
balance and moderation of foods
According to the NHLBI guidelines, a ____________ diet is recommended for obesity. low carbohydrate, high protein low fat, high protein low fat only balanced hypocaloric diet low carbohydrate only
balanced hypocaloric diet
Which food ranks low on the glycemic index?
barley
the _____ _____ ____ is the rate at which the body expends energy for life-sustaining activities
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
For most adults, the greatest portion of their energy expenditure is for basal metabolism none of these answers are correct thermic effect of food physical activity
basal metabolism
The energy needed to maintain life when a body is at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest is called ________
basal metabolism
the energy needed to maintain life when a body is at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest
basal metabolism
the energy needed to maintain life when a body is at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest is called
basal metabolism
a ____ ____ measures the available energy in foods but overstates the physiological fuel value
bomb calorimeter
to find out how many kcalories a food provides, a scientist can burn the food in a ____ ____
bomb calorimeter
What does a DEXA scan measure?
bone mineral density
in an infant, which organ uses about 60% of that day's total energy intake
brain
White fat cells with brown fat cell characteristics are called ________.
brite adipocytes
White fat cells with brown fat cell characteristics are called ________.
brite adipocytes, beige adipocytes
Newborn babies are poorly insulated and cannot shiver when exposed to cold temperatures. What type of adipose tissue helps infants generate heat when it is cold?
brown
Which of the following is a good source of Vitamin K? egg yolks pumpkin seeds corn bananas brussel sprouts
brussel sprouts
Acidic erosion of the esophagus and dental enamel is most commonly associated with:
bulimics
Which of the following foods is a very good source of Vitamin A? sunflower seeds butternut squash whole-grain bread peanut butter pinto beans
butternut squash
how does insulin regulate blood glucose levels
by lowering them
Which of the following has the most significant influence on the body's metabolic rate? environmental temperature amount of lean body tissue age height amount of fat tissue
amount of lean body tissue
which of the following has the most significant influence on the body's metabolic rate?
amount of lean body tissue
enzyme that begins digestion
amylase
Of the following, who has the highest metabolic rate? a sedentary man a short, thin woman a woman an adolescent girl an older man
an adolescent girl
A primary function of Vitamin E is to serve as a hormone a coenzyme an antioxidant a peroxide
an antioxidant
vitamin e functions primarily as
an antioxidant
Which of the following statements accurately describes fat cell development? while fat cells grow and shrink in size, their number is fixed when energy out exceeds energy in, the number and size of fat cells decrease an obese person has more and larger fat cells than does a healthy-weight person researchers have concluded there is no way to induce fat cell death the number of fat cells grows substantially during early adulthood as energy expenditure begins to decline
an obese person has more and larger fat cells than does a healthy-weight person
which of the statement defines a coenzyme?
an organic molecule closely associated with enzymes
A typical symptom of coronary heart disease is _____.
angina
Which of the following would cause a secondary Vitamin K deficiency? excess bile production presence of oxalic acid in food insufficient intake of green leafy vegetables high fat, high protein diet antibiotics
antibiotics
Which of the following is a general function of Vitamin C? emulsifying agent antioxidant agent anticancer agent antifungal agent antiviral agent
antioxidant agent
You have just consumed a very large Thanksgiving meal, but still want a slice of pumpkin pie for dessert. What term best describes this state? depression satiety appetite bulemia hunger
appetite
_____ prompts a person to eat or not to eat
appetite
What does a phosphatase do?
assists in energy metabolism
A body mass index of 20 generally indicates that a person is _____.
at a healthy weight
_____ are among those most likely to develop eating disorders
athletes
Body fat content for normal-weight men 20-39 years of age should be ________. a. 32-40% b. 5-10% c. 18-21% d. 41-47% e. 22-30%
c
Fat that accumulates outside of adipose tissue is called ________. a. waist fat b. visceral fat c. ectopic fat d. dual fat e. subcutaneous fat
c
Ghrelin is secreted by cells in the ________. a. hypothalamus b. hippocampus c. stomach d. pancreas e. liver
c
What is thermogenesis? a. a release of oxygen similar to oxygenation b. a fat metabolizing enzyme c. the generation of heat d. the generation of water e. a fat synthesizing hormone
c
Which energy-yielding nutrient is the most satiating? a. alcohol b. carbohydrate c. protein d. water e. fat
c
Which of the following statements accurately describes weight gain and genetics? a. obese people can change their genome and influence their epigenome b. exercise has little, if any, effect on the genetic influence on weight gain c. adopted children tend to have body weights more like their biological parents than their adoptive parents
c
satiety determines ___. a. what kinds of foods are consumed at meals b. protein versus carbohydrate intake c. how much time passes between meals d. how long it takes digestion to begin e. how much food is consumed during a meal
c
what is the first dietary objective when treating a patient with anorexia nervosa? a. decrease physical activity b. eat foods with higher fiber content c. stop weight loss d. decrease fat intake e. eat foods with a lower energy density at first
c
Research shows that excess body fat distributed primarily around the abdomen ________.
c. is associated with increased mortality for both sexes
What is a characteristic of amenorrhea? a. It is a normal adaptation to strenuous physical training. b. It is precipitated by high serum estrogen concentrations. c. It induces prolonged bone loss. d. It is a risk factor for women with bulimia.
c. it induces prolonged bone loss
provides iron in most absorbable form
chicken
ultra-processes food
chicken nuggets
_________ is a postexercise snack that has been shows to increase muscle glycogen stores and protein synthesis.
chocolate milk
what hormones become active in the stomach and causes satiation?
cholecystokinin
Which of the following compounds serves as the major precursor for the body's synthesis of Vitamin D? tryptophan histamine beta-carotene cholesterol eicosapentaenoic acid
cholesterol
Upon absorption, fat-soluble vitamins travel through the lymphatic system within ________ before entering the bloodstream.
chylomicrons
The need for vitamin C is increased for which of these groups?
cigarette smokers
a person's waist ____ is a good indicator of central obesity
circumference
What does omega mean?
closest double bond is 3 carbons away from the methyl end
chylomicrons
cluster of lipids and proteins used as transport vehicles from the intestines to the body
The most common form of cardiovascular disease is _____.
coronary heart disease
pica
craving and consumption of nonfood substances
Supplementation of _______ may enhance performance of weight lifters and sprinters, but the safety of large doses and long-term use has not been confirmed.
creatine
An athlete getting ready to compete in the 100-meter dash will rely primarily on _____ for quick energy in this event.
creatine phosphate
the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins
critical period
natural toxicant found in lima beans
cyanogen/laetrile
eating behaviors that are neither normal nor healthy, including restrained eating, fasting, binge eating, and purging
disordered eating
Fatty acids vary in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to their number of _______.
double bonds
oleic acid and a linoleic acid differ in their number of
double donds
Of the following, which is an example of a behavior modification technique for weight loss? download an app to keep a record of your eating and exercise habits eat with a buddy who will monitor your food intake create a blog about your overeating habits to create a like-minded community create a "clean plate club" at home and reward family members appropriately cook your own meals and eat alone to focus on your own habits
download an app to keep a record of your eating and exercise habits
____ ____ ____ ____ uses two low dose x rays that differentiate among fat-free soft tissue, fat tissue, and bone tissue, providing a precise measurement of total fat and its distribution in all but extremely obese subjects
dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
Consuming a sports beverage to obtain carbohydrates is recommended _______.
during exhausting endurance activities lasting more than 1 hour
difficulty swallowing
dysphagia
Researchers have spent many years studying diets and have determined the best approach to weight loss is to ________. a. eliminate all fats from the diet and decrease water intake b. greatly increase protein intake to increase satiation c. fast at least two consecutive days each week to achieve better energy balance e. reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure
e
What term describes the combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis? a. athletic hormonal disruption b. high stress tertiary disorder c. triathlete medical disorder d. non adaptable training syndrome e. female athlete triad
e
_____ influences such as large portion sizes, favorite foods, or an abundance or variety of foods stimulate eating and increase energy intake
environmental
Amino acids that enter the TCA cycle directly are considered _____.
glucogenic
amino acids that enter the TCA cycle directly are considered
glucogenic
dietary protein in glucose on a keto diet
gluconeogenesis
the process of making glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called
gluconeogenesis
The phenomenon known as "hitting the wall" occurs in athletes when _____ is depleted.
glucose
in energy metabolism, glycerol can convert to
glucose or pyruvate
What reaction can supply ATP quickly for up to three minutes anaerobically?
glucose to pyruvate
for short, intense exercise, which energy-producing pathway does the body rely on most?
glucose to pyruvate to lactate
People on strict lactose-free diets need to read labels and avoid foods with four of the following ingredients except one. Which is an acceptable food for this diet?
gluten
about 10 days of fasting, which compound will be the nervous system's main fuel provider
glycerol
The body's primary source of glucose during physical activity is _______.
glycogen
The metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate is known as
glycolysis
the metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
glycolysis
main symptom of iodine deficiency
goiter
fat gains and losses are _____
gradual
Which of the following foods is highest in folate? starches green, leafy vegetables dairy products meats fruits
green, leafy vegetables
water that has slower contamination but more permanent toxicity
ground
during the course of a meal, as food enters the GI tract and hunger diminishes, ____ occurs. As receptors in the stomach stretch and hormones (such as cholecystokinin) become active, the person begins to feel full
satiation
after a meal, the feeling of ____ continues to suppress hunger and allows a person to not eat again for a while
satiety
zinc is not involved in
secretion of stomach acids
_____ measures estimate body fat by using a caliper to gauge the thickness of a fold of skin on the back of the arm, below the shoulder blade, and in other places, and then comparing these measurements with standards
skinfold
70-85% of stomach is removed and stapled
sleeve gastrectomy
In which procedure is 70 to 85 percent of the stomach removed and the rest stapled to create a vertical tube-shaped stomach with limited capacity?
sleeve gastrectomy
during _____, losses of fat and lean are about equal
starvation
An example of a medication used to reduce blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting the production of cholesterol in the liver is diuretics insulin decongestants statins aspirin
statins
nonnutritive sweetener
stevia
Ghrelin is secreted by cells in the ________.
stomach
In what organ is pepsin active? large intestine pancreas liver small intestine stomach
stomach
part of the gi tract that does not actively digest carbs
stomach
What is the first dietary objective when treating a patient with anorexia nervosa?
stop weight loss
In the human body, excess energy is ultimately stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue stored as free fatty acids in muscle tissue excreted by way of the urine and feces stored as glycogen
stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue
A cathartic is a ____.
strong laxative
_____ fat around the hips and thighs, is most common in women during their reproductive years
subcutaneous
table sugar
sucrose
drinking water easiest to disinfect
surface
Which of the following is the coenzyme form of thiamin? thiamin adenine dinucleotide thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) thiaminacide thiamin flavin thiamin mononucleotide (TMN)
thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)
The body's need for _____ surpasses the need for any other nutrient.
water
water soluble vs fat soluble vitamins
water soluble needs to be consumed more frequently than fat soluble vitamins
sodium toxicity
hypertension
_______ can occur when an athlete involved in a prolonged activity lose electrolytes through sweating and rehydrate with only water.
hyponatremia
Leptin acts as a hormone, primarily in the ________.
hypothalamus
a brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temperature, and control of appetite
hypothalamus
leptin acts as hormone in the
hypothalamus
which part of the brain is the primary center of appetite control?
hypothalamus
food and beverages provide the energy ____ part of the energy-balance equation
in
The increased energy demands from regular, strenuous activity typically _______.
increases food intake so that additional nutrient needs are met if nutrient-dense foods are selected
he increased energy demands from regular, strenuous activity typically _______.
increases food intake so that additional nutrient needs are met if nutrient-dense foods are selected c. requires nutrient supplementation
All of the following reasons that alcohol should not be used to rehydrate the body except
it inhibits glycogen breakdown.
when a water soluble nutrient molecule has been absorbed and has crossed into the cell of a villus, it enters the bloodstream and is guided to the
liver
glycogen is stored in
liver and muscles
What is the most likely reason for a person to have abnormally high blood ammonia levels? liver dysfunction hyperstimulation of the immune system protein intake one-tenth the RDA kidney dysfunction protein intake twice the RDA
liver dysfunction
the ____ of fat on the body may influence as much of, or more than, total fat alone
location
sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass and strength
foods _____ in energy density are more satiating
low
when health experts say to consume alcohol in "moderation", what do they mean?
men have no more than two drinks per day, women should have no more than one drink per day
rapidly corrected when treated with vitamin A supplements
night blindness
amino means containing
nitrogen
Which of the following may be used to determine protein utilization? amino acid pool supplementary value calorimetry nitrogen balance body mass index
nitrogen balance
anaerobic means
no oxygen
Anaerobic means ____.
not requiring oxygen
too much body fat with adverse health effects. BMI is 30 or higher
obese
Which group is more prone to Vitamin B12 deficiency? athletes older adults infants cigarette smokers teenagers
older adults
A major feature of the Mediterranean diet is liberal intake of cheese lean meat eggs fortified butter olive oil
olive oil
the developing brain depends heavily on
omega-3 fatty acids
The primary function of the anus is to ____.
open to allow passage of waste materials
softening on bone in adults
osteomalacia
Weight loss is recommended for those who are obese and for those who are overweight with one or more obesity-related risk factors. All of the following are obesity-related risk factors except:
osteoporosis
vitamin d deficiency is associated with two common problems of aging
osteoporosis and dementia
Dietary calcium deficiencies result in ________.
osteoporotic bones
body weight is greater than weight range that is considered healthy. BMI is 25-29.9
overweight
A diet that provides ample carbohydrate ensures an adequate supply of _____.
oxaloacetate
in the TCA cycle, which compound is involved in both the first and the last step?
oxaloacetate
in the tca cycle, which compound is involved in both the first and last step
oxaloacetate
An aerobic reaction is one that requires _________. oxygen glucose ammonia nitrogen alcohol
oxygen
Which method to assess body fat weighs a person on land and then again while submerged in water? air displacement plethysmography hydrodensitometry bioelectrical impedence DEXA scan skinfold measures
hydrodensitometry
____ measures body density by weighing the person first on land and then again while submerged in water. The difference between the person's actual weight and underwater weight provides a measure of the body's volume
hydrodensitometry
fat has a ____ (strong/weak) effect on satiation
weak
For overweight adults, a reasonable weight loss is ________.
