Nutrition - Final Study Guide

A deficiency of vitamin _____ results in deterioration of epithelial cells.

A

Which of the following characteristics is a risk factor for hypertension?

Cigarette smoking

Which of the following U.S. government agencies enforces federal food safety laws?

Food and Drug Administration

The _______ is the primary government agency that oversees the safety of most foods in the United States.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Which of the following foods is a source of complementary protein?

Mashed chickpeas spread on pita bread

You have a high risk of developing traveler's diarrhea when you visit ________.

Mexico City, Mexico

Which of the following foods is a high-protein snack that can replace a snack that contains animal proteins?

Peanut butter on crackers

Which of the following foods are legumes?

Peanuts

Which of the following foods is often responsible for causing an allergic response in susceptible persons?

Peanuts

Which of the following populations has the highest risk of hypertension?

People with African-American ancestry

Which of the following substances are not direct food additives?

Pesticide residues

Which of the following amino acids is a dietary essential?

Phenylalanine

Henry is concerned about his risk of osteoporosis. Which of the following characteristics is a modifiable risk factor for this chronic condition?

Physical activity level

You are planning a party for a group of friends. Which of the following foods can you serve to everyone at the party, without having to worry about your friend who has celiac disease?

Pieces of fresh fruit

Of the following foods, which is the best source of essential amino acids?

Sunflower seeds

To reduce the likelihood of giving birth to babies with neural tube defects, women of childbearing age should obtain adequate _______.

folate

Pregnant women generally need to take a dietary supplement that contains ________.

folic acid

The placenta cannot _______.

prevent all toxic substances from reaching the embryo/fetus

In the United States, common sources of food-borne illness include all of the following, except _______.

fungi

Compared to preschoolers, older children tend to eat ________

more sugar-sweetened beverages

Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone act to increase urinary ________.

water conservation

Caffeine _______.

is the most widely used ergogenic aid in the world

According to Adequate Intake recommendations, the total water intake for healthy young adults is approximately _____ cups/day.

11 to 15.5

Obese women who are pregnant with one fetus should gain _______ pounds during pregnancy.

11-20

According to the Nutrition Facts panel on a can of beans, one serving of the legumes supplies 6 g of protein. The DV for protein is 50 g. Estimate the %DV for protein in a serving of the beans.

12%

The USDA recommends that a beef steak be cooked until its internal temperature is at least ________.

145ºF

The USDA recommends that fresh pork be cooked until its internal temperature is at least ________.

145ºF

Zoe is due to give birth to a girl in November. Before she became pregnant, Zoe weighed 168 pounds, which was in the overweight range for her height. Based on this information, her physician will recommend that she gain ______ pounds during her pregnancy.

15 to 25

The USDA recommends that fresh ground meat be cooked until its internal temperature is at least ________.

160ºF

According to the USDA, a whole cooked chicken is safe to serve when its internal temperature reaches a minimum of ________.

165ºF

Angie is due to give birth to a boy in June. Before she became pregnant, Angie weighed 215 pounds, which was in the obese BMI range. According to her physician, she should gain no more than ______ pounds during her pregnancy.

20

Before you prepare food or after you use the bathroom, wash your hands with hot soapy water for at least ____ seconds to cleanse them thoroughly.

20

A healthy body fat percentage for women is _______.

23-31%

A healthy infant who weighs 8.2 pounds at birth can be expected to weigh _______ pounds by his/her first birthday.

24.6

_______ is an immediate and direct source of energy for cells.

ATP

_______ cells are specialized to store fat.

Adipose

Which of the following substances is in breast milk but not in infant formulas?

Antibodies

Thyroid hormone levels influence ________

BMR

Which of the following foods is often recommended as the first solid food for infants?

Baby cereal

Which of the following foods is not a rich source of provitamin A?

Beef

Which of the following practices is the most reliable way of sanitizing impure water?

Boiling the water

Joseph's BMI is 23. When he's under a lot of stress, he eats a large amount of cake, cookies, and ice cream. Soon after eating these foods, he goes to a bathroom and makes himself vomit. Based on this information, Joseph probably has _______.

