Nutrition Test 2
Outline trigyceride digestion and absorption
-Pancreatic lipase enters the cell and the -triglyceride is broken down into a monoglyceride with 2 fatty acids -Packaged as part of lipprotein - chylomicron -Reformed & Sent out through the lymphatic system
How long does it take to metabolize a standard serving of alcohol?
1.5-2 hours
dietary recommendations for total fat
20-35%
how many kilocalories per gram does alcohol have?
7 kcal/g
dietary recommendations for total saturated fat
<10%
What does it mean for a protein to be denatured?
A protein's shape has been altered (unfolded) and it changes the shape and the functions
Know why high protein diets are not recommended
Dangerous with anyone with kidney problems
What happens to excess protein?
May increase risk of heart disease, kidney stones, calcium loss from bones and can displace other nutrients and fiber rich foods
How is alcohol absorbed? What factors affect alcohol absorption?
You absorb alcohol in you stomach and small intestine Some alcohol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme in the stomach before it's absorbed, this can be affected by gender- women have less dehydrogenase than men so they absorb more alcohol Food is a factor too, food in the stomach can slow down alcohol absorption
What is a micelle?
a small carrier used for absorption that is created by lecithin in bile being packaged with monoglycerides and fatty acids
By what system do amino acids leave the intestinal cell?
absorption
List risk factors for heart disease
age gender family history type 1 diabetes
saturated fat
all carbons are bonded to hydrogen. Cheese, beef, milk
define complete proteins
also called high-quality protein, proteins that contain ample amounts of all 9 essential amino acids, ex- animal sources and soy
define incomplete proteins
also called lower- quality proteins, low in or lack one or more essential amino acids, ex- plant sources and jello
What is the building block of protein
amino acids
List recommendations to lower this blood lipid
avoid overeating small frequent meals limit alcohol limit simple sugars include cold water fish in diet 2x per week
Why is bile important in lipid digestion?
because it contains bile acids that emulsify fat and breaks down globules into smaller pieces
list and describe the four lipid proteins
chylomicrons- comes from intestinal cells, carries digested fat through lymph into blood stream, triglyceride rich VLDL- comes from the liver, delivers fat made in liver cells, triglyceride rich LDL- comes from left over VLDL, deposit cholesterol on walls of arteries, richer in cholesterol HDL- comes from the liver and small intestine, removes cholesterol from body and takes it to the liver for excretion, rich in protein and low in fat
what are dietary concerns and what are not?
concerns- vitamin b12, iron, zinc, calcium, omega 3 fatty acids, not concerned with protein
What is the primary source of trans fat in the current US diet?
deep fried foods
What are two sources of amino acids in the body?
diet breakdown of proteins in the body
What is the definition of binge drinking?
drinking 5 or more drinks for men, 4 for women, in ~2 hours
what does an essential fatty acid deficiency look like?
dry skin, peeling
define vegan
eats only plant foods
What are the functions of fat in the body?
energy storage, insulation, transport of proteins in blood, cell membrane structure
After absorption by the intestinal cell, what happens to long chain fatty acids?
enter lymph and need transport carriers
List recommendations to lower risk for heart disease
excercise frequently to lower ldl and higher hdl lose excess weight quit smoking
Fatty Acids
found in triglycerides and phospholipids, chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with acid group, can vary by: length of chain, whether carbons have double or single bonds between them, total number of double bonds
what are 3 ways to denature proteins
heat acid or base agitation
What is cholecystokinin (CCK)?
hormone that stimulates the release of pancreatic lipase
define trans
hydrogens are on the opposite side of the double bonds
define cis
hydrogens are on the same side of the double bonds
What do all foods containing cholesterol have in common?
if a food has a mother, it has cholesterol
Protein calorie malnutrition
inadequate calories and/or proteins
What is the recommendations concerning cold water fatty fish and why?
include cold water fish 2x per week in diet high in omega threes salmon, tilapia
define lacto-ovo-vegetarian
includes dairy and eggs
define lactovegetarian
includes dairy products
What problems are associated with alcohol abuse?
inflammation of the esophagus cancers of the esophagus, mouth and throat gastris and stomach ulcers hypertension and damage to heart tissue alcoholic liver disease
Cholesterol
is a sterol, important role in cell membrane structure, Precursor for vitamin D, bile acids, sex hormones not required in our diet because it's so important that our body will make it all
define negative protein balance
more protein is excreted than retained
Define positive protein balance
more protein is retained that is excreted
define essential amino acids
needed in diet because body cant produce- 9
define non-essential amino acids
not needed in diet because body can produce- 11
monounsaturated fat
one double bond healthiest PRO+avocados & nuts
Of the categories of lipids, which type is an emulsifier?