½ to 2 pounds per week
The drugs used during chemotherapy are known as ______.
Antineogenesis drugs
BMR ____ (increases, declines) during adulthood as lean body mass diminishes
declines
not the result of the breakdown of energy-releasing nutrients
disaccharides
in the cori cycle, lactate is converted to glucose in the
liver
most metabolically active organ in the body
liver
primary site of alcohol metabolism
liver
what is the major site for gluconeogenesis?
liver
an estimation of the energy required to process food
thermic effect of food
What is the best meal-planning strategy for underweight people who desire to gain weight?
Drink more juice and milk
What is the best meal-planning strategy for underweight people who desire to gain weight?
Drink more juice and milk.
What should dieters remember about physical activity as part of their weight loss plan?
Duration and regular performance, rather than intensity, are the keys to success with this approach to weight loss
Which of the following vitamins may reduce the risk of heart disease by slowing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL)? D2 K A D3 E
E
Of the following, which would be considered a fad diet?
Eating only cold, green foods for one month
Which of these is a member of the omega-3 family?
Eicosapentaenoic acid
People with BINGE EATING DISORDER are NOT at risk for:
Emaciated
An agent that causes vomiting is a/n ________
Emetic
Feature of aerobic metabolism
Energy is produced more slowly than in anaerobic metabolism
Which of the following is a feature of aerobic metabolism?
Energy is produced more slowly than in anaerobic metabolism.
The cartilage in the throat that guards the entrance to the trachea and prevents fluid and food from entering it when a person swallows is known as the _____.
Epiglottis
Which of the following statements about protein metabolism is NOT true?
Excess dietary protein decelerates kidney deterioration in people with kidney disease.
"Speedy" substances, marketed for weight loss, work by speeding your ENERGY METABOLISM. true False
False
A cohort research design involves collecting data from individuals once at a specific time and location.
False
A successful eating plan for weight loss is defined as one that keeps your weight off for one month.
False
A successful eating plan for weight loss is defined as one that keeps your weight off for one month. True False
False
Because body weight and body fat correlate with disease risk and life expectancy, obese people are destined to die prematurely.
False
Cholecystokinin speeds up the process of digestion.
False
During STARVATION or EXTREME DIETING, Brain/Nervous System agree to accept KETONES for 25% of its fuel need.
False
Even when used alone, weight-loss drugs are quite successful in promoting substantial weight loss.
False
If excess protein is consumed, it is stored in the liver for future use.
False
Most lactose-intolerant people cannot consume any products that might contain lactose.
False
Obesity develops when a person's fat cells increase in number, not in size.
False
Primary deficiency of vitamin E is quite common.
False
Refined grain products with nutrients added back are just as nutritious as whole-grain products.
False
Restrained/Restricted Eaters have no problem resuming balanced, sensible eating habits and behaviors when the food restriction ends.
False
Restrained/Restricted Eaters have no problem resuming balanced, sensible eating habits and behaviors when the food restriction ends. True False
False
The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend the elimination of all oils when planning diets.
False
The MyPlate icon divides a plate into four equally sized sections of food groups.
False
The ileocecal valve is the sphincter that separates the stomach and small intestine.
False
The recommended intake for a nutrient should be thought of as the minimum amount that an individual should consume for that nutrient.
False
Which one of these statements is true of binge drinking?
It is most common among 18 to 34 year olds.
Which of the following is a health result of losing excess body weight?
It lowers blood pressure
Which of the following is a health result of losing excess body weight?
It lowers blood pressure.
Which of the following is true of fluoride?
It makes teeth stronger and more resistant to decay
Which of the following is not true of diabetic ketoacidosis?
It occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Which of the following is true of riboflavin?
It remains stable when exposed to heat
Which of the following statements about the resting metabolic rate is FALSE?
It typically is slightly lower than the BMR.
Which of the following is not true of folate?
Its bioavailability is the same whatever the source.
Linolenic acid is a omega 3 fatty acid. What does omega 3 mean? Its structure bends three times Its closest double bond is three atoms away from the methyl end Its closest double bond is 3 acids away from the acid end It contains 3 double bonds Its closest double bond is 3 carbons away from each end
Its closest double bond is three atoms away from the methyl end
Linolenic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid. What does "omega-3" mean?
Its closest double bond is three carbons away from the methyl end.
A graph showing the relationship between mortality and body mass index is shaped like a/n S forward slash J backslash inverted U
J
Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria? E A D K C
K
Which vitamin is routinely given as a single dose to newborns? E B12 K A C
K
Vitamin A deficiency causes the epithelial cells of the skin to change shape and to secrete the protein ________.
Keratin
After about 10 days of fasting, which one of these compounds will be the nervous system's main fuel provider?
Ketone bodies
Which two organs control the buffer system that regulate the body's acid-base balance?
Kidneys and lungs
A high risk of heart attack correlates with high levels of VLDL Omega 3 fatty acids HDL Free fatty acids LDL
LDL
What blood lipid is linked most directly to heart disease?
LDL cholesterol
best source of flouride
fluoridated drinking water
supplement associated with a lower incidence of the neural tube defects
folate
Megaloblastic anemia develops as a result of deficiency of either ___________ or __________. vitamin K and folate vitamin B6 and folate all of these answers are accurate folate and B12 thiamin and riboflavin
folate and B12
micronutrients required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells
folate and vitamin b12
antibodies to a certain food
food allergy
Vitamin B12 is supplied mostly in foods of animal origin cereal grains none of these answers are correct fruits and vegetables
foods of animal origin
Which of the following is a protein that stimulates appetite and decreases energy expenditure? ghrelin elastin collagen britin leptin
ghrelin
protein that stimulates appetite and decreases energy
ghrelin
the generation of heat, known as _____, can be measured to determine the amount of energy expended
thermogenesis
Which of the following is a correct statement about taking vitamin and mineral supplements directly before competition?
they are useless for improving performance
with regards to energy metabolism, which of the following statements is true about fatty acids?
they cannot make glucose
Which of the following is true of vitamins in general? they help enzymes participate in release of energy from macronutrients they are considered macronutrients they are not as readily available in food as carbohydrates, proteins and fats structurally they are linked together some yield energy
they help enzymes participate in release of energy from macronutrients
Which of the following statements is true about low-carbohydrate diets? they're effective at reducing body fat they induce ketosis they're a sound means of weight loss they elevate blood pressure they often lead to diarrhea
they induce ketosis
Which of the following statements is true of low-carbohydrate diets?
they induce ketosis
Which of the following is characteristic of most fad diets? they limit food choices, thereby reducing energy intake they produce long-lasting results just like healthy diets their success depends on the ratios of macronutrients more so than the total energy value they are balanced and therefore do not require a dietary supplement they are typically as healthy as more traditional weight-loss diets
they limit food choices, thereby reducing energy intake
One way that all the energy-yielding nutrients are alike is that
they share the same final metabolic pathway, the TCA cycle
One way that all the energy-yielding nutrients are alike is that _____
they share the same final metabolic pathway, the TCA cycle
The Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome in people with chronic alcohol abuse stems primarily from a deficiency of ____________. alcohol dehydrogenase antidiuretic hormone folate protein thiamin
thiamin
T/F: During STARVATION or EXTREME DIETING, Brain/Nervous System agree to accept KETONES for 25% of its fuel need.
true
T/F: In starvation, less eating, lowers appetite.
true
Which amino acid is the precursor to niacin? valine tryptophan phenylalanine lysine glycine
tryptophan
Cancer ranks number ____ among the causes of death in the United States.
two
maltose
two glucose units
Why does Fat yield so many more KCals?
undergoes many metabolic reactions
_____ women develop menstrual irregularities and become infertile
underweight
body weight lower than the weight range that is considered healthy. BMI is less than 18.5
underweight
eating disorders that do not meet the defined criteria for specific eating disorders
unspecified eating disorders
Which of the following are major sources of Vitamin E in the diet? egg whites meats citrus fruits vegetable oils milk and dairy products
vegetable oils
fingerlike projections from the folds of the small intestine
villi
____ fat is stored around the organs of the abdomen and is referred to as central obesity or upper-body fat
visceral
_____ fat is most common in men and to a lesser extent in women past menopause
visceral
What term refers to fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs? visceral fat ectopic fat dual fat waist fat subcutaneous fat
visceral fat
fat stored in abdominal cavity
visceral fat
Pernicious anemia results from a deficiency of vitamin B6 vitamin B12 selenium iron and copper folate
vitamin B12
Irreversible nerve damage may be caused by excessive intake of _________ supplements. vitamin B12 tryptophan vitamin B6 vitamin C
vitamin B6
The vitamin most involved in amino acid metabolism is vitamin A folate vitamin B6 thiamin
vitamin B6
While athletes are encouraged to eat a diet high in antioxidant-rich foods, research findings are conflicting in regards to ________ as a way to prevent against exercise-induced oxidative stress.
vitamin E supplementation
older adults with atrophic gastritis are vulnerable to
vitamin b12 deficiency
which vitamin b is stored extensively in muscle tissue
vitamin b6
not water soluble
vitamin k
single does at birth
vitamin k
2 major nutrients are supplied by the fruit group
vitamins a and c
A person's ______________ is a good indicator of central obesity. BMI essential body fat hydrodensitometry adaptive thermogenesis efficiency waist circumference
waist circumference
a person's ______ is a good indicator of central obesity
waist circumference
Metabolic syndrome includes all of the following signs and symptoms except ___________. a. HDL < 40 mg/dL b. triglycerides > 199mg/dL c. fasting glucose > 100 mg/dL d. waist circumference of greater than 35 for men and greater than 30 for women e. blood pressure > 120/80 mm Hg
waist circumference of greater than 35 for men and greater than 30 for women
Moderate intensity physical activity is characterized by _____.
walking speed of 3 to 4 mph
a person with type ___ diabetes often has central obesity
2
a reasonable initial target for most over-weight people is a BMI ____ units below their current one
2
type ___ diabetes is three times more likely to develop in an obese person than in a nonobese person
2
The UL for iron is ________ times the RDA for women.
2 1/2
Imagine that an adult consumes 500 excess calories each day for two weeks. About how much weight would that person gain? 3 lbs 4 lbs 0.5 lb 8 lbs 2 lbs
2 lbs
imagine that an adult consumes 500 excess kcalories each day for two weeks. about how much weight would that person gain?
2 pounds
According to ACSM guidelines, resistance or strength exercise should be incorporated on _______ per week.
2 to 3 nonconsecutive days
Reducing saturated fat intake by 1% can be expected to produce a ________ drop in heart disease risk.
2%
About how many people in the United States have a BMI greater than 25?
2/3
about how many people in the United States have a BMI greater than 25?
2/3
how many people in the US have a BMI greater than 25
2/3
mortality is lowest when BMI is in the optimal range of ____ to _____
20 24.9
What fat measurement corresponds to low-fat ice cream?
3 grams or less per 1/2 cup
About 1 in ____ cancer deaths can be attributed to alcohol consumption.
30
obese weight is a BMI of ____ or more
30
About how many people never walk or live independently again after sustaining an osteoporosis-related hip fracture?
33%
which of the following represents the BMI of a person classified as obese?
34
Last year, an overweight woman was classified as "obese" based on her BMI. Since then, she has gained more weight and developed type 2 diabetes. She will be categorized with "critically severe obesity" as soon as her BMI reaches ________.
