OB Test #2
Ending the workday shortly after lunch on Friday because an individual reported to work early is most likely an example of
flextime.
Which of the "Big Five" personality dimensions is associated with being anxious, depressed, angry, and insecure?
neuroticism
People who are impatient, competitive, ambitious, and uptight are said to have what personality type?
Type A
What can supervisors do to avoid measurement problems when they have only limited knowledge of the employee's performance?
Use a multiple-rater system
The degree to which the job allows an individual substantial freedom and independence is called
autonomy.
Which term refers to the capacity to rapidly and fluidly acquire, process, and apply information?
general mental ability
Flextime is a work schedule arrangement that
gives employees more personal control over the hours they work each day.
Participation occurs when employees
have a voice in decisions about their own work.
The problems with telecommuting include all of the following EXCEPT
have to be at work during core time
Plans in which employees can earn additional compensation in return for certain types of performance are called
incentive systems.
Sara tries to always be on time for work because she once saw her boss give someone an award for good attendance. Sara is exhibiting learning through
positive reinforcement.
According to David McClelland, the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for others is called a need for
power.
Cutting the work hours of low performing employees is an example of
punishment.
The critical psychological states of the job characteristics theory include all of the following EXCEPT
recognition for work outcomes.
Who developed the Existence-Relatedness-Growth (ERG) Theory?
Clay Alderfer
Which type of reinforcement schedule is effective at motivating desirable behaviors, especially in the early stages of learning?
Continuous
_________ are superior in technical tasks and problems and inferior in interpersonal learning settings.
Convergers
_________ depend on abstract conceptualization and active experimentation in order to learn.
Convergers
Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about the degree to which similar tasks can be accomplished?
Generality
Which of the following is NOT one of the suggested steps for time management?
Impression management
Which of the following is an example of distress?
Excessive pressure to perform
In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome do people give up because they can no longer cope with the stressor?
Exhaustion
__________ theory assumes that people are motivated to work toward a goal if they want that goal and think they can achieve it
Expectancy
Which of the following is most appropriate when a manager realizes he or she has been rewarding the wrong thing and wants to stop the behavior?
Extinction
Who developed the Two-Factor Theory?
Frederick Herzberg
Who developed scientific management?
Frederick Taylor
Which of the following statements regarding assessing employees' "Big Five" personality traits is true?
The "Big Five" personality traits are based primarily on research conducted in the United States.
Which of the following is NOT a way to restore feelings of equity?
Try to convince the comparison-other to reduce her inputs
Which of the "Big Five" personality dimensions is associated with being careful, thorough, responsible, organized, hardworking, achievement-oriented, and persistent?
conscientiousness
In its simplest form, reinforcement theory suggests that behavior is a function of
consequences.
People with a high need for power can be successful managers if they
curb their desires when they might interfere with organizational relationships.
Logical-mathematical intelligence is most important for whom?
statisticians
Our job satisfaction tends to ___________ over time, ______ when we change jobs or employers
stay constant, even
A __________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of instances.
variable-ratio
____ is the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs.
Selective perception
Which of the following is NOT an example of a collateral program?
Shift work
All of the following statements about the key outcomes expected to result from the psychological states detailed in the job characteristics theory are true EXCEPT
high profits for stockholders.
Intrapersonal value conflict occurs when ________________.
highly ranked instrumental and terminal values contradic
According to Herzberg, __________ happiness includes things such as pay, status, and working conditions that produce an acceptable work environment and whose absence leads to dissatisfaction.
hygiene
Common dimensions of a person's life that are not tied specifically to work include all of the following EXCEPT
working hours
What term refers to a repeated mistreatment of another employee through verbal abuse, conduct that is threatening, humiliating, or intimidating, or sabotage that interferes with the other person's work?
workplace bullying
Personality affects which of the following?
choice of career
Which of the following is NOT a type of value?
primary
What term refers to the fit between an individual and her coworkers and supervisor?
person-group fit
The extent to which the contributions made by an individual match the inducements offered by the organization is referred to as
person-job fit
What term refers to the fit between an individual's values, beliefs, attitudes, and personality and the values, norms, and culture of the organization?
person-organization fit
A poorly designed office that doesn't allow a worker adequate privacy is an example of a(n) ____ organizational stressor.
physical demand
Based on Maslow's hierarchy, __________ needs are the most basic requirements that people possess.
physiological
According to goal-setting theory, actual performance is determined by the interaction of
organizational support, goal-directed effort, and individual abilities.
