Nutrition Exam 5 Ch. 14

17) Which of the following conditions is not a risk factor for gestational diabetes?

A) being over 25 years of age B) being underweight C) being Hispanic or African American D) having a history of higher-than-normal blood glucose levels Answer: B

33) During the third through eighth weeks after conception a developing baby is called a(n)

A) blastocyst. B) preembryo. C) fetus. D) embryo. Answer: D

5) A cup (8 ounces) of which of the following beverages has the highest caffeine content?

A) chocolate milk B) brewed tea C) drip-brewed coffee D) a soft drink Answer: C

20) Which of the following characteristics is / are signs that an infant is ready to eat solid foods?]Mark all that apply]

A) demonstrates sufficient skill in swallowing B) can sit with support C) can turn his/her head to indicate fullness D) has retained the tongue-thrust reflex Answer: A, B, C?

3) Adequate intake of which of the following nutrients has been shown to reduce the risk of neural tube defects?

A) folic acid B) mercury C) vitamin D D) vitamin C Answer: A

14) Which of the following activities is not safe for a pregnant woman?

A) gymnastics B) walking C) swimming D) low-impact aerobics Answer: A

13) Pregnant women should avoid all of the following foods except

A) high-fiber foods. B) unpasteurized soft cheeses. C) raw sprouts. D) sushi and sashimi. Answer: A

18) Eclampsia in a pregnant woman can

A) indicate that morning sickness is over. B) be a result of drinking alcohol during pregnancy. C) lead to the death of the woman. D) be easily treated with vitamin supplements. Answer: C

2) Gestational diabetes increases the risk of the baby developing which of the following conditions?

A) jaundice B) breathing problems C) birth defects D) All of the answers are correct. D

8) How much alcohol is considered safe for a pregnant woman to consume per day?

A) none B) 4 oz C) 6 oz D) 8 oz Answer: A

35) Fertilization occurs in which of the following structures?

A) ovary B) fallopian tube C) uterus D) vagina Answer: B

37) Which of the following substances causes milk to be released from the breast?

A) oxytocin B) lactoferrin C) colostrum D) prolactin Answer: A

39) Which of the following substances protects infants against infection by a variety of bacteria and viruses?

A) prolactin B) oxytocin C) DHA D) lactoferrin

4) Which of the following types of fish should not be eaten by a pregnant or nursing woman?

A) salmon B) swordfish C) shrimp D) catfish Answer: c?

22) Which of the following foods should not be given to infants because of the possibility of botulism?

A) skim milk B) strawberries C) honey D) tuna Answer: C

9) An organ of common tissue between a mother and a growing embryo is called the

A) umbilical cord. B) amniotic sac. C) uterus. D) placenta. Answer: D

32) The structure at which nutrients, oxygen, and waste products are exchanged between the mother and developing fetus is the

A) umbilical cord. B) fetal membrane. C) placenta. D) amniotic sac. Answer: C

1) Which of the following nutrients does not need to be added to an infant's diet?

A) vitamin C B) vitamin B12 C) vitamin D D) iron Answer: A

29) Which of the following vitamins can be toxic when taken in excess and can increase the risk of birth defects during the first trimester?

A) vitamin C B) vitamin B6 C) vitamin D D) vitamin A Answer: D

23) Reactions to a food allergy can include

A) vomiting. B) diarrhea. C) hives. D) All of the answers are correct. Answer: D

12) Pregnant women who are vegans are at risk for a deficiency of which of the following nutrients?

A) zinc B) iron C) vitamin B12 D) All of the answers are correct. Answer: D

34) A developing baby that is older than 8 weeks post-conception is called a

A) zygote. B) preembryo. C) fetus. D) blastocyst. Answer: C

LO 14.9 Infants Have Specific Nutrient Needs

An infant doubles his or her birth weight by around 6 months of age, and triples it by 12 months. With proper nutrition, an infant should reach certain stages of physical development within a distinct time frame. Poor infant nutrition (whether in quality or quantity) will likely prevent ideal growth and the ability of the child to reach milestones on time. All infants should receive a vitamin K injection at birth, and breast-fed infants need vitamin D supplements until 1 year of age. Infants older than 6 months need to begin taking in iron through food sources, as their stored iron supply is depleted around this time.

LO 14.2 Specific Nutrients and Behaviors Are Important during the First Trimester

Healthy women who begin pregnancy at a healthy weight should gain 25 to 35 pounds during pregnancy. A woman's needs for many nutrients including folate, iron, zinc, copper, and calcium increase up to 50 percent during pregnancy. Care should be taken to avoid consuming too much preformed vitamin A, which can cause birth defects. Exercise during pregnancy can help improve sleep, lower the risk of hypertension and diabetes, prevent backaches, relieve constipation, shorten labor, reduce stress and depression, and possibly allow women to return more quickly to their prepregnancy weight after delivery. Awareness of food safety is also important, as bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes may cause miscarriages, premature labor, delivery of a low birth weight infant, developmental problems, or even infant death. Pregnant women should abstain from alcohol, herbal teas and herbal supplements, and illicit drugs, as these can all harm fetal growth and development. They should avoid fish that contain high amounts of methylmercury and consume caffeine only in moderation.

LO 14.5 Younger and Older Mothers-to-Be Face Special Challenges

Women younger or older than the physically optimal childbearing age range of 20 to 35 may face additional challenges during pregnancy. Teenage mothers-to-be are at risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension, iron-deficiency anemia, and delivering premature and low birth weight babies. Older mothers-to-be are at risk of developing diabetes and high blood pressure. Their infants are more likely to have Down syndrome or other disabilities. Older women who use fertility-enhancing techniques are also more likely to give birth to multiples, which carries other increased risks, including premature birth, labor difficulties, and low birth weight.

LO 14.4 4. During the third trimester of pregnancy, a woman who begins pregnancy at a healthy weight should increase her daily calorie intake by 450 calories a day. 340 calories a day. 500 calories a day. No increase is needed.

(a) A pregnant woman at a healthy weight before pregnancy needs 450 more calories than her prepregnancy energy needs every day during the third trimester. She doesn't require additional daily calories during the first trimester, but does have additional nutrient needs, so she should be sure to eat nutrient-rich foods. During the second trimester, she needs an extra 340 calories every day.

LO 14.9 9. Andy is a healthy 3-month-old baby boy who is being breast-fed by his mother. Which of the following nutrients should be added to his diet in supplement form? vitamin D potassium vitamin C omega-3 fats

(a) Although breast milk is an ideal food for baby Andy, it doesn't contain enough vitamin D, so Andy should receive daily drops in his diet. He doesn't need to be supplemented with vitamin C, potassium, or omega-3 fats.

LO 14.8 8. The best alternative to breast-feeding is to feed an infant with commercially made formula. cow's milk. soy or almond milk. pureed baby food.

(a) The best alternative to breast-feeding is commercially made formula. Cow's milk should not be used to feed infants because it is more difficult to digest than formula or breast milk.

LO 14.3 3. Two potential complications of pregnancy that must be closely monitored by a health care provider are cravings and morning sickness. gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. weight gain and exercise. constipation and heartburn.

(b) Gestational diabetes and preeclampsia are both potentially life-threatening complications that can be brought on by pregnancy and should be closely monitored by a physician. Cravings, morning sickness, constipation, and heartburn can all occur during pregnancy, but are not considered serious unless they are severe. Weight gain and exercise are not complications of pregnancy.

LO 14.2 2. To support the birth of a healthy 6.5- to 8.5-pound baby, how many pounds should a normal-weight woman gain during pregnancy? 10 to 15 pounds 25 to 35 pounds 15 to 25 pounds 37 to 54 pounds

(b) Women who begin pregnancy at a healthy weight should gain from 25 to 35 pounds. This is the approximate amount of weight needed to ensure a healthy-weight baby while avoiding the risks of carrying excess weight.

LO 14.6 6. Breast-feeding cannot help women reduce their risk of breast cancer. reduce women's risk of type 2 diabetes. prevent pregnancy. decrease the risk of the baby developing respiratory and ear infections.

(c) Breast-feeding provides health advantages to both the mother and the baby. Breast-feeding reduces the risk of breast cancer and diabetes in the mother and the incidences of respiratory and ear infections in the baby. Breast-feeding cannot be relied upon to prevent pregnancy, however.

LO 14.10 10. Six-month-old Cathy is ready to take on solid foods. One healthy and safe first food that could be introduced in her diet is chopped meat. ready-to-eat crunchy cereal. iron-fortified rice cereal. scrambled eggs.

(c) Iron-fortified rice cereal is a good choice and is unlikely to cause an allergic reaction. If Cathy tolerates the rice cereal well, oatmeal could be the next grain added to her diet, or she could try pureed meats, which are rich in iron.

LO 14.1 1. To prevent neural tube birth defects, a woman should take 400 micrograms of folic acid daily during the first trimester. during the second trimester. throughout her childbearing years, if she's capable of conceiving. during the last trimester.

(c) To reduce the risk of these birth defects, folic acid should be consumed prior to conception and continue during the early weeks of pregnancy. Waiting until pregnancy occurs may be too late to help prevent birth defects during the first trimester. Because pregnancy increases the need for this vitamin, the mother should continue to make sure that folate intake is adequate throughout her pregnancy.