35
women with a waist circumference of greater than ____ inches and men with a waist circumference of greater than ____ inches have high risk of central obesity-related death
35 40
Diets with up to ________ of kcalories from fat can be compatible with good health if energy intake is reasonable.
35%
In general, woman with a waist circumference greater than ________ inches and men with a waist circumference of greater than ________ inches have a high risk of central-obesity-related health problems
35, 40
in general, woman with a waist circumference greater than ____ inches and men with a waist circumference of greater than ____ inches have a high risk of central-obesity-related health problems
35,40
The recommendation to keep total fat to 20 to 35 percent of kcalories pertains to reduction in risk of ____.
Cardiovascular disease
Studies suggest that a diet rich in _____ may lower the risk of heart disease by decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress.
Carotenoids
What behavior modification steps are helpful in changing problem eating behaviors to increase weight-loss control?
Change the environment to control portions and avoid impulse eating
Of these foods, which is the best source of B6 per kcalorie?
Chicken breast
Of these foods, which is the best source of niacin?
Chicken breast
What hormone becomes active in the stomach and causes satiation?
Cholecystokinin
What slows GI motility?
Cholecystokinin
What are the components necessary to gain weight as muscle and not as fat?
- Combination of diet and strength training needed to gain weight as muscle - Strength training slow muscle loss of aging - Assistance from qualified fitness trainer - Protein serving before and after lifting - Lean varieties of protein best
What role does nurture play in determining body weight?
- Environmental factors influence weight - Learned eating habits - Activity factor (or lack thereof) - Poverty and obesity
What are the Dietary Guidelines related to a healthy eating pattern and managing weight?
- Follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan. All food and beverage choices matter - Focus on variety, nutrient density, and amount - Limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduce sodium intake - Shift physical activity choices
What are the characteristics of an appropriate weight-loss program?
- about 1 pound per week recommended to lose - reevaluate goals over time - participate in normal activities - individual habits or taste
How restrictive is a very-low-calorie diet plan? Why is monitoring by a qualified health professional important?
-400-800 kcal per day, often in liquid form - Rapid weight loss (3-4 lb/week), weight regain is common - Health Risks (Heart Problems/ Gallstones)
What methods can be used to measure energy use by the body?
-Direct: calorimetry measures the amount of body heat released by a person -Indirect: respiratory gas exchange
What are the surgical options for obese people who have failed to lose weight with other weight-loss strategies?
-Gastric bypass -Gastric banding
Obesity leads to an increased risk of which diseases?
-Hypertension -Coronary artery disease -Type 2 diabetes
Explain how body weight is influenced by nature.
-Location of fat is influenced by genetics - Children of obese parents are at higher risk - Increased physical activity and moderate calorie intake can promote healthy weight
What are five methods by which body fat content can be estimated?
-Underwater weighing most accurate; because fat is less dense than tissue, fat floats; uses body volume -Air displacement (BodPod) body volume is determined by measuring the space a person takes up inside a measurement chamber -Skinfold thickness limits to accuracy; use calipers to measure the fat layer directly under the skin in multiple places -Bioelectrical Impedance send low energy electrical current to and from the body and uses assumption that adipose tissue resists electrical flow more than lean tissue - Dual-energy x-ray Absorptiometry most accurate, but expensive and not widely available; x-ray scan that determines body fat
What are the BMI, body fat percentage, and waist circumference values for men and women that are associated with increased risk of health problems related to being overweight?
-Women: >37% and 35 in -Men: >24% and 40 in
Estimated Energy Requirement can be calculated based on which five factors?
-age -physical activity estimate -weight in kg -height in meters -gender
How is underweight defined and what are some of its primary causes?
-defined by a BMI less than 18.5 -can be caused by a variety of factors, such as cancer, infectious disease digestive tract disorders and excessive dieting or physical activity -Genetic background
What are the four main purposes for which the body uses energy? Approximately how much does each component contribute to overall energy use by the body?
-physical activity(15-35%) -digestion -metabolism(60-75 %) -thermogenesis (5-10%)
Which of the following statements accurately describes weight gain and genetics?
. Adopted children tend to have body weights more like their biological parents than their adoptive parents.
Why is appetite suppressed after intense exercise?
. Glucose and fatty acids are abundant in the blood.
The protein RDA for adults is ________ grams per kilogram.
0.8
The protein RDA for adults is ________ grams per kilogram. 3.6 0.08 0.36 0.8 8
0.8
What food quantity provides the equivalent of 1 teaspoon of oil?
1 tablespoon of low-fat mayonnaise
Daily intake of protein in cancer patients with cachexia should be ____ g/kg.
1.0 to 1.6
Imagine an adult who loses 20 pounds of excess body weight through a starvation diet. About how much of this weight loss is lean tissue?
10lb
To avoid iodine toxicity, the UL is set at _____.
1100 mcg/day
In general, weight-loss diets need to provide a minimum of ________ kcalories per day for women.
1200
weight loss diets need to provide a minimum of
1200 cals/day
Renata eats a meal containing some fats. Within ________ hours after absorption, her body has removed the chylomicrons from her blood.
14
Imagine that, over time, an adult gains an extra 20 pounds of body weight. About how much of this weight gain is fat?
15 lbs
The current RDA for Vitamin D for adults ranges from 400-600 IU per day. However, healthy, light-skinned individuals can make this amount in about _______ of sun exposure. 120 minutes 60 minutes 90 minutes 15 minutes
15 minutes
recommended range of weight gain for an overweight pregnant woman
15-25
One teaspoon of sugar provides 4 grams of carbohydrates and about ________ kcalories.
16
Body fat content for normal-weight men 20-39 years of age should be ________.
18-21%
A person is considered underweight until his BMI reaches ________.
18.5
A person is considered underweight until his/her BMI reaches _________. 18.5 20 30 25 22.5
18.5
healthy weight falls between a BMI of ____ and ____
18.5 24.9
A person eats 8 grams of protein, 25 grams of carbohydrates, 6 grams of fat and 4 grams of alcohol. What is the total energy value (in calories) from these stated amounts?
214 kilocalories (multiply carbs x 4, fat x 9, protein x 4)
What is the UL for sodium for adults?
2300 mg
more than 2/3 of adults in the US have a BMI greater than ____
25
obesity related diseases become evident beyond a BMI of
25
Water derived daily from beverages, food, and metabolism averages about ________ milliliters.
2500
BMI of a person classified as overweight
27
percentage of dehydration that performance begins to decrease
3
Of the total days energy intake, most dietary guidelines recommend that carbohydrates provide __ of energy 45-65% 10-15% 70-75% 30-35%
45-65%
The conversion of food energy to ATP energy occurs with an efficiency rate of about_____.
50%
What percentage of people in the United States has at least one major risk factor for coronary heart disease by age 20?
50%
conversion of food energy atp energy occurs with an efficiency rate of about
50%
Quiet metabolic activities account for about ________ of the average person's daily energy expenditures.
50% or more
What is the minimum daily amount of dietary carbohydrate necessary to spare body protein from excessive breakdown? 100-150 g 150-200 g 50-100 g 200-250 g 10-25 g
50-100 g
About how many kcalories are in a 6.8 ounce serving of canned pina colada?
526 kcal
To maintain weight loss, one should aim to lose 10% of initial body weight in ________.
6 months
breastfed infants start with complementary foods
6 months
A desirable level of HDL is considered ____.
60 or greater
Fat supplies about __ of the bodys ongoing energy needs during rest 20% 10% 80% 60% 40%
60%
An individual is at risk of collapsing if ____percent of body weight is due to water loss.
7
An ounce of most protein foods delivers about _____ of protein.
7 grams
Delirium, exhaustion, and collapse can result when _______ percent of body weight has been lost due to dehydration.
7-10 percent
The digestibility of most plant proteins (beside legumes) is ________.
70 to 90%
Chronic diseases are responsible for ________ of adult deaths in the U.S.
70%
digestibility of most plant proteins
70-90%
the composition of weight gained or lost is normally about ____% fat and ____% lean
75 25
Which fasting blood glucose level would be in normal range? 57 mg/dl 107 mg/dl 127 mg/dl 77 mg/dl 170 mg/dl
77 mg/dl
About how much protein is provided by 1 cup of milk?
8 grams
About how many people in the United States have clinically severe obesity?
8%
Up to ____ percent of patients with cancer combine one or more complementary and alternative medicine approaches with standard treatment.
83
How much energy does one gram of fat provide? 3 kcal 5 kcal 9 kcal 11 kcal 7 kcal
9 kcal
During the first few days of a fast, body protein provides about what percentage of the glucose the body needs to fuel itself?
90%
during their first few days of a fast, body protein provides about what percentage of the glucose the body needs to fuel itself?
90%
The digestibility of most animal proteins
90-99%
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for a nutrient meets the needs of about ________ of the population.
98%
Which food or beverage may decrease risk for colon cancer?
Nonfat milk
Which individual is making a food choice based on values?
A Catholic woman who fasts on Good Friday to honor religious custom
The original food label must present the "% Daily Value" for vitamins _____.
A and C
What is fibrin?
A blood clotting protein
What is prediabetes?
A consistent fasting plasma glucose of 100 to 125 mg/dL
Which of the following factors raises the BMR?
A growing body
Which person would need more body fat than the others?
A pregnant woman
fatty acid oxidation produces
Acetyl CoA
95% of any dieting attempts fail. True False
True
which of the following compounds can be synthesized by carbohydrate, protein, and fat?
Acetyl CoA
Imagine that Tom, a 51-year-old man, breaks his foot and is non-ambulatory for 8 weeks. What term describes the increase in Tom's energy expenditures?
Adaptive thermogenesis
When food is consumed, any excess energy is stored in the _____.
Adipose cells
In alcohol metabolism, the ________ pathway has the potential to generate ATP while the ________ pathway uses potential ATP. catalase, MEOS ADH, MEOS MEOS, ADH ADH, catalase
ADH, MEOS
Some of the energy released during the breakdown of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids is captured in the high-energy compound with three phosphate groups called ____________________.
ATP
which metabolic reaction occurs when a cell releases energy?
ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP
Which of the following is a feature of ketosis?
Acetone breath
Which of the following compounds can be synthesized by carbohydrate, protein, and fat?
Acetyl CoA
Long term complications of diabetes include all of the following except Kidney disease Poor wound healing Heart disease Nerve damage All of the above are long term complications of diabetes
All of the above are long term complications of diabetes
After digestion and absorption, dietary carbohydrates may be Synthesized into fat All of these choices are correct Used for energy Converted to glycogen and stored in liver and muscle tissue
All of these choices are correct
Elevated production of ketones increases with Fasting All of these choices are correct a low carb diet Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus
All of these choices are correct
Which of these is an anabolic reaction?
Amino acids to protein
which of these is an anabolic reaction?
Amino acids to protein
Which of the following has the most significant influence on the body's metabolic rate?
Amount of lean body tissue
Of the following, who has the highest metabolic rate?
An adolescent girl
What is the Healthy Eating Plate?
An alternative to the USDA's MyPlate that focuses on the links between diet and health
What is prothrombin?
An inactive protein needed for blood clot formation
Which of the following statements accurately describes fat cell development?
An obese person has more and larger fat cells than does a healthy-weight person
Which of the following statements accurately describes fat cell development?
An obese person has more and larger fat cells than does a healthy-weight person.
A typical symptom of coronary heart disease is _____.
Angina
Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia Nervosa
What is the main cause of cardiovascular disease?
Atherosclerosis
What is the main cause of cardiovascular disease? Cardiomypathy Aneurysm Endocarditis Atherosclerosis Arrythmias
Atherosclerosis
What intervention is most appropriate for a patient who suffers from frequent nausea related to chemotherapy?
Avoid foods that have strong odors
Which of the following is not a recommended strategy for treating an ulcer?
Avoid strenuous activity.
How does insulin regulate blood glucose levels? By stimulating intestinal carbohydratye absorption By stimulating glycogen breakdown By lowering them By stimulating ketoacidosis By raising them
By lowering them
Acidic erosion of the esophagus and dental enamel is most commonly associated with:
Bulimics
Which of the following foods contain cholesterol? Wheat germ Baked chicken boiled potatoes peas Pasta
Baked chicken
Which of the following foods is a very good source of vitamin A?
Butternut squash
Prolonged thiamin deficiency can result in ____.
Beriberi
Which of the following has the highest pH?
Bile
Which of the following is NOT a method to determine body composition. DEXA scan bioelectrical impedence skinfolds underwater weighing BMI
BMI
the ___ describes relative weight for height
BMI (body mass index)
one way to increase ____ is to participate in endurance and strength-training activities regularly to maximize lean body mass
BMR
Which is not part of the enterohepatic circulation of bile? Bile is reabsorbed into the portal blood Bile emulsifies fats in the small intestine Bile is made from cholesterol in the liver Bile that has been trapped in soluble fibers in the colon is excreted Bile is stored in the pancreas
Bile is stored in the pancreas
Which is not part of the enterohepatic circulation of bile?