Bulimia nervosa

Which of the following foods is not a good source of calcium?

Butter

Which of the following tips is a recommended way to reduce food costs?

Buying food in bulk, if it can be used before spoiling

Lack of vitamin _______ causes scurvy.

C

Trevor enjoys cooking chicken, but he wants to reduce the chances that his food preparation practices do not result in cross contamination. What should he avoid doing?

Cleaning the plate used to carry the chicken to the grill with a paper towel before using it for serving raw vegetables.

The toxin produced by _____ can cause blurry vision, muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing and even death.

Clostridium botulinum

Infants should not be fed honey because it can contain ________.

Clostridium botulinum spores

_____ are vermin that often transmit pathogens to food.

Cockroaches

Which of the following practices has been scientifically shown to extend the life spans of certain flies and rodents?

Consuming a calorie-restricted diet

Which of the following safety steps should you take if your home experiences a loss of electricity that lasts for several days?

Cook foods and boil water on a charcoal grill that is outdoors

Which of the following foods contains the least water by weight?

Corn oil

Which of the following substances is a lipid that is necessary for the proper development of an infant's nervous system?

DHA

In cells, _______ controls the assembly of amino acids into proteins.

DNA

______ is the process of removing nitrogen from an amino acid.

Deamination

After a tornado outbreak, Marie's house was damaged and her neighborhood experienced a power outage that lasted three days. Which of the following steps should she take to avoid food-borne illness during the loss of electricity?

Do not eat raw or cooked foods that have been at room temperature for more than 2 hours

Which of the following vitamins have antioxidant activity?

E

Which of the following practices may reduce your risk of cancer?

Eating fruits and vegetables

Which of the following conditions is a major cause of pregnancy-related deaths in the United States?

Eclampsia

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin B-12?

Eggs

_____ is a direct (intentional) food additive.

FD&C Red No. 40

Alex is concerned about the safety of the bottled water he prefers to drink. Which of the following agencies should he contact to learn more about the safety of his bottled water?

FDA

What is the RDA for protein of a healthy adult woman who weighs 62 kg?

For the 62 kg calculated, multiply 62 times 0.8, which equals 54.4 g. Thus a sedentary 150-lb. person needs about 49.6 g of protein per day.

Which of the following foods is the least expensive per ounce?

Frozen sliced peaches at $2.69 per 18-ounce bag

Which of the following diets does not provide enough high-quality proteins to support a child's growth?

Fruitarian

Which of the following foods generally provides the least amount of protein per serving?

Fruits

Which of the following statements is false?

Generally, young women have more body water than young men.

Which of the following foods is a rich source of vitamin C?

Green Pepper

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin K?

Green leafy vegetables

Which of the following foods is not a good source of vitamin E?

Ground beef

Which of the following factors is associated with increased risk of obesity during childhood?

Having a family history of obesity

Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water-soluble vitamins?

In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.

Which of the following statements is false?

In the United States, milk is usually fortified with iodine.

Carbohydrate loading _______.

Involves manipulating dietary patterns and physical activities prior to an endurance event.

A 25-year-old woman is producing breast milk. She is in which life stage?

Lactation

Bernice is a vegan. Which of the following foods does she eat to supply her diet with protein?

Legumes

_______ is a hormone that reduces hunger and inhibits fat storage in the body.

Leptin

How can you tell if a food has been irradiated to preserve it?

Look for the Radura symbol on the package

____ infection is the most common food-borne illness in the United States.

Norovirus

___________ is necessary for the "let-down" reflex to occur.

Oxytocin

Which of the following hormones acts to increase calcium absorption and decrease urinary calcium excretion?

Parathyroid hormone

______ is the commercial heating process that destroys harmful bacteria in milk and fruit juices.

Pasteurization

_______ are disease-causing microbes.

Pathogens

Which of the following statements is false?

Patients with pernicious anemia are treated with high doses of folic acid.

Which of the following foods is the richest source of bioavailable calcium per one cup serving?

Plain yogurt

Which of the following nutrients helps the body maintain normal fluid balance?

Potassium

Which of the following statements is false?

Proteins are part of triglycerides.

Which of the following foods is a source of high-quality protein that a vegan would eat?