The most significant shortcoming of the scientific management approach was that it
overstated the importance of money.
When a few employees are given a small reward to show that they are appreciated, the reward carries ____ value.
symbolic
Interpersonal intelligence is most important for whom?
teachers
Which type of value reflects what we want to accomplish?
terminal
Goal specificity is defined as
the clarity and precision of a goal.
Organizations typically conduct performance appraisals
once a year.
Instrumentality refers to a person's perception of the probability that
performance will lead to certain outcomes.
Linguistic intelligence is most important for whom?
translators
Interpersonal value conflict occurs when ________________.
two different people hold contradictory values
Extrinsic work values are defined as _____________.
values related to the outcomes of the work
Intrinsic work values are defined as _____________.
values related to the work itself
__________ is the set of forces that causes people to engage in one behavior rather than some alternative behavior.
Motivation
Which theory serves as the basis for job enrichment?
None of these
Emotional intelligence includes all of the following EXCEPT
locus of control
The human resource approach to motivation assumes that
meaningful employee contributions are valuable to both the individuals and the organization.
People with an internal locus of control, as compared to those with an external locus of control, tend to be ______ socially integrated at work and report ______ favorable relationships with their supervisors.
more, more
A shortage of __________ factors will lower satisfaction and cause employees to focus on __________ factors, which will produce feelings of dissatisfaction if they are missing.
motivation, hygiene
The most difficult performance factor to manage is often
motivation.
A performance bonus is an example of
positive reinforcement.
How many personality types are there according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
16
What percent of the U.S. workforce reports either being bullied at work or witnessing bullying?
50
_________ tend to deal with people easily and specialize in action-oriented jobs, such as marketing and sales.
Accommodators
What is the likely impact of perquisites on the employees who receive them?
An elevated sense of status in the organization
_________ are superior in generating alternative hypotheses and ideas, and tend to be imaginative and people- or feeling-oriented.
Divergers
_________ depend on concrete experience and reflective observation in order to learn.
Divergers
Which of the following is NOT a relaxation technique for coping with work stress?
Making a "to do" list
Which of the following best describes the role of circumstances in assessing individual differences?
Whether specific differences that characterize a person are good or bad depends on circumstances.
The ____ component of an attitude is derived from feelings that an individual has about another person or situation.
affect
Smoking and alcohol abuse are ____ consequences of too much stress at work.
behavioral
Self-efficacy, as it relates to goals, is the extent to which an individual
believes he or she can accomplish goals even if he or she failed to do so in the past.
What is personality a product of?
both heredity and the environment
Individuals who score high in ____ tend to take their jobs seriously and act responsibly at work.
conscientiousness
Usually, high work stress results in ____________ job performance.
decreased
Managers with a low tolerance for ambiguity tend to be more ________ with their staff and don't empower them to make their own decisions at work.
directive
Which of the following statements about variable work schedules is true?
employees grow resentful and powerless
The scientific management view of motivation includes all of the following EXCEPT
employees want to feel useful and important
Quality circles are an example of organizational attempts at
empowerment.
The organization's compensation structure should be which of the following?
equitable.
Which of the "Big Five" personality dimensions refers to being sociable, assertive, talkative, and energetic?
extroversion
Medical, psychological, and behavioral responses to stress are primarily
individual consequences
According to equity theory, which of the following ratios do people consider when deciding whether they are being treated equitably?
inputs : outcomes
Which type of value reflects how we want to accomplish what we want to accomplish?
instrumental
Which of Gardner's multiple intelligences refers to self-awareness
intrapersonal
According to the equity theory, inputs include all of the following EXCEPT
All of these are inputs.