Bile is stored in the pancreas.
_________ strikes males and females equally in the Unites States.
Binge Eating Disorder
_________ strikes males and females equally in the Unites States.
Binge eating disorder
What characterizes the eating pattern of people with bulimia nervosa?
Binge eating typically occurs after a period of strict dieting
Which of the following represents the most common eating disorder among men and women of any age?
Binge-eating disorder
Alfred is an African-American long-distance runner whose BMI classifies him as obese. Why might this be?
Blacks have denser bones and higher body protein concentrations than whites.
What best describes the action of immune checkpoint inhibitors?
Blocking proteins that prevent the immune system from attacking cancer cells
Excessive body concern/dissatisfaction and possibly abuse of steroids or overuse of plastic surgery is commonly associated with:
Body Dysmorphics
Which term reflects the proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up a person's total body weight?
Body composition
Which statement accurately describes fat distribution?
Body fat around the hips and thighs is most common in women during their reproductive years.
You are a health care professional tasked with taking an anthropometric measurement of a client. Which of the following would you measure?
Body weight
How is body mass index determined?
Body weight(Kg)/height2(m)
How is copper like iron?
Both are needed in many of the reactions involved in energy metabolism.
What is a potential problem with using diet histories to gauge energy intake?
Both normal-weight and obese people commonly misreport actual energy intakes.
Which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium?
Broccoli and bok choy
Newborn babies are poorly insulated and cannot shiver when exposed to cold temperatures. What type of adipose tissue helps infants generate heat when it is cold?
Brown
binge eating vs bulimia
Bulimia - purging Binge eaters - binging
A greater tendency toward impulsiveness and purging is associated with:
Bulimics
Which of the following is true about the association between diet and chronic diseases?
Chronic diseases are neither caused nor prevented by diet alone.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is known as the powerhouse of animal cells. "Smooth endoplasmic reticulum" seems odd; it would replace with an actual term in the chapter.
False
Immediately after a meal, newly digested and absorbed dietary fats appear in the lymph, and then the blood, as a part of which of the following? Cholesterol HDL Chylomicrons LDL
Chylomicrons
The need for vitamin C is increased for which of these groups?
Cigarette smokers
Compared to the typical American diet, what is one nutrient that the DASH eating pattern provides more of?
Calcium
According to updated nutrition labeling laws, the content of which of these two minerals must be listed on the Nutrition Facts panel?
Calcium and Iron
Which source of lipids should be substituted for saturated fats to help lower blood cholesterol levels? Coconut oil Butter Canola oil Stick margarine Shortening
Canola oil
Since the 1970s, total energy intakes increased by almost 300 kcalories, which all came from an increase in ________ kcalories.
Carbohydrates
What type of chemical reaction connects amino acids?
Condensation
Which of the following terms describes an amino acid that is normally dispensable, but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to make it?
Conditionally essential amino acid
The main reason cruciferous vegetables are considered cancer fighters is because they ____.
Contain phytochemicals
What is the name of the process by which glucose is regenerated from lactate?
Cori Cycle
The process of converting lactate from muscles to glucose in the liver that can be returned to the muscles is known as the ____________________.
Cori cycle
the process of converting lactate from the muscles to glucose in the liver that can be returned to the muscles in known as the
Cori cycle
Which of the following foods is high in potassium and low in sodium?
Corn on the cob
Which of the following will best accelerate glycogen storage after physical activity?
Correcte. A high carbohydrate snack within 2 hours of exercise completion
An athlete getting ready to compete in the 100-meter dash will rely primarily on _____ for quick energy in this event.
Creatine phosphate
What is hydroxyapatite?
Crystals made of calcium and phosphorus
A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin C B12 A E D
D
Villi are structures in the esophagus that help move food into the stomach.
False
Oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid. They differ in their number of ____ Saccharide units Peptide linkages Amino acids Double bonds Oxygen atoms
Double bonds
Urea is produced as a result of _____.
Deamination
Which of the following is not a benefit of eating almonds or walnuts?
Decreasing blood-clotting factors
Which title is given to a person who has a minimum of an associate's degree from an accredited university and assists registered dietitians?
Dietician Technician
Which of the following is not a risk factor for type 2 diabetes?
Diets high in added sugars (beverages)
What does the pharynx do?
Directs food from the mouth to the esophagus
How is body mass index determined?
Dividing weight by height squared
Which of the following terms is defined as an account of a client's disease risks?
Health history
The lymphatic system collects fluid from tissues throughout the body and directs its flow toward the ________.
Heart
calories measure
Heat energy
Which protein has a quaternary polypeptide structure and carries 80% of the body's iron?
Hemoglobin
What is a risk factor for liver cancer?
Hepatitis B or C infection
What term describes the combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis?
High stress tertiary disorder
Which substance denatures protein structures and activates pepsinogen?
Hydrochloric acid
The number of ATP molecules that can be produced from a molecule of protein, fat, or carbohydrate is generally related to the number of atoms of ____.
Hydrogen
Which part of the brain is the primary center for appetite control?
Hypothalamus
Diuretics lower blood pressure by
Increasing fluid loss
The result of ____, the first step in the progression of tumor development, is the formation of genetic mutations that alter gene expression and induce abnormal cell division.
Initiation
On a typical day, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium ingested to the amount of sodium excreted?
Intake and excretion are equal
Radiation enteritis is inflammation of the ____ cells.
Intestinal
Chylomicrons are synthesized within the Intestinal cells Storage compartment of plant seeds Lymphatic system Liver Spleen
Intestinal cells
Which cancer site may require tube feeding, TPN, or a fat- and lactose-restricted diet prescription?
Intestine
A low FODMAP diet typically is used to improve the symptoms of Peptic ulcers Irritable bowel syndrome Colitis Lactose deficiency Lactose intolerance
Irritable bowel syndrome
How does vitamin A affect bone health?
It assists enzymes that degrade certain regions of the bone, thereby allowing remodeling to occur.
Which of the following statements about whey protein is FALSE?
It benefits body tissues in ways dietary proteins cannot.
Which of these statements about the electron transport chain is true?
It captures energy in the ATP bonds.
Which of the following is an important function of vitamin B6?
It helps with carbohydrate, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism.
What is a characteristic of amenorrhea?
It induces prolonged bone loss
Which of the following is true of thiamin?
It is easily destroyed by heat.
Which of the following is true of pantothenic acid?
It is involved in more than 100 steps in the synthesis of certain compounds.
Which of the following is not a function of chromium?
It is involved in protein metabolism.
Which dietary advice is appropriate for reducing fat intake? Consume foods with more visible fat because this type of fat is not absorbed well from the digestive track Limit intake of fried foods because they contain abundant fat Increase consumption of soups, such as cream of mushroom soup prepare with water, because the fat content is usually very low Increase dairy consumption while decreasing consumption of fats from other sources because dairy fats don't contribute to disease Substitute crackers and cornbread for other starches because they are likely lower in fat
Limit intake of fried foods because they contain abundant fat
Which recommendation is part of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
Limit kcalories from added sugars and saturated fats.
Which guideline is appropriate in reducing cancer risk?
Limit sedentary activities such as watching television
Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?
Linolenic acid
Which of these substances is not part of the immune system?
Lipoproteins
Weight loss TREATMENTS that interfere with the amount of food you can or want to consume include all of the following EXCEPT
Liposuction
In the time between meals, what organs releases glucose to help maintain normal blood glucose levels? Pineal gland Pancreas Skeletal muscle Liver Intestines
Liver
The hepatic portal system delivers water soluble nutrients (ie. Glucose, fructose) from the digestive tract to the Heart Liver Lungs Kidneys
Liver
Toxins found in moldy grains and peanuts are most commonly associated with which type of cancer?
Liver
What organ is the first to receive nutrients that have been absorbed from the digestive tract?
Liver
When a water-soluble nutrient molecule has been absorbed and has crossed into the cell of a villus, it enters the bloodstream and is guided to the ________.
Liver
What is the primary function of insulin? Lowering blood glucose levels Raising blood glucose levels Stimulating intestinal carbohydrate absorption Stimulating glycogen breakdown Stimulating ketoacidosis
Lowering blood glucose levels
Sixty-four-year-old Jeffery Thomson has been diagnosed with esophageal cancer. He has experienced a 20-pound weight loss in the past 2 months due to decreased appetite and difficulty eating. He will begin cancer treatment in a week and is visiting with the registered dietitian for nutrition counseling. If Mr. Thomson's cancer spreads, it will be considered ____.
Metastasized
Of these foods, which is not a good source of folate?
Milk
The combination of galactose and glucose make the principle carbohydrate of ________.
Milk
What foods provide the greatest contributions of riboflavin?
Milk and milk products
Which of these is the greatest contributor of riboflavin in most people's diet?
Milk and milk products
What are the "powerhouses" of the cell?
Mitochondria
Dietary protein needs of an athlete can best be met by consuming _________.
Moderate amounts of high-quality protein in 4 to 5 small meals each day
In a comparison to a low density lipoprotein, a high density lipoprotein contains ____ More triglyceride More protein More carbohydrate More chylomicrons More cholesterol
More protein
Digestion of carbohydrate begins in the Mouth Large intestine Duodenum Ileum Stomach
Mouth
Glycogen is manufactured and stored in the body's ___ Muscle and liver Brain and red blood cells Pancreas and kidneys Small intestine
Muscle and liver
Which term refers to a psychiatric disorder characterized by a preoccupation with building body mass?
Muscle dysmorphia
Niacin occurs in these coenzyme forms NAD and NADP nicotinic acid and nicotinamide FAD and FMN ATP and FAD
NAD and NADP
Which two systems coordinate all the digestive and absorptive processes?
Nervous and hormonal
Which of the following is known to be toxic in large doses?
Niacin
Which of the following is a potentially harmful lipid?
Nondairy coffee creamer
Which type of flour is finely ground endosperm, which is usually enriched with nutrients and bleached for whiteness; sometimes called white flour?
Refined flour
Before entering the metabolic pathways, amino acids first face____.
Removal of their nitrogen-containing amino group
Four of the following methods can assess body fat. What is the exception?
Respiratory capacity
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between dietary protein and kidney function?
Restricting dietary protein helps slow the progression of kidney disease.
A deficiency of which vitamin causes cheilosis, a condition in which the corners of the mouth become cracked and red?
Riboflavin
What is the sugar that helps make up ATP?
Ribose
What variety of protein foods are included in healthy eating patterns?
Seafood, lean meats, eggs, and soy products
Which of the following is not a limiting amino acid?
Serine
High blood calcium _____.
Signals the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin
In which procedure is 70 to 85 percent of the stomach removed and the rest stapled to create a vertical tube-shaped stomach with limited capacity?
Sleeve gastrectomy
Disaccharidase enzymes that hydrolyze the disaccharides into monosaccharides are found in the Pancreas Small intestine Colon Stomach Salivary glands
Small intestine
Low blood levels of _____ is referred to as hyponatremia.
Sodium
Which type of fiber has been shown to reduce blood cholesterol levels and risk for heart disease? Insoluble fiber Functional fiber Resistant starch Starch Soluble fiber
Soluble fiber
Health care professionals suggest setting SMART goals to change one's eating behaviors. What does SMART stand for?
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time-based
Which of the following is not a cruciferous vegetable?
Spinach
________ is considered a temporary, adaptive response to strenuous activity that is noticeable in blood hemoglobin values but does not impair physical performance.
Sports anemia
Which term is defined as a plant polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules? Glycogen Lactose Sucrose Starch Fiber
Starch
Which nonnutritive artificial sweetener is herb-derived and generally recognized as safe?
Stevia
Digestion of lipids begins in the Duodenum Stomach Jejunum Mouth Colon
Stomach
What is the first dietary objective when treating a patient with anorexia nervosa?
Stop weight loss
To maximize the long-term success of a weight-reduction program, a person should ________.
Strongly believe that he can successfully lose weight
In general, why does a tall person have a higher basal metabolic rate than a shorter person of the same weight?
Taller people have more skin surface area and lose heat more rapidly than a shorter person.
Which statement about trans-fatty acids is FALSE?
The conversion of cis-fatty acids to trans-fatty acids is inhibited by the presence of antioxidants.
What is pica?
The craving and consumption of nonfood substances
Which of the following best explains why the environment plays a role in obesity?
The gene pool has remained relatively unchanged, but obesity rates have been rising.
What is thermogenesis?
The generation of heat
Which of the following is not a correct statement about ergogenic aids?
The majority of ergogenic aids have research findings that support claims made on label.
Which of the following statements about physical activity is true?
The number of kcalories spent in an activity depends on body weight, intensity, and duration.
What is the physiological fuel value?
The number of kcalories the body derives from a food
Which of the following statements is not true of pyruvate?