phospholipids
what catagory of lipids can act as an emulsifier?
phospholipids
According to the FDA which fatty fish are high in mercury and should be avoided by pregnant women and children?
swordfish, shark, king mackerel, and tilefish
What is cirrhosis (alcoholic liver disease)?
the last stage of alcoholic liver disease, when permanent damage has been done to the liver and scar tissue has formed
Which organ is primarily responsible for alcohol metabolism?
the liver absorbs ~80% of alcohol
Which blood lipid is most responsive to dietary change?
triglycerides
What is the major form of fat in our body and in food? What are the components of its structure?
triglycerids three fatty acids connected to a glycerol backbone
What is absorbed from protein digestion?
tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids
define complementary proteins
two food proteins sources that make up for each other's inadequate supply of specific essesential amino acids, ex- rice & beans, pasta and tomatos, green beans and almonds
What is the Dietary Guideline recommendation for moderate alcohol intake? For women, pregnant women, men?
women- 1 standard drink a day men- 2 standard drinks a day pregnant women- none
health benefits from alcohol are only seen after what age?
women- 55 men- 45
List functions of protein in the body.
Structural support Mechanical support Compose enzymes Compose hormones Fluid balance Acid base balance Transport substances Contribute to a healthy immune system Energy Improves satiety and appetite control
What is alcohol use disorder?
The continuation of alcohol consumption even though this behavior has created social, psychological and/or physical health problems
Outline the digestion and absorption of protein
-The stomach is the center stage for protein digestions -Stomach acids denature protein and activate PEPSIN to breakdown protein into shorter polypeptides -In the small intestine, polypeptide are broken down into tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids -Amino acids enter blood and travel to liver -Theyre all absorbed into the intestinal cells and form free amino acids
What is the waste product formed from protein breakdown? Where is it formed? How is it excreted? Why would this be an important consideration for someone with kidney disease?
-Urea -Made in liver, transported by blood to kidneys, excreated in urine -If you have a kidney disease you can't have a high protein diet because you wont be able to excrete urea properly
What is the RDA for protein?
0.8 g protein/kg body weight
Define emulsifier. How do emulsifiers work? Give an example.
Aids in breakdowns of fats Lecithin used as emulsifier in foods such as salad dressings to keep oils and water mixed together
How do emulsifiers work? Give an example.
Aids in breakdowns of fats Lecithin used as emulsifier in foods such as salad dressings to keep oils and water mixed together
What is the possible effect of consuming alcohol during pregnancy?
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) fetal alcohol syndrome is the most severe form and it causes physical, mental and behavioral abnormalities
Give the name of the lipoprotein that is considered "good cholesterol"; "bad cholesterol". Why are they considered "good" and "bad"?
GOOD- HDL - delivers cholesterol to the liver for excretion BAD- LDL- deposits cholesterol ton the walls of the arteries
Why is trans fat intake an important consideration?
Trans fats are bad for your heart health, associated with heart disease, they increase LDL and decrease HDL
Phospholipids
Two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol. With the phosphate group attached, phospholipids are soluble in water, and the fatty acids are soluble in fat. This helps keep fat dispersed in water. Serves as an emulsifier. They also bind together to form cell membranes. Have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic (polar and non-polar) characteristics that help transport fats across these membranes. Generate signals inside cells in response to hormones (i.e. insulin) to help regulate body functions
what is a standard serving size for beer, wine and liquor?
beer- 12 oz wine- 5 oz liquor 1.5 oz
What are five ways that the body uses amino acids?
body proteins non-protein substances burned for energy stored as fat made into glucose
dietary recommendations for trans fat
limit trans fat at all cost
What are the two essential fatty acids?
linoleic (omega 6) and lenolenic (omega 3) acid
what is hydrogenation
process food manufactures use to create trans fats, makes double bonds go away and hydrogen come
define protein equilibrium
protein consumed=protein excreted
What are the functions of fat in foods?
satiety, flavor, and texture
marasmus
severe lack of calories in diet
kwashiorkor
severe lack of protein in diet
What is the site of the final protein digestion?
small intestine
How does protein status relate to edema?
someone with no protein in their diet can develop edema
What is the one plant source of protein considered to be a complete protein?
soy
How does protein differ from carbohydrate and lipid?
they have nitrogen
Triglycerids
three fatty acids connected to glycerol "backbone", Most common lipid found in foods and body, Referred to as fats, Saturated fats have mostly saturated fatty acids , Unsaturated fats have Mostly unsaturated fatty acids, Oils are fats that are liquid at room temperature