All of the following are signs of burnout except
Strenuous exercise
Being tolerant of ambiguity is related to which of the following?
all of these
Which of the following is a way to resolve cognitive dissonance?
all of these
What term refers to an interpersonal capability that includes the ability to perceive and express emotions, to understand and use them, and to manage emotions in oneself and other people?
emotional intelligence
A __________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after a specified number of instances.
fixed-ratio
Employees who find intrinsic value in their work are doing what is ____________.
important to them
A supervisor who experiments with new ideas, takes a chance with new products, and leads his or her department in new directions has high
risk propensity.
A(n) ____ is a set of expected behaviors associated with a particular position in a group or organization.
role
According to Herzberg's dual-structure theory, motivation factors were often cited as the primary causes of
satisfaction and motivation.
In order for social learning to take place,
the employee must possess the physical attributes needed to perform the job.
The basic expectancy framework suggests that for motivated behavior to occur,
the positive valences should outweigh the negative valences of potential outcomes.
An example of an intrinsic work value is _______________.
challenging work
Goal-setting theory has been tested in a variety of settings. Which of the following statements is not true regarding the findings of these studies?
Goals set for organizations as a whole are typically more effective than goals set for individual employees.
Which of the following best describes the current view of job enrichment?
Job enrichment has recently fallen into disfavor among managers.
All of the following are examples of an interpersonal demand stressor EXCEPT
Job security
Two people are needed to fill a position for a company that remains open for business from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., five days a week. Which of the following alternative work arrangements might best suit this position?
Job sharing
___________ people are decisive and like to plan whereas ____________ people are adaptable, spontaneous, and curious.
Judging, perceiving
_______________ reflects a tendency to perceive or interpret information marked by vague, incomplete, fragmented, multiple, inconsistent, or contradictory meanings as actual or potential sources of psychological discomfort or threat.
Low tolerance for ambiguity
Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about how difficult a task can be accomplished?
Magnitude
Which of the following best describes a reward system that involves employees in its design and administration?
Participative pay system
Which of the following statements about performance measurement with a developmental orientation is true?
Performance appraisals with a developmental orientation provide information for future performance improvement.
Which of the following is a basic cause of stress in organizations?
Physical demands
Which of the following distributes a portion of the company's profits to all employees at a predetermined rate?
Profit-sharing program
Which of the following is NOT true about the general adaptation syndrome model?
Prolonged exposure to stress results in a greater tolerance for future stress.
For various reasons, Anne is unable to move ahead into a higher position at work. According to Alderfer's ERG theory, which of the following sets of needs will become more important to Anne?
Relatedness
____ is the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.
Task identity
Which of the following methods can be used to enhance individual performance at work?
all of these
General mental ability involves which of the following?
all of these
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that has the greatest influence on job satisfaction?
alma mater
Individual-organization value conflict occurs when ___________________.
an employee's values conflict with the values of the organization
Stressors are defined as
anything that induce stress.
One of the primary differences between attitudes and personality is that
attitudes are not as stable as personality attributes.
Work-life relationships that are separate from work include all of the following EXCEPT
career goals
After working in a fast-food restaurant for three years to pay for your college tuition, you vowed never to work in a restaurant again. But after graduation the only job offer you receive is a managerial job at a local restaurant. Your acceptance of this job may result in ____ dissonance.
cognitive
When a construction worker decides to work additional hours on a typical workday so that he can have a three-day weekend, he is likely taking advantage of a ____ program.
compressed workweek.
All of the following are steps in an individual's formation of equity perceptions EXCEPT
confronting the comparison other with any inequity.
Burnout
is most frequently found among high achievers.
The problems encountered when implementing job rotation in the workplace include all of the following EXCEPT
it is ineffective for training purposes
Which of the following is an example of a job design technique?
job enlargement
Tammi generally is pessimistic and usually sees things in a negative light. Tammi has a relatively high degree of
negative affectivity.
Behavioral consequences of organizational stress include all of the following EXCEPT
negative changes in attitudes
Allowing an employee to spend part of their time working off-site, usually at home is called ____.
none of these
Empowerment will enhance organizational effectiveness under all the following conditions except
renewed concentration of authority in the hands of top managers.
According to the human resource approach, offering employees __________ is the best way to enhance motivation in the workplace.
self-direction
High-need achievers tend not to make good top managers because
top managers seldom receive immediate feedback.