The pathway of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is reversible.
What does a bomb calorimeter measure?
The potential energy in foods
What is the UL for vitamin K?
There is no UL
Which of the following is not a property of conditioned muscles?
They are resistant to lactate build-up.
You are weighing a team of football players and notice that the BMI of each player would indicate that they are obese. Which of the following would you most likely conclude?
They have denser bones and a higher amount of lean tissue, which contributes to their elevated body weights.
Why do fad diets appeal to so many Americans?
They ignore dietary recommendations and allow people to eat favorite foods freely.
Which of the following statements is true of low-carbohydrate diets?
They induce ketosis
Why do fad diets typically produce weight loss, at least for a short time?
They limit energy intake to about 1200 kcal/day.
Which of the following is not a function of adipose tissue?
To regulate blood glucose levels
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) addresses the possibility of adverse effects from high doses of nutrients by including the ____.
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
Lipoproteins are important for Synthesis of adipose tissue None of these choices are accurate Transport of fat in the blood Synthesis of triglycerides
Transport of fat in the blood
End products of lipid digestion include all of the following except Glycerol Cholesterol Phospholipids Triglycerides Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Which lipid is most abundant in foods in the body? Sterols Monoglycerides Polyglycerides Triglycerides Glycerols
Triglycerides
95% of any dieting attempts fail.
True
Which of the following statements about the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is FALSE? a. EER is measured in kcalories per day. b. Any dietary intake in excess of energy needs results in weight gain. c. Food energy is needed to sustain a healthy and active life. d. It is the average dietary energy intake that will maintain energy balance in a person with a healthy body weight and level of physical activity. e. UL for energy are based on a person's age, gender, weight, and height.
UL for energy are based on a person's age, gender, weight, and height.
Which of the following is a correct statement about athletes and hydration?
Untrained or beginner athletes lose greater amounts of electrolytes.
What food should a patient with immunosuppression avoid?
Unwashed raw fruits
The best dietary intervention for a cancer patient experiencing a metallic taste is to ____.
Use poultry, fish, or eggs instead of red meat
not a group of lipoproteins
VHDL
Which of the lipoproteins primarily transports triglycerides from the liver to other tissues?
VLDL
The maximum rate of oxygen consumption by an individual at sea level is known as
VO2 max
The maximum rate of oxygen consumption by an individual at sea level is known as
VO2 max.
What term refers to fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs?
Visceral fat
High intakes of folate can mask a deficiency of which nutrient?
Vitamin B12
Malabsorption of ____ is associated with gastric resection.
Vitamin B12
Which vitamin is found only in animal-derived foods?
Vitamin B12
What is typically a characteristic of a vegetarian diet?
Vitamin B12 intake is lower
What nutrient participates in DNA demethylation?
Vitamin C
Which nutrient protects the body against oxidative damage?
Vitamin C
Which of the following vitamins is not water soluble?
Vitamin K
FDA-approved drug that inhibits pancreatic lipase → Orlistat, Attempt to lose weight in "problem areas" of the body → Spot reducing, Nicknamed the hunger hormone → Ghrelin, Percentage of overweight or obese adults in the United States → 70, Minimum BMI of a person classified as clinically severe obese → 40, A theory that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by internal controls → Set point, An enzyme that participates in the development of obesity → Lipoprotein lipase, White fat cells with brown fat cell characteristics → Brite adipocytes, Cells that secret ghrelin → Stomach, Nicknamed the satiety hormone → Leptin, A cosmetic weight-loss procedure → Liposuction, Minimum number of minutes per week of moderately intense physical activity to prevent weight gain → 200-300, A saline-filled silicone device in the stomach to limit food intake → Intragastric balloon, Weight cycling resulting from sporadic restrictive dieting → Yo-yo dieting, FDA-approved drug with no known GI side effects → Phentermine, Classification for body weight below what is considered healthy → Underweight, Percentage of underweight U.S. adults → 2, Adipose tissue that primarily stores fat for other cells to use as energy → White fat, Adipose tissue that primarily releases stored energy as heat → Brown fat, Daily circumstances that push people toward fatness → Obesogenic environment
__________
Newborn babies are poorly insulated and cannot shiver when exposed to cold temperatures. What type of adipose tissue helps infants generate heat when it is cold? a. brown b. black c. white d. yellow e. red
a
Which of the following defines the body's set point? a. point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight b. a person's maximum healthy weight c. point at which a persons weight plates before dropping again quickly d. a persons minimum healthy weight e. point at which all lpl activity ceases
a
Which of the following is a protein produced by fat cells under the direction of the ob gene that decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure? a. leptin b. brite c. elastin d. collagen e. ghrelin
a
what term refers to fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs? a. visceral fat b. ectopic fat c. subcutaneous fat d. dual fat e. waist fat
a
which of the following factors raises the BMR? a. a growing body b. fasting c. sleep d. aging e. obesity
a
which statement accurate describes fat distribution? a. body fat around the hips and thighs is most common in women during their reproductive years b. central obesity does not contribute to heart disease, cancers, and diabetes c. subcutaneous fat contributes to heart disease, cancers, and diabetes d. subcutaneous fat is called central obesity e. visceral fat is most common in women
a
which statement accurately reflects the relationship between the speed at which one eats and weight management a. faster eating correlates with higher BMI b. faster eating correlates to higher diet induced thermogenesis c. eating quickly stimulates the pleasure centers of the brain faster and leads to faster satiety d. satiety hormones are blunted when meals are eaten more slowly e. people who eat slowly have greater energy intake
a
Which individual does not have any of the coronary risk factors that may indicate the need for a medical examination before starting a fitness program?
a 40-year-old male with a BMI of 28
A mouthful of food that has been chewed and swallowed is called ________.
a bolus
As _____, an enzyme does not change its chemical structure while promoting other chemical reactions.
a catalyst
A stroke is _____.
a cerebrovascular accident
What is "niacin flush"? a condition of low levels of niacin in the blood a physiological effect that occurs from consuming large doses of the nicotinamide form of niacin a condition that develops with nicotinic deficiency a pharmacological event that occurs from taking large doses of supplemental or prescription niacin a condition that develops with niacin deficiency
a pharmacological event that occurs from taking large doses of supplemental or prescription niacin
Which of these food labeling claims represents the highest level of significant scientific agreement? a. "This product contains whole grains, which have been proven to reduce the risk of heart disease and certain cancers." b. "Very limited and preliminary scientific research suggests this product can reduce risk for cancers; FDA concludes that there is little scientific evidence supporting this claim." c. "Anecdotal evidence demonstrates a clear relationship between consumption of this product and elimination of health risk factors." d. "This cereal promotes a healthy heart." e. "This cereal supports heart health."
a. "This product contains whole grains, which have been proven to reduce the risk of heart disease and certain cancers."
What term describes the combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis? a. Female athlete triad b. Athletic hormonal disruption c. Triathlete medical disorder d. High stress tertiary disorder e. Nonadaptable training syndrome
a. Female athlete triad
Weight loss TREATMENTS that interfere with the amount of food you can or want to consume include all of the following EXCEPT a. Liposuction b. Amphetamines c. Gastric Bypass Surgery d. Jaw Wiring
a. Liposuction
_______ are more likely to suffer from ANOREXIA or BULIMIA. a. females b. adolescent-age males c. males d. adolescent-age males
a. females
A cathartic is a ____. a. strong laxative b. drug that induces vomiting c. device to measure the amount of intra-abdominal fat d. device to measure skinfold thickness
a. strong laxative
Research shows high susceptibility to health problems when excess body fat is distributed around the ________.
abdomen
research shows high susceptibility to health problems when excess body fat is distributed around the
abdomen
iron balance is maintained in body mainly through
absorption
Which of the following is a feature of ketosis?
acetone breath
which of the following is a feature of ketosis?
acetone breath
Fatty acid oxidation (i.e. catabolism) results in the direct production of __________. lactate fructose ketones acetyl CoA glycogen
acetyl CoA
Which of the following compounds can be synthesized by carbohydrate, protein, and fat? lactate glycogen acetyl CoA oxaloacetate glucose
acetyl CoA
Glucose moves against a concentration gradient, which requires energy; therefore, it is absorbed by ________.
active transport
adjustments in energy expenditure related to changes in environment such as extreme cold and to physiological events such as overfeeding, trauma, and changes in hormone status
adaptive thermogenesis
Protein sparing in the body is best achieved when a person ingests __________. proteins of plant origin only adequate levels of carbohydrate and fat consumes a very low fat diet proteins of animal origin only mixed protein sources on alternate days
adequate levels of carbohydrate and fat
what organ in the body contains more vitamin c than any other organ
adrenal glands
What is the fate of an intake of dietary protein above a person's needs? after absorption, extra protein will be synthesized and stored for use when protein intake is less than normal after absorption, extra amino acids will be degraded and can be used for energy or stored as fat after absorption, the extra amino acids will be rapidly degraded and stored in lean tissue after absorption, the liver will store the extra amino acids
after absorption, extra amino acids will be degraded and can be used for energy or stored as fat
Which of the following factors lowers BMR? cold temperatures smoking caffeine aging fever
aging
which of the factors lowers BMR?
aging
What method to assess body fat involves a chamber of computerized sensors, which is commonly called the "bod pod"? skinfold measures air displacement plethysmography DEXA scan bioelectrical impedence hydrodensitometry
air displacement plethysmography
____ ____ ____ estimates body composition by having a person sit inside a chamber while computerized sensors determine the amount of air displaced by the person's body
air displacement plethysmography
What protein helps regulate fluid balance? transferrin thyroxin retinol binding protein homocysteine albumin
albumin
contains energy but doesn't sustain life
alcohol
Risk of thiamin deficiency is doubled in _____________. (HINT: Think Wernicke's syndrome) pregnant women infants cigarette smokers alcoholics adults over 65 years old
alcoholics
Glycolysis is a biochemical pathway that produces pyruvate all answers are correct breaks down glucose generates eneregy
all answers are correct
All of the following are behavior modification steps except stimulus control contingency management self-monitoring all of the above are behavior modification steps chain breaking
all of the above are behavior modification steps
Excessive body concern/dissatisfaction and possibly abuse of steroids or overuse of plastic surgery is commonly associated with:
body dysmorphic
Which of the following is a protein that stimulates appetite and decreases energy expenditure? a. collagen b. ghrelin c. elastin d. leptin e. brite
b
A less-preferred term for clinically severe obesity is ________. a. prader willi syndrome b. morbid obesity c. metabolic syndrome d. leptin resistant obesity e. psychological resistant syndrome
b
Imagine that Tom, a 51-year-old man, breaks his foot and is non-ambulatory for 8 weeks. What term describes the increase in Tom's energy expenditures? a. physical hyperthermia b. adaptive thermogenesis c. specific thermogenesis d. febrile hyperthermia e. stress hyperthermia
b
Leptin acts as a hormone, primarily in the ________. a. hippocampus b. hypothalamus c. intestines d. pancreas e. liver
b
Obesity has many causes and is a risk factor for many diseases; therefore, the best approach seems to be ________. a. medicine b. prevention c. epigenetic counseling d. holistic one e. fasting
b
Obesity is second only to _________ in causing premature deaths. a. alcohol b. tobacco c. underweight d. motor vehicle accidents e. suicide
b
What is the best meal-planning strategy for underweight people who desire to gain weight? a. decrease the amount of food consumed within the first 20 minutes of a meal b. drink more juice and milk c. eat just until the feeling of fullness begins; avoid feeling uncomfortable d. select foods with saturated fats for maximum health benefits e. eat the same amount as before, but spread it out over the entire day
b
Which of the following best explains why the environment plays a role in obesity? a. studies show that identical twins raised separately have body weights similar to their biological parents b. the gene pool has remained relatively unchanged, but obesity rates have been rising c. body composition methods show that adipose storage sites are based on gender d. uncoupling protein explain variations in energy metabolism between lean and overweight people e. food and activity behaviors influence genes
b
Which of the following reflects a SMART goal? a. I want to be at my healthiest weight by my next doctors appointment b. I will eat a healthy breakfast and run 3 miles every day c. I want to live to see my grandchildren grow up d. I will start running 2 miles every morning and then run a marathon next month e. I will eat only healthy foods
b
Which of the following removes triglycerides from the blood for storage in fat and muscle cells? a. glucagon b. lipoprotein lipase c. adipose lipase d. lipoprotein synthetase e. cellulite synthetase
b
Which of the following statements accurately describes fat cell development? a. the number of fat cells grows substantially during early adulthood, as energy expenditure begins to decline b. an obese person has more and larger fat cells than does a healthy weight person c. researchers have concluded there is no way to induce fat cell death d. while fat cells grow and shrink in size, their number is fixed e. when energy out exceeds energy in, the number and size of fat cells decrease
b
in which procedure is 70 to 85 percent of the stomach removed and the rest stapled to create a vertical tube-shaped stomach with limited capacity? a. gastric bypass b. sleeve gastrectomy c. liposuction d. gastric banding e. gastric aspiration
b
which of the following is a health result of losing excess body weight? a. it begins atherosclerosis b. It lowers blood pressure c. it raises the number of immune cells in adipose tissue d. it lowers HDL cholesterol e. it increase insulin resistance
b
which term refers to the combination of risk factors elevated fasting blood glucose, hypertension, abnormal blood lipids, and abdominal obesity that greatly increase a persons risk of developing heart disease? a. normal weight obesity syndrome b. metabolic syndrome c. ectopic cluster syndrome d. progressive inflammatory disease e. immunological disease
b
Approximately what fraction of people treated for anorexia nervosa show reasonable maintenance of their weight gain? a. 1/4 b. 1/2 c. 4/5 d. 9/10
b. 1/2
What characterizes the eating pattern of people with bulimia nervosa? a. Binge eating usually occurs during the daytime as a reward for something done well. b. Binge eating typically occurs after a period of strict dieting. c. Young women are particularly likely to have "binge buddies" with whom they binge. d. Binge eating often involves nutritious foods in overabundance. e. A binge eating episode is usually completed within 20 minutes.