LO 14.5 5. During pregnancy, a teenage mother's need for many nutrients increases. Which nutrient requirement is unlikely to be met through her diet alone? iron folic acid calcium all of the above

(d) A teenage girl's body is still growing, so she has higher nutrient needs than does an adult woman. Pair these higher needs with the increased needs of pregnancy, and these young mothers are likely to fall short of many of their nutrient requirements, especially iron, folic acid, calcium, and potentially even calories.

LO 14.7 7. A breast-feeding mother should limit her intake of which of the following? fish, especially deep-sea fish high in mercury caffeine alcohol all of the above

(d) Anything that goes into a breast-feeding mother's body can potentially pass into her breast milk. Mothers should avoid exposure to deep-sea fish, limit caffeine to no more than three cups per day, and limit alcohol intake to an occasional drink, if any at all.

11) The recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a woman with a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is

A) 28 to 40 pounds. B) 25 to 35 pounds. C) 15 to 25 pounds. D) at least 15 pounds. Answer: B

26) The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that most women breast-feed exclusively for the first ________ of infancy.

A) 6 weeks B) 3 months C) 6 months D) 1 year Answer: C

7) Which of the following statements about folic acid is TRUE [Matk all that apply]

A) Folic acid can prevent neural tube defects. B) Women who wish to conceive should consume 400 micrograms of folic acid from dietary supplements, fortified foods, or both. C) Folic acid helps prevent morning sickness. D) Folic acid plays a role in producing new cells. Answer: A, B, D?

30) Which of the following statements describes a benefit of daily exercise during pregnancy?

A) It lessens minor aches and pains. B) It helps relieve constipation. C) It improves the quality of sleep. D) All of the answers are correct. Answer: D

27) Which of the following statements about morning sickness is/are correct? [Mark all that apply]

A) The nausea experienced during it almost always subsides by the afternoon. B) About 80 percent of women experience it. C) Certain behaviors might help alleviate its effects. D) It may be due to fluctuating hormone levels. Answer: B, C, D

31) During the first two weeks following conception, a fertilized egg is called

A) a zygote. B) the placenta. C) an embryo. D) a fetus. Answer: A

24) Which of the following foods is not one of the most common sources of food allergens for adults?

A) bananas B) shellfish C) tree nuts D) wheat Answer: A

LO 14.1 Nutrient Intake and Healthy Behaviors Impact Fertility

Both the father and the mother should make healthy diet and lifestyle changes if needed prior to pregnancy. For healthy sperm, men should stop smoking, abstain from alcohol or drink only in moderation, strive for a healthy body weight, and consume a well-balanced diet with adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean meats, low-fat dairy foods, and legumes. Prior to pregnancy, women should also abstain from alcohol, smoking, and caffeine, and strive for a healthy weight. In addition, women should consume adequate amounts of folic acid prior to conception to reduce the risk of neural tube defects.

LO 14.6 Breast-Feeding Benefits Both Mother and Child

Breast-feeding is the gold standard for feeding an infant. It provides physical, emotional, convenience, and financial benefits for the mother and nutritional and health benefits for the infant. Breast milk is rich in nutrients, antibodies, and other compounds that provide the infant with a disease-fighting boost until the baby's own immune system matures. Because of all the benefits, women are encouraged to exclusively breast-feed for the first six months. Breast-feeding women can also express their breast milk with a pump and store it for later use, allowing for more flexibility in their schedules.

LO 14.7 Breast-Feeding Mothers Have Increased Nutrient Needs

Breast-feeding mothers who began pregnancy at a healthy weight need to consume 330 to 400 extra calories daily to produce breast milk, and a breast-feeding woman should drink about 13 cups of water and beverages daily. Anything that goes into a breast-feeding mother's body can potentially pass into her breast milk, so she should limit caffeine consumption and discuss alcohol and medication intake with her health care provider. Breast-feeding mothers should also be careful to avoid overconsumption of fish that may contain methylmercury.

LO 14.4 Healthy Eating Behaviors and Weight Gain Are Important Considerations during the Third Trimester

By the end of the last trimester, a pregnant woman should be taking in an extra 450 calories daily and continue to gain about 1 pound per week. The slower movement of food through the GI tract can contribute to heartburn and constipation. Reduced physical activity and iron supplementation can also contribute to constipation. To minimize heartburn, pregnant women should eat smaller but frequent meals, eliminate spicy foods that may irritate the esophagus, and avoid lying down immediately after meals. Exercise and consuming fiber-rich foods, along with plenty of fluids, can help prevent or alleviate constipation.

67) Breast milk must be consumed directly from the mother's breast because otherwise it degrades too quickly.

F

75) Food allergy and food intolerance are two terms for the same condition.

F

Commercial baby food is always less healthy than homemade.

FALSE. Although there's probably nothing as delicious and fresh as homemade, most brands of jarred baby foods are just as healthy. Read more about commercially made versus homemade baby foods on page 554.