Quinoa

Which of the following foods is likely to be a source of Salmonella?

Raw chicken

Which of the following foods is most likely to support the growth of pathogens?

Raw ground meat

Mariyah loves leafy green salads, so which of the following items should she add to the salads to increase their calcium content?

Raw, shredded bok choy

Which of the following foods is a poor source of essential amino acids?

Red cabbage

You would like to make chicken soup for a friend who has celiac disease. To make the soup according to the recipe, you need to cook chicken, celery, onions, barley, salt, pepper, bay leaf, and carrots in a large amount of water. Based on this information, how can you make the soup safe for your friend to eat?

Replace the barley with rice

Which of the following statements is true?

Safety standards for bottled water are similar to those for tap water.

Which of the following menu items does not contain complementary protein?

Salad made with apples, pears, and grapes

Which of the following food preservation processes effectively destroys microbes?

Sterilization

During digestion, which of the following substances denatures the proteins in food?

Stomach acid

While at a garage sale, Jenna purchased a set of used plastic baby bottles. She noticed the symbol "7" in a triangle on the bottom of the bottles. What would you tell her concerning the use of these bottles to feed her baby?

These bottles should not be used because they probably contain bisphenol A.

_______ raises a person's metabolic rate.

Thyroid hormone

Which of the following foods is high carbohydrate and low fat?

Toast spread with strawberry jam

Which of the following substances is an enzyme that participates in the digestion of proteins?

Trypsin

Which of the following foods is naturally a good source of high-quality protein?

Tuna fish

_______ relies on the principle that lean tissue is denser than water.

Underwater weighing

Which of the following foods has the lowest percentage of water?

Vegetable oil

_______ fat deposits are in the omentum, which is under the abdominal muscles.

Visceral

Which of the following vitamins does not play a direct role in energy metabolism?

Vitamin B-12

Dorothy is a 65-year-old woman with pernicious anemia. What treatment would her doctor recommend?

Vitamin B-12 injections

Which of the following vitamins is often lacking in the diets of older adults?

Vitamin E

Which of the following practices can help reduce the growth of food-borne pathogens?

Washing hands before preparing food Keeping cold foods cold and hot foods hot Cooking foods to proper internal temperatures

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin C?

White potato

Which of the following foods is not a good source of thiamin?

Whole milk

Which of the following nutrients is a trace mineral?

Zinc

Food-borne illnesses are usually characterized by _______.

abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting

During the first trimester, a pregnant woman's daily energy requirement is _______ her daily energy needs before she became pregnant.

about the same as

Humans need vitamin B-6 for _________.

amino acid metabolism

Carmen is an active child who is allergic to peanuts. While attending a classroom party, Carmen accidentally was exposed to trail mix that contained peanuts, and she rapidly developed _____ as a result.

anaphylactic shock

An _____ is a substance that protects vulnerable molecules from free radicals.

antioxidant

Pathogens ________.

are disease causing agents

Vitamins _______.

are organic molecules

People with celiac disease should _______.

avoid foods that contain gluten

When you travel to countries outside the United States, you can reduce your risk of "travelers' diarrhea" by _______.

avoiding water that has not been bottled and sealed

Body mass index (BMI) is _______.

based on a relationship between weight and risk of chronic disease

Sources of heme iron include _______.

beef

While Aaron was at a party, he drank too much alcohol. The following morning, he had a headache and his mouth felt very dry. Based on this information, Aaron was ________.

being affected by the dehydration that resulted from drinking alcohol

Deep yellow, dark green and orange fruits and vegetables are rich sources of ________.

beta-carotene

Home-canned low-acid foods, such as beans and corn, may be contaminated with Clostridium botulinum, a bacterium that produces a dangerous toxin. To destroy the toxin, the food should be ________.

boiled for 10 minutes before tasting or eating

In the United States, most ________.

boys begin puberty when they are between 10 to 12 years of age

During glycolysis, the body _______.

breaks down one glucose molecule to form two pyruvate molecules

Kari is considering whether she should exclusively breastfeed or formula-feed her new baby. To encourage Kari to breastfeed, you provide some factual information by telling her that ________.

