OBGYN Registry Review quiz 2

Three-line sign represent what structures? Describe it.

The two outer lines represent the basal layers and the middle lines represent the mucosal layer, with the functional layer between the basal and mucosal layers.

A patent presents with pelvic pain, infertility, and a palpable right adnexal mass. Sonography demonstrated a multicystic complex right adnexal mass within dirty shadowing and bilateral hydrosalpinx. What is most likely the diagnosis?

Tubo-ovarian abcess

What is luteal phase deficiency?

When the endometrium does not develop appropriately in the luteal phase of the endometrial cycle as a result of reduced progesterone production.

Sonographically, the Essure devices appear as

bilateral, echogenic linear structures within proximal isthmic segments of the fallopian tubes (near the cornua of the uterus).

Endometrial polyps can have many different shapes including

broad base, or can be pedunculated, and if large, may prolapse through the cervix.

If fertilization does not occur, sonographically a small echogenic scar is seen on the ovary called

corpus albicans

Assisted reproductive therapy has increased risk for

ectopic pregnancy, heterotopic pregnancy, multiple gestations, and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHS).

Gas formation within the thickened endometrium may be seen and will produce a distinct ring-down artifact in

endometritis

Vaginitis can lead to

excessive vaginal discharge, and in patients with PID, they may present with a purulent, foul-smelling discharge.

Asherman syndrome is the presence of

intrauterine adhesions or synechiae within the uterine cavity.

During the luteal phase, the dominant follicle

temporarily turns into an endocrine gland in the form of the corpus luteum.

Primary amenorrhea is

the failure to experience menarche before the age of 16

The two phases of the ovarian cycle are

the follicular phase and the luteal phase

The endometrium has two basic layers called

the functional layer and the basal layer

Clomid, or clomiphene citrate, is a drug that is used to stimulate

the ovary

Most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is

the presence of fibroid tumors or leiomyomas within or abutting the uterine cavity

The main risk associated with estrogen hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is

the risk of developing endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma.

Progesterone is responsible for maintaining

the thickness of the endometrium in preparation for implantation

The primary role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone is

to aid in the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland.

What is the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea?

Endocrinologic abnormalities or pregnancy.

________causes the endometrium to become thicker in the first phase of the menstrual cycle.

Estrogen stimulation

What causes menses to start?

Fertilization not taking place resulting from a lack of estrogen and progesterone.

Which hormone is responsible for the development of follicles on the ovaries?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Why does menstruation cease at menopause?

Menstruation ceases without estrogen and progesterone, and the uterus and ovaries undergo atrophy

Typical cause of dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is

PCOS

_______is pus formation within the endometrium

Pyometra

______can be depicted by documenting hyperemic flow within or around the tube.

Salpingitis

Why is it important to document the type of hormone replacement a patient is taking prior to completing their sonogram?

Because HRT will influence the sonographic appearance of the endometrium.

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is most likely to result in hypomenorrhea results from

Hypothyroidism/polyp

______create posterior shadowing and have been described as producing an "entrance and exit echo" on a sonogram.

Intrauterine devices