b. binge eating typically occurs after a period of strict dieting
Which of the following conditions is associated with edema (fluid retention)? excessive use of drugs which cause high excretion of water and sodium abnormal concentration of blood protein which causes fluid to leak from the blood vessels excessive protein in the diet, especially protein supplements below normal concentrations of blood protein which causes fluid to leak from the blood vessels
below normal concentrations of blood protein which causes fluid to leak from the blood vessels
Which disease can result from prolonged thiamin deficiency? beriberi pellagra cheilosis pernicious anemia scurvy
beriberi
results from prolonged thiamin deficiency
beriberi
Which carotenoid has the highest Vitamin A activity? beta-carotene zeaxanthin lycopene beta-cryptoxanthin lutein
beta-carotene
not a sterol
bile
How is binge eating different from bulimia nervosa?
binge eaters rarely purge. Bulimics almost always purge
What characterizes the eating pattern of people with bulimia nervosa?
binge eating typically occurs after a period of strict dieting.
how is binge eating different from bulimia nervosa?
binge-eaters rarely purge. Bulimics almost always purge
an eating disorder with criteria similar to those of bulimia nervosa, excluding purging or other compensatory behaviors
binge-eating disorder
which term refers to the increase in the concentration of contaminants in the flesh of animals high on the food chain
bioaccumulation
____ ____ measures body fat by using a low-intensity electrical current. Because electrolyte-containing fluids are found primarily in lean body tissues, the leaner the person, the less resistance to the current
bioelectrical impedance
In what chief capacity does Vitamin K function? energy metabolism calcium utilization blood clotting synthesis of gonadotrophic hormones epithelial tissue renewal
blood clotting
main role of vitamin k
blood clotting
Which term reflects the proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up a person's total body weight? body weight distribution relative energy index body mass index body composition metabolic syndrome
body composition
the proportions of muscle, fat, and other tissue that make up a person's total body weight
body composition
which term reflects the proportions of muscle, bone, fat and other tissue that make up a person's total body weight?
body composition
What is the primary factor that differentiates bulimia nervosa from binge eating? a. Uncontrollable cravings for high-fat foods are seen only in bulimia nervosa. b. More food is consumed at one setting in binge-eating disorders. c. Purging is rarely practiced in binge-eating disorder. d. Higher rates of depression are reported in bulimia nervosa.
c. Purging is rarely practiced in binge-eating disorder
An agent that causes vomiting is a/n ________ a. cathartic b. laxative c. emetic d. RED-S e. dysmorphia
c. emetic
Dietary ___________ and/or ____________ can increase blood LDL concentrations.
c. saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids
Vitamin D's specific role in bone health is to assist in ___________. the synthesis of y-dehydrocholesterol the secretion of calciol converting magnesium and fluoride to more readily absorbable forms the synthesis of carotenoids calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone
calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone
Abnormally low calcium levels in the blood results in ________.
calcium tetany.
Alcohol beverage labels are required to provide a variety of information except for _______?
calorie content
Beta-carotene is a retinoid can be converted to Vitamin A in the body none of these choices are accurate cannot be converted to Vitamin A in the body
can be converted to Vitamin A in the body
By routing blood supply through ________, sweat evaporates which cools the skin and underlying blood.
capillaries just under the skin
macronutrient most important to an athlete that plays a high intensity sport
carbohydrate
Intake of ________ enhances protein synthesis following physical activity.
carbohydrate and protein
Which dietary nutrient would most rapidly reverse a state of ketosis in a starving person? carbohydrates nonesssential fatty acids essential fatty acids amino acids protein
carbohydrates
Which dietary nutrient would most rapidly reverse a state of ketosis in a starving person? HINT: We also see ketosis in low-carb ketogenic diets. carbohydrates nonessential fatty acids essential fatty acids protein amino acids
carbohydrates
_______ are the dietary nutrients most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations.
carbs
Intake of ________ enhances protein synthesis following physical activity.
carbs and protein
Regular aerobic workouts gradually improve heart and lung function that causes ________ for more efficient oxygen delivery.
cardiac output to increase
breaking down of body compounds
catabolism
Of the following, which provides an example of an obesigenic environment? celebrations often involve cake and alcoholic drinks airlines have increased the length of all seatbelts some high-end designers refuse to sell clothing in plus sizes advertisements for weight-loss products and gyms frequently run in January many companies provide employees with free memberships to local exercise facilities
celebrations often involve cake and alcoholic drinks
Of the following, which provides an example of an obesogenic environment?
celebrations often involve cake and alcoholic drinks
excess fat around the trunk of the body
central obesity
Researchers benefit from a large sample size because ________.
chance variation is less likely to affect the results
When 2 or more plant proteins are combined to compensate for deficiencies in essential amino acid content in each protein, the proteins are called nonessential proteins complementary proteins corrected proteins conditional proteins
complementary proteins
Which of the following terms describes an amino acid that is normally dispensable, but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to make it? essential amino acid conditionally essential amino acid circumspect amino acid nonessential amino acid conditionally nonessential amino acid
conditionally essential amino acid
lumen
continuous inner space within the GI tract
Which fat-formation pathway is the most efficient and direct?
conversion of dietary fat to body fat
Anabolic reactions are those that _____.
convert small molecules to larger ones
______ is usually the best choice for physically active people who need to replace lost fluids.
cool water
What is the name of the process by which glucose is regenerated from lactate?
cori
Among the following which has the greatest power to suppress hunger? a. French fries b. chocolate c. biscuits d. carrots e. potato chips
d
Which of the following is a metabolic consequence of obesity that precedes type 2 diabetes? a. thyroid insufficiency b. hypothalamic impedance c. islet cell pathology d. insulin resistance e. subcutaneous fat
d
quiet metabolic activities account for about ___ of the average person's daily energy expenditures? a. 40% b. 25% c. 10% d. 50% or more e. 30%
d
which of the following factors lowers the BMR? a. cold temperatures b. caffeine c. smoking d. aging e. fever
d
why are overweight or obese women at higher risk for cancer of the female reproductive system? a. obese women are more sedentary, which promotes cancer development b. obese women eat more food; therefore they are exposed to more naturally occurring carcinogens c. adipose tissue stores carcinogens in the body d. excess body fat produces more estrogen, which may promote cancerous development e. obese women have impaired immune function, so their ability to deal with cancer causing viruses is diminished
d
Excessive body concern/dissatisfaction and possibly abuse of steroids or overuse of plastic surgery is commonly associated with: a. Anorexics b. Bulimics c. Binge Eaters d. Body Dysmorphics
d. Body Dysmorphics
A greater tendency toward impulsiveness and purging is associated with: a. Anorexics b. Body Dysmorphics c. Binge Eaters d. Bulimics
d. Bulimics
People with BINGE EATING DISORDER are NOT at risk for: a. Obesity b. Gall Bladder Disease c. Diabetes d. Emaciated
d. Emaciated
Which of the following is a health result of losing excess body weight? a. It increases insulin resistance. b. It raises the number of immune cells in adipose tissue. c. It begins atherosclerosis. d. It lowers blood pressure. e. It lowers HDL-cholesterol.
d. It lowers blood pressure
All of the following are benefits associated with resistance training except
decreased muscle endurance
fat soluble vitamins
deficiency symptoms sometimes take a year or more to develop on a poor diet
not true of copper
depends on triglycerides to maintain balance and for transport in the body
The first step in carbohydrate counting is to _____.
determine an appropriate carbohydrate allowance
How is the energy content of food determined and expressed?
determined by bomb calorimeters
Niacin was involved in a groundbreaking nutrition discovery that showed that _____.
diet inadequacies could cause disease
Which of the following statements about physical activity and weight loss is FALSE? a. strength and balance improve when exercise is part of a weight loss program b. daily vigorous activities gradually develop more lean tissue c. even with the same BMI, physically active people have less body fat than sedentary people d. the greater the energy deficit created by exercise, the greater the fat loss e. using discretionary kcalories will maximize weight loss
e
Which of the following statements about physical activity is true? a. physical activity does not affect metabolism b. physical activity cannot reduce abdominal fat without weight loss c. being active increases hunger d. physical activity increases the energy required to meet nutrient needs e. the number of calories spent in an activity depends on body weight, intensity and duration
e
what hormone becomes active in the stomach and causes satiation? a. neuropeptide y b. gastrin c. adipokines d. pepsin e. cholecystokinin
e
Imagine an adult who loses 20 pounds of excess body weight through a starvation diet. About how much of this weight loss is lean tissue? a. 2 lb b. 15 lbs c. 4 lbs d. 5 lbs e. 10 lbs
e. 10 lbs
Body fat content for normal-weight men 20-39 years of age should be ________. a. 32-40% b. 5-10% c. 22-30% d. 41-47% e. 18-21%
e. 18-21%
Which of the following represents the most common eating disorder among men and women of any age? a. Carbohydrate addiction b. Athlete triad c. Anorexia nervosa d. Bulimia nervosa e. Binge-eating disorder
e. Binge-eating disorder
Trevor is an underweight long-distance runner. To achieve a healthy body weight to improve his performance, he must ________.
eat a high-kcalorie diet and exercise regularly
The best way to add antioxidants to the diet is to __________. combine dietary intake and supplementation rely on supplements to meet the RDA eat generous servings of fruits and vegetables daily add a selenium supplement to a diet rich in Vitamin E create a diet rich in low-carb, high-protein foods
eat generous servings of fruits and vegetables daily
disturbances in eating behavior that jeopardizes a person's physical or psychological health
eating disorders
Of the following, which would be considered a fad diet? joining Weight Watchers and a gym adding time and new activities to a current workout plan eating mostly a plant-rich diet eating only cold, green foods for one month limiting sweets to once per month
eating only cold, green foods for one month
excess fat in locations other than adipose tissue is
ectopic fat
Which of the following food proteins has the best assortment of essential amino acids for the human body? rice peanuts corn gelatin egg
egg
People with BINGE EATING DISORDER are NOT at risk for:
emaciated
An agent that causes vomiting is a/n ________
emetic
lecithin
emulsifier by the food industry
both excessive and deficient body fat result from an _____ imbalance
energy
What are the main components of energy balance?
energy input= output
which of the following is a feature of aerobic metabolism?
energy is produced more slowly than in anaerobic metabolism
Anabolism is the opposite of catabolism in that in anabolism _________.
energy is required
anabolism is opposite of catabolism in that
energy is required
b vitamins have a major role in
energy metabolism
why are overweight or obese women at a higher risk for cancer of the female reproductive system?
excess body fat produces more estrogen, which may promote cancerous development
In the metabolism of amino acids for energy, what is the fate of the amino group? converted to glucose excreted as urea recycled in the liver stored in the liver burned for energy
excreted as urea
The RDA for niacin is _____ .
expressed in milligrams of niacin equivalents
rda for niacin
expressed in milligrams on niacin equivalents
T/F: "Speedy" substances, marketed for weight loss, work by speeding your ENERGY METABOLISM.
false
T/F: A successful eating plan for weight loss is defined as one that keeps your weight off for one month.
false
T/F: Restrained/Restricted Eaters have no problem resuming balanced, sensible eating habits and behaviors when the food restriction ends.
false
T/F: Steam baths and saunas are very effective weight loss methods.
false
excess energy is stored as ____, which is used for energy between meals
fat
what is the reason that fat yields more calories than carbohydrate or protein?
fat contains many carbon-hydrogen bonds that can be readily oxidized
When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat? fat only fat and carbohydrate only protein and fat only carbohydrate only fat, carbohydrate, and protein
fat, carbohydrate, and protein
When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) are stored in body fat?
fat, carbs, and protein
When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat?
fat, carbs, protein
Activities lasting longer than 20 minutes will gradually start using more ______ for fuel and less ______.
