OB Exam 2

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for own sake

Extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

How are teams and groups different?

a group can become a team when: leadership becomes a shared activity. Accountability shifts. group purpose is established.

groupthink

a mode of thinking that people engage in when they're deeply involved in a cohesive group

expectancy of zero means?

a person does not feel confident in their ability to do the job.

classical conditioning

a type of learning that happens unconsciously.

What are the Process Theories?

Equity and Justice Theory, Expectancy Theory, and Goal-Setting Theory

communication differences between men and women

Females: -focus on rapport and relationships -seek and give confirmation and support Male: -expected to communicate more aggressively -hide emotions

Stages of Group Development

Forming- ice breaker stage Storming- testing potential/subgroups take place Norming- questions about authority are solved/group becomes cohesive Performing- activities get done Adjourning- work is done

Common Perceptual Errors

halo effect- form an overall impression about a person/object leniency- to consistently evaluate other people/objects central tendency- to avoid extreme judgements recency effect- to over rely on the most recent info contrast effect- comparing people/objects observed by others

social loafing

low quality of work. others being forced to work harder. disruption of the team.

Two basic types of goals

performance learning

McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory

we learn needs as we live our lives. states that there are three needs that drive employee behavior which are; achievement, affiliation, and power.

importance of diversity

workforce in more likely to understand customer's needs, increase employee morale, and installs a desire to be more effective and work more efficiently

informal groups

exists when members overriding purpose in getting together is friendship or common interest

What are the Content Theories of Motivation?

McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y, Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory, Acquired Needs Theory, Self-Determination Theory, and Herzberg's Motivator-Hygiene Theory

Content Theories of Motivation

based on the idea that an employee's needs influence their motivation

operant behavior

behaviors that are learned and occur when someone operates in the environment to produce desired consequences

Hygiene Factors

company policies, supervision, salary, relationship with supervisors, and working conditions

The Law of Effect

"behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated"

communication differences between generations

-different generations favor different media -different generations hold different norms/expectations for communication

Factors that affect media richness

-speed of feedback -channel -type -language source

How to increase goal commitment

-write down your goals -identify obstacles and sources for support -ask what's in it for you -break it down -visualize -organize -reward yourself

Types of performance goals

Behavioral Objective Task/Project

components of hope

H ope- persevering towards goals E fficacy- having the confidence to take on challenging tasks R esilience- bouncing back from adversity O ptimism- making positive attributions about succeeding now and in the future

SMART goals

Specific Measurable Attainable Realistic Timely

positive reinforcement

Strengthening a behavior by presenting something appealing

McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

Theory X - the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, avoid responsibility, and must be monitored. Theory Y - the assumption that employees are creative, committed, responsible, and self-engaged.

Barbara Frederickson's Theory

consistent choices that induce positive emotions tend to build up intellectual, social, and psychological resources

Process Theories of Motivation

describe how various person factors and situation factors affect motivation

Valence

describes the positive or negative value people place on outcomes.

group roles

expected behaviors for group members

Equality/Justice Theory

explains how people strives for fairness and justice in social exchanges

Positivity

focuses on positive human characteristics that can be measured, developed, and effectively managed for performance improvement

self-determination theory

focuses on the needs that drive intrinsic motivation. assumes that three innate needs influence our behavior; competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

3 important roles in groups

initiator, orienter, and energizer

formal groups

is assigned by an organization to accomplish specific goals

Herzberg's Motivator-Hygiene Theory

job satisfaction/dissatisfaction arise from motivating factors and hygiene factors

Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory

states that motivation is a function of five basic needs; physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.

negative reinforcement

strengthens a desired behavior by withdrawing something displeasing

Expectancy Theory

the idea that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes