Observation/Assessment Final

Erikson

8 stages of psychosocial development

PL-99-457

IDEA amendment 1986, authorized two new programs, federal preschool program, Head Start, that serves ages 3-5 & Early intervention for ages 0-2yrs.

PL-94-142

IDEA guarantees all children with disabilities right to appropriate education in free public school in least restrictive environment.

anecdotal records

Most factual recording method. A narrative account of an incident anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes in length. (shorter than running records) can be used for anything, good for self-help skills. (+) detailed preserved facts, sense of being there, no special form, separate judgements of inferences from details, useful for all areas of development. (-) time consuming, need to watch just one child at a time to get detailed records, intense writing fast writing (quotes etc).

self-care skills follow ______________?

a natural progression

Standard

a statement that defines a goal or practice written by authorities in the field.

summative assessment

after large chunk of instruction this summarizes what was learned. more formal, usually graded, shows performance level.

examples of narrative observation recording methods

anecdotal records, running records, interview transcript, story telling, description of cognitive task experiments.

ways to talk to children about their art

ask questions, watch corrections, refrain from empty words "I love it" "good job" "nice work", analyze but don't overanalyze.

authentic assessment

assessment that happens in real life scenario

examples of work samples

audio or video recordings, test worksheet, constructions, writings, drawings, art media and photos.

why is it necessary to know and use various methods of observing and recording?

because certain recording methods work best for certain domains of development and learning.

why is it important for all students to be physically active?

because it effects all other domains.

why is it necessary to have a systematic plan for observing & recording?

because you need to know which method of recording observation to use based on what you are observing for at a particular time.

Skinner

behaviorist, positive/negative reinforcement

mediums to express creativity

blocks, clay, music, collage, self portrait, drawing, painting

How can we work with families regarding separation and attachment?

build relationships with family and child, use routines and know family's routines, familiar object(s) or photo(s), sensitive to cultural differences, know of any special needs, provide support for families, don't let parent sneak away.

receptive language

capacity to listen hear and understand. This skill should be greater than expressive language.

expressive language

capacity to speak and convey messages verbal and non verbal.

Piaget

cognition

Running records

detailed account of a child's dayu written as observed including setting, description of actions, interactions & exact quotes. Longer than anecdotal records. (+) written real time, no bias, detailed, can be used for variety of purposes, gives a natural view. (-) subject feels watched and changes their behavior, if the time segment is too short the behavior may not be typical at the time, adult isn't available to do other work during the time, intense and tiring for recorder.

examples of criterion referenced methods of recording observations

developmental checklists, rating scales, class list log, rubrics

validity

does the test measures what it's supposed to measure?

reliability

does the test produce the same results time and time again?

why do we need to observe physical activity?

for curriculum planning, safety, assessment, how children react in different environments

why is play important?

helps in all domains of development, is the child's work, enhances development.

Maslow

hierarchy of needs

What influences attention?

interest, diet, length of attn needed, environment, who/what att is needed to, mood, background, special needs, maturity, friends.

why is it important to teach self-care skills?

it builds confidence, and independence in children which fosters self-esteem.

rating scales

lists specific descriptions of criteria in horizontal line from least to most from early development to later development from simple to complex. Describes criteria over time, visually displays stages of development of a skill and can include notations in between stages. (+) fast, efficient, informative of what should be expected, useful for tracking progress. (-) no raw data, not objective, not useful for spontaneous recording.

norm referenced

measures students performance against everyone elses'.

criterion referenced

measures students' performance against a goal or objective

Class List Log

method to record one or more short pieces of specific information determined in advance. (+) quick/easy, specific, factual, info on every child, can transfer to portfolio, can be compared later. (-) may not be specific enough, subjectivity, must be repeated to be valuable for comparison.