fat; glucose
An athlete's first sign of dehydration is typically ______
fatigue
What kind of nutrients does the lymphatic system carry to the bloodstream?
fats and fat-soluble vitamins
The process in which fatty acids are taken apart two carbons at a time is known as ______.
fatty acid oxidation
the process in which fatty acids taken apart two carbons at a time is known as
fatty acid oxidation
Which nutrient can be made from compounds composed of 2-carbon skeletons? fructose pyruvate glucose glycogen fatty acids
fatty acids
disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis
female athlete triad
the combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis
female athlete triad
what term describes the combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis?
female athlete triad
What term describes the combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis?
female athletic triad
_______ are more likely to suffer from ANOREXIA or BULIMIA.
females
How do environmental influences affect eating habits? limiting food intake to the length of a favorite sitcom can be a healthy eating habit foods that are accessible and convenient are eaten most eating directly from a food package lessens the need to use larger plates, which facilitates overeating offering several flavors of the same food at each meal lessens the desire for it people tend to eat more when dining alone because no one is there to shame them
foods that are accessible and convenient are eaten most
nutrient dense
foods that have a high ratio of nutrients to calories
Adding calcium to an orange juice product is an example of nutrient ____.
fortification
A reliable food source of Vitamin D is dark green leafy vegetables fortified milk whole grain breads eggs and sausage
fortified milk
____ in a sugary fruit drink seems to stimulate appetite and increase food intake
fructose
monosaccharide in fruits
fructose
Which of the following food groups is a rich source of Vitamin C? milk group meat group grains group oils group fruit group
fruit group
stores bile until needed
gallbladder
thermogenesis
generation of heat
what pregnancy condition can also be an early indicator of preeclampsia
gestational hypertension
Which of the following is a protein that stimulates appetite and decreases energy expenditure?
ghrelin
A sudden cessation of sweating in a person engaged in outdoor sports activities may be a sign of
heat stroke
vitamins in general
help enzymes participate in release of energy from carbs, proteins and fats
Which protein has a quaternary polypeptide structure and carries 80% of the body's iron? tryptophan insulin serine hemoglobin valine
hemoglobin
protein in red blood cells containing iron
hemoglobin
Which disorder is seen in premature infants deficient in Vitamin E? hemolytic anemia rickets osteomalacia muscular dystrophy xerophthalmia
hemolytic anemia
hormone that regulates iron balance in the body
hepcidin
BMR is ____ in people who are tall and so have a large surface area
high
____-fat foods are flavorful, which stimulate the appetite and entices people to eat more
high
Which substance denatures protein structures and activates pepsinogen? enteropeptidase hydrochloric acid chymotrypsin trypsin pepsin
hydrochloric acid
All of the following are NOT features of an ideal pregame meal except
high-carbohydrate, low-fiber, and low-fat providing 300-800 kcal.
The digestibility of most animal proteins is ____________ than the digestibility of most plant proteins. equal digestibility isn't a factor taken into account when evaluating protein quality lower higher
higher
resting metabolic rate is slightly ____ than basal metabolic rate
higher
BMR is ____ in people who are growing
highest
should not be fed to infants because of risk of botulism
honey
How are hormones involved in hunger control?
hormone ghrelin and an empty stomach sends signals to the brain and nerves in the stomach signal brain you are full
Of the following foods, which would be the only source of vitamin B12? cauliflower plain soy or rice milk whole-grain bread hot dog pecans
hot dog
Satiety determines what kinds of foods are consumed at meals how much food is consumed during a meal how much time passes between meals protein vs carbohydrate intake how long it takes digestion to begin
how much time passes between meals
Satiety determines ________.
how much time passes between meals
satiety determines
how much time passes between meals
____ is an irritating feeling that prompts thoughts of food and motivates them to start eating
hunger
____ is the physiological response to a need for food triggered by nerve signals and chemical messengers originating and acting in the brain, primarily the hypothalamus
hunger
_____ determines what to eat, when to eat, and how much to eat
hunger
The best way to stay adequately hydrated and prevent hydration in an active individual is to
hydrate before during and after activity
main cause of vitamin b12 deficiency
inadequate intake
The uncoupling proteins in adipose tissue ________.
increase the amount of energy released as heat
The uncoupling proteins in adipose tissue ________.
increase the amount of energy released in heat
What is a consequence of excess protein intake? improved renal functioning increased protein storage by the liver and kidneys decreased excretion of calcium decreased size of the liver and kidneys increased production and excretion of urea
increased production and excretion of urea
the most reliable indicator of an infants future health status
infants birthweight
the combination of an inefficient and overactive immune response in the aged
inflammaging
The weight loss drug Orlistat acts by __________________. regulating brain serotonin receptors increasing metabolism inhibiting pancreatic lipase regulating the utilization of norepinephrine releasing ghrelin and leptin
inhibiting pancreatic lipase
Which of the following is not a function of proteins in the body? protecting the body against diseases (i.e. immune function) facilitating chemical reactions (i.e. enzymes) maintaining volume of body fluids inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol providing fuels for energy needs
inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol
Which protein, acting as a hormone, regulates blood glucose? oxytocin antiduretic prolactin insulin thyroxine
insulin
Which of the following is a metabolic consequence of obesity that precedes type 2 diabetes? insulin resistance subcutaneous fat thyroid insufficiency hypothalmic impedance islet cell pathology
insulin resistance
which of the following is a metabolic consequence of obesity that precedes type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance
Biotin can be synthesized by avidin the skin the liver bone marrow intestinal bacteria
intestinal bacteria
For Vitamin B12 to be absorbed, it must be attached to intrinsic factor bile the protein portion of its final coenzyme form an incomplete protein
intrinsic factor
_____ is an important nutrient for the transport of oxygen in blood and in muscle tissue and in energy transformation reactions.
iron
Research shows that excess body fat distributed primarily around the abdomen ______________. is related to exercise is associated with increased mortality for both sexes is less common in women past menopause lowers the risk for diabetes is related to heart disease risk but not cancer
is associated with increased mortality for both sexes
research shows that excess body fat distributed primarily around the abdomen
is associated with increased mortality for both sexes
Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes _____.
is much more likely to be associated with obesity
which of these statements about the electron transport chain is true?
it captures the energy in the ATP bonds
which of the following statements accurately describes body mass index?
it correlates with disease risk
Which of the following statements accurately describes body mass index? its absolute value is less important than the rate at which it changes if provides an estimate of the muscle mass in the body it decreases by one unit for every 10 years of life it correlates with disease risks it provides an estimate of the fat level of the body
it correlates with disease risks
Which of the following is a feature of pantothenic acid in nutrition? a deficiency or toxicity shows similar symptoms deficiencies are seen primarily in children ages 4-10 yers absorption from foods is inhibited by aspirin it functions in the metabolism of the macronutrients as part of acetyl CoA it is possible to develop toxic levels of pantothenic acid if too much is ingested
it functions in the metabolism of the macronutrients as part of acetyl CoA
Which of the following is a function of Vitamin C? it helps rid the body of excess iron it helps rid the body of antioxidants it aids in the digestion of fat it helps form collagen it is involved in energy metabolism
it helps form collagen
Which of the following is a health result of losing excess body weight? it lowers blood pressure it raises the number of immune cells in adipose tissue it lowers HDL-cholesterol it increases insulin resistance it begins atherosclerosis
it lowers blood pressure
which of the following is a health result of losing excess body weight?
it lowers blood pressure
How does mindful eating help control hunger while dieting?
it makes you conscious of what you are eating
Which of these occurs with excess carbohydrate intake?
it spares oxidation "burning" of body fat and dietary fat
Vitamin A deficiency causes the epithelial cells of the skin to change shape and to secrete the protein __________. collagen elastin keratin opsin beta globulin
keratin
After about 10 days of fasting, which one of these compounds will be the nervous system's main fuel provider?
ketone bodies
most likely reason for a person to have abnormally high blood urea levels
kidney disfunction
What is the most likely reason for having an abnormally high blood urea level? kidney dysfunction liver dysfunction hyperstimulation of the immune system protein intake one-tenth the RDA protein intake twice the RDA
kidney dysfunction
Diseases affecting the liver or the _______ can interfere with the activation of Vitamin D and produce symptoms of deficiency. intestines pancreas kidneys skin stomach
kidneys
In general, excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the lungs kidneys skin intestine
kidneys
Indications for weight loss surgery include all of the following except acceptable operative risk severe obesity (BMI >40) or a BMI between 35-39.9 with obesity-related health conditions lack of motivation since the surgery will lead to weight loss anyway other methods of weight loss have failed to sustain weight loss willing to cooperate with long-term follow up
lack of motivation since the surgery will lead to weight loss anyway
When muscle tissue is exercising under anaerobic conditions, the production of ________ is important because it can be converted to glucose by the liver. glucose 6 phosphate lactate fructose glycogen
lactate
When the body needs energy quickly, pyruvate is converted to _____
lactate
when the body needs energy quickly, pyruvate is converted to
lactate
The Cori Cycle involves the interconversion of ___________. glucose and amino acids pyruvate and citric acid fatty acids and acetyl CoA lactate and glucose glycerol and glucose
lactate and glucose
undigested carbohydrate lingers in the stomach creating satiety
lactose
Which of the following is a protein produced by fat cells under the direction of the ob gene that decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure?
leptin
Which of the following is a protein produced by fat cells under the direction of the ob gene that decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure? britin collagen elastin leptin ghrelin
leptin
What happens to leptin and ghrelin levels when someone is sleep deprived?
leptin decreases while ghrelin increases
What happens to leptin and ghrelin levels when someone is sleep deprived? no significant effects are observed both leptin and ghrelin decrease both leptin and ghrelin increase leptin increases while ghrelin decreases leptin decreases while ghrelin increases
leptin decreases while ghrelin increases
in the Cori cycle, lactate is converted to glucose in the
liver
Research shows that ________ of women have suffered from anorexia nervosa at some point in their lives.
less than 1%
vitamin A's role in vision
light causes retina to shift from a cis to a trans configuration
essential fatty acid
linoleic acid
Which of the following removes triglycerides from the blood for storage in fat and muscle cells?
lipoprotein lipase
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with dietary lipids and distributed to body cells by carriers such as lipoproteins prothrombin binding proteins mcuopolysaccharides
lipoproteins
Of the following, which procedure is more cosmetic and has little effect on body weight? gastric banding sleeve gastrectomy gastric aspiration liposuction gastric bypass
liposuction
Of the following, which procedures is more cosmetic and has little effect on body weight?
liposuction
Weight loss TREATMENTS that interfere with the amount of food you can or want to consume include all of the following EXCEPT
liposuction
procedure more cosmetic than effecting the body
liposuction
Fructose and galactose are mostly metabolized in which organ?
liver
The main organ responsible for ethanol metabolism is the pancreas liver small intestine stomach
liver
The majority of the body's Vitamin A stored are found in the __________. skeletal muscle tissue heart spleen liver kidneys
liver
What is the major site for gluconeogenesis? brain small intestine pancreas liver muscle
liver
What organ is the major site of gluconeogenesis? brain liver small intestine pancreas muscle
liver
Which lipoprotein primarily transports cholesterol in the blood? chylomicron low-density lipoprotein very-low-density lipoprotein very high density lipoprotein high-density lipoprotein
low-density lipoprotein
lipoprotein that primarily transport cholesterol in the blood
low-density lipoprotein
Fortification of grain products with folate has helped reduce the prevalence rate of neural tube defects, as well as the prevalence of _______.
macrocytic anemia
Which of the following is not a proposed national strategy to prevent obesity? support health care providers in offering information on weight management and employers in offering wellness programs create environments that ensure healthy foods and beverages are visible and easy to obtain provide a variety of opportunities to help make physical activity an integral and routine part of life encourage media messages that promote healthy diets and physically active lifestyles make fast food restaurants centers for health and wellness
make fast food restaurants centers for health and wellness
Once acetyl CoA is formed, it has two main options: to generate ATP or to _____.
make fats
once acetyl CoA is formed, it has two main options: to generate ATP or to
make fats
If lifestyle changes fail to lower LDL cholesterol or blood pressure, what is the next course of action?
medicines
____ have higher BMR because they typically have more lean body mass
men
who has a higher BMR, men or women?
men
What term refers to the combination of risk factors - elevated fasting blood glucose, hypertension, abnormal blood lipids, and abdominal obesity - that greatly increase a person's risk of developing heart disease? ectopic cluster syndrome normal-weight obesity syndrome metabolic syndrome progressive inflammatory disease immunological disease
metabolic syndrome
The term that describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells is _____.
metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions in the body
metabolism
Which term best describes the spherical complexes of emulsified fat that arise during digestion? adiponectic chylomicrons micelles eicosanoids lipoproteins
micelles
spherical complexes of emulsified fats that arise during digestion
micelles
Which of the following foods provides all of the essential amino acids? milk navy beans wheat peanut butter
milk
excess vitamin d may result in
mineral deposits in soft tissues like the kidney
simplest nutrient
minerals
What cellular structure is responsible for producing ATP for energy?
mitochondria
what are the "power houses" of the cell?
mitochondria
Dietary protein needs of an athlete can best be met by consuming _________.
moderate amounts of high-protein in 4 to 5 meals a day
Dietary protein needs of an athlete can best be met by consuming _________.
moderate amounts of high-quality protein in 4 to 5 small meals each day
A less-preferred term for clinically severe obesity is ________.
morbid obesity
the ____ a person weighs, the more energy is expended on basal metabolism
more
Which of the following is known to be toxic to the liver in large doses? biotin thiamin niacin riboflavin vitamin B12
niacin
In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein, a high-density lipoprotein contains ____.
more protein
Which statement characterizes the protein nutrition in vegetarians? a significant majority of vegetarians experience clinically significant protein malnutrition vegetarians in general must consume complementary proteins at each meal healthy vegetarians typically consume protein sources of very high digestibility most vegetarians should consume gelatin to ensure adequate tryptophan intake most vegetarians eating a variety of foods need not balance essential amino acid intake at each meal
most vegetarians eating a variety of foods need not balance essential amino acid intake at each meal
psychiatric disorder characterized by preoccupation with building body mass
muscle dysmorphia
the amount of energy needed for any activity depends on what 3 factors?
muscle mass body weight activity
Glycogen is defined as a storage form of glucose, manufactured and stored in the body's ________.
muscles and liver
What is a significant factor associated with the interpretation of body composition values? the values include fat and protein but not water body composition can be accurately assessed by measuring body weight in middle-aged people, body composition is unrelated to morbidity and mortality sedentary normal-weight people are rarely over-fat muscular people may be classified as overweight
muscular people may be classified as overweight
When nitrogen loss exceeds intake the body is in
negative nitrogen balance
When nitrogen losses exceed the amount of nitrogen taken into the body, the person is in __________. positive nitrogen balance negative nitrogen balance nitrogen homeostasis nitrogen equilibrium a healthy state
negative nitrogen balance
2 systems that coordinate all digestive and absorptive processes
nervous and hormonal
____ ____ causes carbohydrate cravings, initiates eating, decreases energy expenditure, and increases fat storage
neuropeptide Y
Which of the following reflects the importance of eating breakfast? people who eat breakfast frequently have a lower BMI than those who avoid breakfast eating breakfast just once each week has the same benefits as eating breakfast every day skipping breakfast reduces energy intake and causes weight loss the "dinner diet" has proven more effective than the "breakfast diet". people who skip breakfast have lower daily energy intakes than breakfast eaters
people who eat breakfast frequently have a lower BMI than those who avoid breakfast
hydrolyzes protein in stomach
pepsin
What type of compound is lecithin? sterol glycolipid phospholipid lipoprotein bile salt
phospholipid
____ ____ is the most variable and changeable component of energy expenditure
physical activity
Which of the following is a symptom of scurvy? hair loss purplish tongue oily skin edema pinpoint hemorrhages
pinpoint hemorrhages
Food rich in carbohydrates
plant foods
A nutrient-dense source of thiamin is leafy green vegetables pork and pork products citrus fruits milk and milk products
pork and pork products
A bomb calorimeter measures
potential energy in foods
condition characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine of a pregnant woman
preeclampsia
Obesity has many causes and is a risk factor for many diseases; therefore, the best approach seems to be ________.
prevention
Obesity has many causes and is a risk factor for many diseases; therefore, the best approach seems to be _____________. prevention a holistic one medicines epigenetic counseling fasting
prevention
greatest source of sodium in the diet
processed foods
women have a generally lower intolerance for alcohol
produce less of enzyme dehydrogenase
Most satiating macronutrient
protein
consumed in amounts greater than RDA
protein
of the 3 energy-yielding nutrients, ____ is considered the most satiating
protein
strength athlete requires slightly more
protein
too little ____ in the diet can leave a person feeling hungry
protein
which energy-yielding nutrient is the most satiating?
protein
the thermic effect of food is greater for high ____ foods than high ____ foods and for a meal eaten all at once rather than spread out over a couple of hours
protein fat
Which of the following is true about excess protein intake?
protein oxidation is increased
cows milk contains too much/too little
protein, fat
Nutrient dense refers to foods that ____.
provide more nutrients relative to kcalories
older adults primarily diet in order to
pursue a medical goal such as reducing cholesterol or losing weight
best know to carry hepatitis A virus
raw oysters
Researchers have spent many years studying diets and have determined the best approach to weight loss is to ________.
reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure
Researchers have spent many years studying diets and have determined the best approach to weight loss is to __________. greatly increase protein intake to increase satiation reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure fast at least two consecutive days each week to achieve better energy balance avoid foods containing carbohydrates to keep blood glucose low eliminate all fats from the diet and decrease water intake
reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure
All of the following are advantages of exercise except increase or maintenance of bone mass decreased blood pressure increased insulin sensitivity reduced HDL-cholesterol help with weight loss maintenance
reduced HDL-cholesterol
sweat loss calculation helps an athlete increase their
rehydration
_____ prompts a person to stop eating
satiation
After digestion and absorption, an amino acid not used to build protein will first be subjected to _____________. removal of its amino group hydrolysis of its peptide bond removal of its acetyl group condensation of its peptide bond removal of its carboxyl group
removal of its amino group
before entering the metabolic pathways, amino acids first fact
removal of their nitrogen-containing amino group
The process of facilitated transport for absorbing nutrients _____.
requires a specific carrier
Osteocalcin ________.
requires vitamin K to bind to bone-forming minerals
RMR
resting metabolic rate
vitamin A status depends on protein status because
retinol binding protein serves as the vitamins transport carrier inside the body
A deficiency of which vitamin causes cheilosos, a condition in which the corners of the mouth become cracked and red? riboflavin C B6 B12 niacin
riboflavin
The B-vitamin most easily destroyed by exposure to light is (HINT: Think about milk cartons) biotin thiamin niacin riboflavin
riboflavin
The coenzyme FAD is formed from what vitamin? choline thiamin niacin pantothenic acid riboflavin
riboflavin
The RDA for riboflavin is based primarily on _____.
riboflavin's enzyme activity
Which of the following weight loss procedures is both restrictive and malabsorptive and will lead to more rapid weight loss? gastric sleeve AGB obera balloon aspire assist roux-n-y gastric bypass
roux-n-y gastric bypass
Which of the following would NOT be considered a valid recommendation got accepting a healthy body weight? seek the advice of friends and the fashion industry for criteria regarding appearance and body size never restrict food intake below the minimum levels that meet nutrient needs accept positive comments from others use positive, nonjudgmental descriptions of your body seek professional counseling to make gains in self-esteem beyond a focus on weight
seek the advice of friends and the fashion industry for criteria regarding appearance and body size
Of the following, which is the best advice for lowering energy intake for weight loss?
select fewer energy dense foods
Of the following, which is the best advice for lowering energy intake for weight loss? consume an alcoholic beverage with lunch and dinner consume a small high-fat snack before each meal to reduce appetite select fewer energy-dense foods drink 8 oz. of water after each meal restrict fiber intake as a means to reduce excess water retention
select fewer energy-dense foods
program that provides low-income older adults with coupons that are exchangeable for fresh vegetables and fruits
senior farmers market nutrition program
The ________ theory that relates to body weight proposes that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls.
set point
vitamins in gi tract also produce
several vitamins
iron deficiency anemia
severe depletion of iron stores that results in low hemoglobin concentration
caused by sequencing error in the structure of hemoglobin
sickle-cell anemia
differentiates one amino acid from another
side group
High blood calcium _____.
signals the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin
water and small lipids cross into the intestines freely, therefore absorbed by
simple diffusion
In which procedure is 70 to 85% of the stomach removed and the rest stapled to create a vertical tube-shaped stomach with limited capacity? liposuction gastric banding gastric aspiration gastric bypass sleeve gastrectomy
sleeve gastrectomy
Average zinc intakes in the United States are ______.
slightly higher than recommended
BMR ___ ____ with a loss of lean body mass and during fasting and nutrition
slows down
symptom of scurvy
small hemorrhaging under skin
After a period of fasting (starving), the brain changes its fuel requirements so that ketone bodies replace glucose and uses amino acids directly and glycogen becomes the primary source of energy so that glycerol becomes the primary source of energy
so that ketone bodies replace glucose
Low blood levels of _____ is referred to as hyponatremia.
sodium
Aldosterone and renin each promote ________.
sodium retention
food irradiation
sometimes called cold pasteurization
________ is considered a temporary, adaptive response to strenuous activity that is noticeable in blood hemoglobin values but does not impair physical performance.
sports anemia
when energy in balances with energy out, a person's body weight is
stable
The patterns of eating that promote health and provide food security for the present population and for future generations is called _______.
sustainable diets
Which statement accurately describes lactose intolerance? eliminating milk products from the diet is required to alleviate symptoms commercially prepared milk products like Lactaid show no benefits to the lactose intolerant its prevalence is highest among northern Europeans most people who claim to be lactose intolerant have been clinically diagnosed symptoms include bloating, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea
symptoms include bloating, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea
Because of the way in which the body handles folate, a folate deficiency can occur if ___________. part of the stomach has been removed intrinsic factor is lacking anemia exists the pancreas is injured the GI tract is injured
the GI tract is injured
Women readily develop lower body fat around the hips and thighs and men readily develop central body fat around the abdomen. This primarily is due to gender differences in
the activity of lipoprotein lipase
Women readily develop lower body fat around the hips and thighs and men readily develop central body fat around the abdomen. This primarily is due to gender differences in
the activity of lipoprotein lipase.
Why is it easier for the body to convert dietary fat to stored fat than dietary carbohydrate to stored fat?
the conversion of dietary fat to stored fat requires fewer steps
What is the primary site of alcohol metabolism? the pancreas the stomach the brain the liver the gallbladder
the liver
Putting a demand on muscles repeatedly by making them work harder is _________.
the most effective, safe way for athletes to add muscle tissue.
Which of the following statements about physical activity is true? physical activity cannot reduce abdominal fat without weight loss being active increases hunger the number of calories spent in an activity depends on body weight, intensity, and duration physical activity increases the energy required to meet nutrient needs physical activity does not affect metabolism
the number of calories spent in an activity depends on body weight, intensity, and duration
which of the following statements is NOT true of pyruvate?
the pathway of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is reversible
What is the primary factor that differentiates one amino acid from another? the number of oxygen atoms the number of nitrogen atoms the central carbon atom the side group the presence of a central hydrogen atom
the side group
Iodine plays an integral part in which hormone?
thyroid hormone
Why is folate supplementation recommended for women one month before conception and during the first trimester of pregnancy? to prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida to help reduce the risk of iron-deficient anemia to help ensure a healthy maternal weight gain during pregnancy to prevent severe morning sickness to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes
to prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida
obesity is second only to ____ in causing premature death
tobacco
A healthy weight for an individual should not be based exclusively on weight, but on energy intake vs. energy expenditure total amount of body fat, location of body fat, and presence or absence of weight-related medical problems amount of lean body tissue body size of family members
total amount of body fat, location of body fat, and presence or absence of weight-related medical problems
A process in which the amino group from one amino acid is transferred to a carbon skeleton to synthesize a nonessential amino acid is called gluconeogenesis transamination ketogenesis supplementation
transamination
which lipid is most abundant
triglycerides
T/F: 95% of any dieting attempts fail.
true
T/F: Abnormal BRAIN CHEMISTRY has been theorized as a possible cause for EATING DISORDERS.
true
Brittany is a chronic dieter. She has experience repeated cycles of weight loss from fat and muscle followed by gains of body fat only. This process is known as:
weight cycling
Which term refers to the repeated loss and regain of body weight?
weight cycling
Which term refers to the repeated loss and regain of body weight? fad dieting see-saw dieting body dysmorphia circular eating weight cycling
weight cycling
minerals
when food is burned, all minerals are found in ash
A reputable weight-loss program will provide customers with honest predictions of success and __________________. with testimonials from previous, successful users with testimonials from medical professionals with statistics on weight cycling will explain the associated risks will list the psychological benefits of weight loss
will explain the associated risks
How soon would death occur from starvation if the body was unable to shift to a state of ketosis?
within 3 weeks
how soon would death occur from starvation if the body was unable to shift to a sate of ketosis?
within 3 weeks
what is one explanation for why women have generally lower tolerance for alcohol than men?
women produce less of the enzyme dehydrogenase
Which of the following weight loss medications is now available over the counter. belviq contrave saxenda xenical/orlistat/alli qysmia
xenical/orlistat/alli
Which of the following is an example of a flexibility activity?
yoga