Raw carrots are a safe food for infants to help meet their need for vitamin A.

FALSE. Although they're a good source of vitamin A and other nutrients, raw carrots are a potential choking hazard for an infant. For more on potentially dangerous foods, turn to page 555.

Drinking red wine is healthy during pregnancy.

FALSE. Any type of alcohol, including red wine, can harm a growing embryo and fetus. To find out what other substances can be harmful during pregnancy, turn to page 537.

Infant formula is better for babies than breast milk.

FALSE. Infant formula is a healthy alternative, but breast milk is best for a baby. Turn to page 543 to find out why.

Chubby babies should be put on diets.

FALSE. Infants should never be put on a weight-loss diet. Babies need calories and fat to support their rapid growth and development. To find out more about the demands of infant growth, turn to page 552.

Morning sickness only happens before noon during the first trimester.

FALSE. Though it's called morning sickness, nausea can happen at any time of day, and sometimes occurs after the first trimester. To learn more about conditions during pregnancy, turn to page 533.

LO 14.8 Formula Can Be a Healthy Alternative to Breast Milk

If an infant isn't breast-fed, the only healthy alternative is commercially made formula. Commercially made formulas are modified from soy or cow's milk, and patterned after human breast milk. For some women, formula-feeding is a personal preference. For others it is necessary, as breast-feeding may not be possible due to illness or other circumstances. Tooth decay and ear infections can be prevented by avoiding bedtime bottle feedings when infants are placed in bed with a bottle.

LO 14.10 Solid Foods Should Be Introduced Gradually after Certain Milestones Are Reached

Infants need to be nutritionally, physiologically, and physically ready before they begin eating solid foods. Foods should be introduced gradually and one at a time to monitor possible allergies or intolerances. Certain foods can be dangerous and should be avoided. Parents and caregivers should avoid adding heavy seasoning (such as sugar or salt) and offering excess amounts of fruit juice (which can lead to overconsumption of calories) to an infant's diet.

LO 14.3 Additional Carbohydrates and Protein Are Important during the Second Trimester

Many pregnant women find that the nausea and fatigue of the first trimester diminish during the second trimester, and appetite begins to increase. The mother's calorie needs also increase. A pregnant woman should consume an additional 340 calories daily during the second trimester and should gain around a pound per week. Pregnant women need about 175 grams of carbohydrate and 71 grams of protein. These needs can be met with a balanced diet. Sometimes a woman develops gestational diabetes and/or hypertension during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes increases the risk of delivering a larger-than-normal baby who may also be at risk for developing jaundice, breathing problems, and birth defects. Pregnancy-induced hypertension includes gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia, each progressively more medically serious. The risk of gestational diabetes and hypertension can be reduced during the second trimester with a healthy diet, daily exercise, and managing body weight.

4) A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction is called an anaphylactic reaction.

T

42) A healthy lifestyle of parents-to-be before conception is essential to the health of the fetus.

T

45) During pregnancy, a woman's immune system is weakened.

T

47) Each week healthy pregnant women should get at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, ideally spread over that seven-day period.

T

48) A pregnant woman's protein needs increase by about 35 percent during the second and third trimesters

T

53) Eclampsia can be a major cause of death among pregnant women.

T

57) Breast-feeding may reduce a woman's risk of hip fractures later in life.

T

58) Colostrum helps protect infants from infections because it is rich in antibodies.

T

60) The composition of breast milk constantly changes to suit the infant's needs.

T

62) Two micronutrients that are associated with the production of healthy sperm are folate and zinc.

T

76) Proteins that are incompletely broken-down by cooking or digestion and cause an adverse response by the immune system are called food allergens.

T

77) Cells that release histamine and other chemicals during allergic reactions are white blood cells that specialize as mast cells.

T

78) Individuals with allergies should often carry a syringe injector of epinephrine to be self-administered when severe allergic reactions occur.

T

79) Certain types of fish contain methylmercury and should not be included in the diets of pregnant women.

T

A father's health can impact the health of a developing fetus.

TRUE. Fathers-to-be need to eat a healthy diet and avoid certain substances to help produce a healthy baby. Turn to page 528 to find out why this is the case.

Infants need dietary supplements.

TRUE. Most infants receive an injection of vitamin K at birth, and there are other nutrients that infants may need to supplement their diet. Find out why this is the case on page 552.

Women who are obese may have more trouble becoming pregnant than women who are normal weight or only somewhat overweight.

TRUE. Obese women may have more difficulty conceiving, possibly because of irregular menstrual cycles. Turn to page 529 to find out more.

Pregnant women should exercise through pregnancy.

TRUE. Physical activity can be good for women expecting a baby, though some activities should be avoided. To find out which activities are safe, turn to page 539.