Frequency Counts

method to tally targeted behaviors best for frequently occurring behaviors. (+) quick, exact, objective, quantitative, compare over time. (-) not detailed highly selective, intense/time consuming (need to be free of child interaction responsibilities).

fundamental stage of physical development

more coordination needed more instruction needed. Doing for purpose. writing, pedaling, hopping, leaping, scissors, combing hair, stairs alternating feet.

what are the four different methods of observing and recording?

narratives, criterion referenced, work samples & quantitative

Unoccupied stage/form of play

no engagement, not interested

why must teachers observe each student? (14)

observing is first step in determining action. for safety, physical healthy, assistance, discover their interests, discover learning styles, curriculum planning, extending learning, communicate with child, guidance, measure progress, assessment, evaluation, referral, communicate with family.

formative assessment

ongoing, gives feedback on, can be formal or informal. examples: journals, homework, playing game, discussion questions.

guideline for communication with families

personal, one on one is best, be descriptive and objective offering details, be positive even if you must present negative. Find the positive in the negative unless safety is in jeopardy.

how can we develop math skills?

plan activities which are developmentally appropriate which involve math concepts. counting, numbers, comparing, graphing, measuring etc.

how can we develop science skills?

plan activities which involve: observing, comparing, measuring, inferring & predicting

solitary stage/form of play

plays alone with objects.

parallel play

plays near others each involved in the own play.

Checklists

predetermined list of criteria that recorder can mark yes, no or a date on. Closed method because no raw data or evidence is recorded. Good for physical development, progress and self-care. (+) labor efficient, easy, quick, comparable, parents love, individual document of development of each child. (-) not detailed, subjective, depends on criteria to be clearly observable, too many/takes too long to check all.

informal and formal interviews

preset questions recorded via audio, video or written. (+) directly from student, good for emotional issues, teacher learns student's prior knowledge. (-) student may not talk or may not be attentive.

sports related stage of physical development

refined skills and stability needed. throwing catching, dribbling, kicking, overhand throwing, dodging, cursive writing, tying shoes.

Stages of Physical Development (4)

reflexive, rudimentary, fundamental, sports related.

Vygotsky

scaffolding, ZPD, constructivist

associative play

similar activities aware of other's play connected with theme, objects or conversation.

benchmark

skill or knowledge that is measurable. (similar to objective) ie: holding a pencil

rudimentary stage of physical development

some coordination involved, walking running buttoning, stairs but not alternating two feet(through pre-k usually)

language & speech habits to avoid

speaking in the third person about yourself, using incorrect grammar, slang or lazy articulation, saying "use your words", asking "how would you like if she did that to you?" instead, use emotional talk to describe how she must be feeling, be careful of tone & volume.

reflexive stage of physical development

startle, moro, babinski reflexes, crawling and cruising.

describe, express, correct

strategy for behavior intervention: describe without labeling, express displeasure without insult, correct by direction.

How can teachers facilitate language growth?

talking to children, modeling speech, repeating, labeling, reading to them, listening and being responsive, observing and being responsive, sing alongs, show and tell, opportunities to write/express, elaborate on their telegraphic speech, creating a literacy rich environment.

standardized test

test where administration, scoring and interpretation are strictly followed. When used correctly it should be valid and reliable. (+) info on large number of students at one time, accountability of teacher, figuring out math and literacy levels, objective. (-) test anxiety and pressure, test bias, cultural differences, some are not good test takers.

What is the link with Piaget's stages and attention?

the later the stage the increased length of attention. Attention is constantly being refined from birth on up. Attention can flow in cycles throughout the day.

examples of quantitative methods of recording observations

time samples, tallys, frequency counts

Time Samples

tracking system for attention span. Method of recording where children are by choice for specific period of time. (+) quick, gathers information on multiple students at one time. (-) not good for children under 3yrs old, not detailed, teacher's attention has to be on it, can't do other things at same time.

onlooker stage/form of play

watching, maybe talking, interested in play.

cooperative play

work together to construct play roles, share materials and theme.