breastfeeding can help her lose the body fat she gained during pregnancy

Basal metabolism includes energy needs for _______.

breathing and circulating blood

Geoff wants to lower his risk of cancer. According to scientific studies, consuming ____ may decrease his risk of this chronic disease.

broccoli

Most infants are physically ready to start eating solid foods when they ________.

can sit up with some back support

During the first few days after giving birth, the new mother's breasts produce ________.

colostrum

Irradiation of food is _______.

considered to be a safe process by the FDA

A person suffering from celiac disease must avoid ________.

consuming foods that contain gluten

Dehydration can cause ________.

death

Consuming too much protein or excess amino acids can contribute to ________.

dehydration

Excessive vitamin D intakes can result in _________.

deposition of calcium in soft tissues

The classic signs and symptoms of pellagra include _________.

dermatitis

Members of the National Weight Control Registry tend to _______.

eat meals regularly, including breakfast

Amy is studying quietly. Under these conditions, her muscles are using primarily _______ for energy.

fat

An amino acid does not contain a(an) ________.

fatty acid

The embryo/fetus develops most of its organs during the _______.

first trimester

Aflatoxins are _______.

harmful compounds produced by certain molds

Mario is a 7-year-old boy whose BMI-for-age is in the 75th percentile. According to this information, Mario's weight is ________.

healthy for his age

Human cells release most of the energy stored in carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids as _______.

heat

The process of pasteurization involves the use of ________.

heat to kill pathogens

During her first pregnancy, Britt was unable to stop smoking. Based on this information, her baby has a ________.

high risk of becoming an obese child

Pregnant women who develop gestational diabetes are more likely to give birth to ______ infants than pregnant women who do not have this condition.

high-birth-weight

Which of the following statements about human milk is false?

human milk is a rich source of vitamin D

Consuming a high-sodium diet can increase the risk of ________.

hypertension

Preeclampsia is a form of _______ that can develop during pregnancy.

hypertension

Extracellular water ________.

includes plasma and tissue fluid

Vitamin K can be produced by _______.

intestinal bacteria

If the extracellular fluid has an excess of sodium ions, _______.

intracellular fluid moves to the outside of cells

Aerobic activities _______.

involve sustained, rhythmic contractions of certain large skeletal muscles

In the United States, table salt is often fortified with _______.

iodine

In the United States, _____ deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency.

iron

Worldwide, the most common nutrient deficiency disorder is _______ deficiency.

iron

Breastfed infants are _______ than babies who are fed infant formula.

less likely to have ear infections

Human milk is naturally a rich source of ________.

lipids

According to "wear and tear" theories of aging,

longevity results when the body continues to repair the damage that occurs from a lifetime of exposures and experiences.

Iodine is necessary for ________.

maintaining normal thyroid function

Megadoses of vitamins _______.

may be toxic

Routine vitamin C supplementation _________.

may reduce the duration of cold symptoms by a day or so

A child with protein-energy malnutrition has a high risk of dying from ________.

measles

The typical American eats more protein from _____ than he or she did in the early 1900s.

meat

Major food sources of vitamin B-12 include _______.

meat and milk products

During a natural disaster, it is safe to drink the water from ________.

melted ice cubes that are in the freezer

Megadoses of ____ may be used to reduce elevated LDL cholesterol levels.

niacin

An early symptom of vitamin A deficiency is ________.

night blindness

High intakes of vitamin A during pregnancy can cause birth defects. This is an example of ________.

nutrigenomics

Jameela is an Iranian woman living in poverty. She is not seen in public places without being covered almost completely in heavy veils. Her usual diet is comprised of legumes, small amounts of yogurt, whole-grain breads and rice, fruits, and a few vegetables. Based on this information, Jameela is most at risk of _________.

osteomalacia

To obtain energy under aerobic conditions, cells need _______.

oxygen_______ is an immediate and direct source of energy for cells.

