Nutrition Introduction
Carbohydrates are equivalent to :
4 kcal/gram
Proteins are equivalent to:
4 kcal/gram
Lipids are equivalent to:
9 kcal/gram
What are adequate intakes?
AI - recommended average daily nutrient intake level basd on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people
Define the current energy recommendations of all the macronutrients:
Carb 45-65% Fat: 20-35% Protien: 10-35%
What are the 3 major macronutriens?
Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids
List the nutrients that yield energy and how much energy they yield per gram:
Carbs, Proteins, Fats. 4, 4, 9 kcal/g respectively
What is a dietary reference intake?
DRIs are the current standard for measuring nutritional adequacy and is composed of four reference values
What is the estimated average requirement?
EAR Average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage or gender group
Why is alcohol not considered a nutrient?
Empty kcalorie food, provides energy but no beneficial nutrients
What is the difference between energy density and nutrient density?
Energy density = energy per amount consumed Nutrient density = Amount of nutrient per calories provided
What are empty kcalorie foods?
Foods that only provide energy without providing any beneficial nutrients. (i.e. soda)
Omega 3 Fatty Acids effects
Increase HDL Lower blood pressure Help weight loss, diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, etc..
Effects of Fiber on metabolism:
Increases satiety Delays glucose absorption Lowers cholestorol Fermentation inhibits HMG CoA reductase (via short chain FA production)
How does alcohol resemble nutrients?
It does yield energy 7kcal/gram
How much fat should be saturated fat?
Less than 10%
Define energy density
Measure of the energy (kcal) a type of food provides compared to the amount of food consumed (grams)
What are micronutrients?
Nutrients that are consumed in minute quantities. (i.e. vitamins and minerals)
How has portion change affected the status quo of obesity in the US?
Portion sizes have drastically increased over time
Define nutrient density
The amount of a nutrient compared to the amount of energy obtained from that nutrient. (e.g. one serving of fat free milk is 85 calories and it delivers 300mg of calcium, therefore the nutrient density is 300/85 or 3.5mg of calcium/kcal
Define recommended dietary allowance:
The average daily dietary nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (98%) of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group
What are tolerable upper intake levels?
The highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals int he general population
How can dietary reference intakes be used to access patients health?
They can be used to gauge avg requirement with recommended allowance, adequate intake and tolerable upper level. They can also be used to establish nutrient standards (i.e. school lunches) and FDA requirements