Harold grows apple trees on his small farm. He practices organic farming methods, so he does not use pesticides. This fall, he would like to make minimally-processed organic apple juice that does not contain preservatives. He wants to sell the beverage at the local farmer's market. Based on this information, Harold should _____ before bottling the juice to make it safe for consumers.

pasteurize the juice

Which of the following foods is not a source of complete protein?

peanut butter

Diets that lack niacin can lead to _______.

pellagra

Vitamin D helps the body absorb ________.

phosphorus and calcium

The _____ is the organ of pregnancy that transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to the embryo/fetus.

placenta

In general, fresh fruits and vegetables are good sources of ________.

potassium

A scientist isolates a water-soluble compound from spider venom. The substance has nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in its chemical structure. Based on this information, the compound is probably a ________.

protein

A protein _______.

provides the same amount of energy per gram as a carbohydrate

Which of the following physical states is characterized by positive nitrogen balance?

puberty

Children who lack vitamin D can develop _______.

rickets

Issac is an 8-year-old child who has African ancestry. He lives in Chicago and does not spend much time outdoors. He does not like to consume dairy foods because he has lactose intolerance. His diet consists primarily of enriched white bread, peanut butter, chicken, pork, apples, bananas, and green vegetables. Based on this information, Issac has a high risk of _________.

rickets

Reduced _____ is a normal physiological change associated with aging.

saliva production

The primary source of sodium in the typical American's diet is _______.

salt

Blake is a college student whose diet consists primarily of refined white bread, chicken, meat, cheese, yogurt, and milk. Furthermore, he doesn't take dietary supplements. Based on this information, Blake has a high risk of developing _________.

scurvy

Caregivers should not feed _____ to infants.

semisolid food in a baby bottle

In the human body, water is involved in ________.

transporting substances

Calcitonin ________.

signals osteoblasts to remove excess calcium from blood

Pickled foods, canned soups, soy sauce, and deli (luncheon) meats contain high amounts of ________.

sodium

The vitamin content of a vegetable can be affected by _______.

soil composition the vegetable's maturity when harvested sunlight exposure

In the United States, the practice of fortifying _____ with iodide has reduced the risk of goiter.

table salt

Negative energy balance occurs when _______.

the body needs more calories than the diet supplies

Miranda is physically fit. She has _______

the strength, endurance, and flexibility to meet the demands of daily living

During pregnancy, edema can be a sign of a serious health problem if ________.

the swelling is accompanied by severe hypertension and protein in the urine

Enriched grain products have specific amounts of _______ added during processing.

thiamin

The RDA for iron is 8 mg and 18 mg, for young men and women, respectively. Based on this information, iron is a ____ mineral.

trace

A _______ physical activity generally requires a high degree of exertion.

vigorous

A farmer in Iowa wants to control crop pests by using integrated pest management techniques. Based on this information, the farmer will use ________.

viruses that attack a variety of weeds

During pregnancy, excess _______ intake is known to be teratogenic.

vitamin A

People who are unable to absorb fat are likely to develop a _______ deficiency.

vitamin A

Jared is a vegan (total vegetarian). He can increase his intestinal tract's ability to absorb iron in his diet by combining iron-rich plant foods with sources of ________.

vitamin C

The typical vegetarian diet supplies high amounts of ________.

vitamin C

In the United States, newborns receive an injection of _____ to prevent _____.

vitamin K; bleeding

A sign of marasmus is _______.

wasting

Yesterday, Jenny ran in a marathon race. While she ran, she drank several large cups of water at water stations along the race course. Near the end of the race, she experienced difficulty making it to the finish line. She was confused, and she complained of feeling sleepy and having nausea. Based on this information, Jenny was probably suffering from ________.

water intoxication

Infants _____ have a high risk of obesity.

whose mothers are obese

Julio wants to cook chicken and bake a pie made with eggs and milk for his roommates. Julio and his dinner guests are likely to experience food-borne illness if he ________.

wipes the knife used to cut up the raw chicken on a hand towel before using the knife to cut up the salad vegetables

A young man in a rural Iranian village eats very little meat and dairy products, but his diet contains a lot of unleavened whole-grain flat bread. He is very short for his age; his sexual organs are not fully developed; his intelligence is lower than normal; and he suffers from iron deficiency anemia. Based on this information, the man probably has ____ deficiency.

zinc