OCE1001 ch5-8

Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a:

change in state.

Which of the following is the MOST abundant NEGATIVELY charged component of seawater?

chloride

As climate change causes global rises in temperature, which of the following processes affecting sea surface salinity are likely to occur?

- Decreased sea ice formation will decrease sea surface salinity. - Higher levels of evaporation from the ocean will increase sea surface salinity. - Higher levels of precipitation and runoff will decrease sea surface salinity. - Increased melting of glacial ice and sea ice will decrease sea surface salinity

Of the following statements about the pH of seawater, which is/are true?

- Dissolving carbon dioxide in seawater decreases the pH of seawater. - The carbonate buffering system stabilizes the pH of seawater. - The pH of seawater is higher than that of pure water.

Of the following processes, which increases the salinity of seawater?

- Evaporation - Sea ice formation

Use this formula to calculate the period (in seconds) for a wave with a wave speed of 7 meters/ second and a wavelength of 30 meters.

4.29 seconds

If a wave has a period of 16 seconds, what is its wavelength in meters?

400 meters

For a deep-water wave, wave speed can be calculated using the following formula:

432 meters

Examine the accompanying table. Calculate how much less water is contained in saturated air at a polar location with a temperature of -10°C compared to a tropical location with a temperature of 40°C.

45 grams

Using the T-S diagram shown above, if a water mass has a density of 1.0280 g/cm3 and a salinity of 35.3 ppt, what is its temperature?

5 degrees Celsius

Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A has wave heights of 1.5 meters and Sea B has wave heights of 3.5 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from constructive interference?

5 meters

The accompanying image depicts the three states of water and the processes by which water changes from one state to another. Use this information to match the correct state to each of the following statements. Note that in this context, "water" refers to water in liquid form.

- Liquid (water): The state of matter in which water is densest- Gas (vapor): The state of matter in which water molecules are most energetic.- Gas (vapor): The state of matter in which water is compressible.- Gas (vapor): The state of matter of steam rising from a hot cup of coffee.- Solid (ice): The state of matter in which water molecules vibrate about fixed locations.- Solid (ice): The state of matter of frost on grass

Look at the accompanying map showing the locations of the 15 largest earthquakes in the world since 1900. The information on the map makes it possible for people living around these active earthquake areas to know that they live in a high-risk area for earthquakes . Imagine an earthquake is about to occur at location 2 on the map (southern Alaska). Which of the following statements is most accurate?

- Most of the people living at location 2 probably are aware that they live in a location where earthquakes are likely. - All locations (except 9) could benefit from an alert that an earthquake occurred at location 2, because they are near the ocean and might experience a resultant tsunami.

Which of the following water masses has the highest average salinity?

Mediterranean Intermediate Water

Which of the following is the least frequent cause of a tsunami in recent centuries?

Meteorite impacts

A cold air mass moving into an area occupied by relatively warm air is called a(n) ________.

cold front

Downwelling can result from __________.

converging surface currents

Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which is/are true? Choose all that apply

- Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt. - The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. - Seawater salinity averages 3.5%.

Of the following methods, which are indirect methods for measuring currents?

Pressure gradients, dynamic topography and Doppler flow meter

The salinity curve for high latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth. Whereas, the salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth.

decreased, increased, increased, decreased

Deep ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ .

density differences

Which of the following statements comparing covalent and hydrogen bonding is correct?

Stronger covalent bonds occur within water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules.

The observation of a hill of water within all subtropical gyres is an example of which of the following?

Subtropical convergence

Which of the following best defines heat?

The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature

If Earth rotated in the opposite direction, how would global atmospheric circulation be affected?

The global wind belts would blow in the opposite east-west direction.

During a visit to the beach, you get in a small rubber raft and paddle out beyond the surf zone. You become tired, so you stop and take a rest. Describe the movement of your raft beyond the surf zone.

- The raft moves in a circle, and it returns to essentially the same place. - The raft's net movement is not toward the shore compared to the surf zone.

Rapidly changing salinity with depth is called the ________.

halocline

The largest wind-generated waves tend to be associated with the:

westerlies

Tornadoes often form at the cold front of a middle-latitude cyclone or in association with a supercell thunderstorm. They often form as the result of cold, dry air from Canada interacting with warm, wet air from the Gulf of Mexico. There is no natural barrier separating these air masses in the central United States, which is why tornadoes primarily occur there.

- Using Doppler radar more effectively allows scientists to detect more tornadoes than was previously possible. - Population increases mean that more people could report tornadoes in more areas.

Which of the following is a property of water that is caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules? Choose all that apply.

- Water has cohesion and surface tension. - Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. - Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. - Water molecules hydrate other ions.

Recall that global winds impact the direction of surface ocean currents. Examine the following map showing the Atlantic Ocean off the west coast of Africa. The direction of the surface current and the prevailing wind do not coincide. What can explain this discrepancy?

-Because the current is located in the Southern Hemisphere, the subtropical gyre pulls the current in a counterclockwise direction. - The Coriolis effect deflects ocean currents in the Southern Hemisphere to the left due to Earth's rotation.

Of the following conditions, which is/are related to strong El Niño events?

-Increased abundance of hurricanes in the eastern Pacific Ocean -Increase in sea-surface temperatures and destruction of coral reefs in the eastern Pacific Ocean -Higher sea levels in the eastern Pacific Ocean associated with warmer water Submit

You are enjoying time at the beach on a warm summer day. It is late afternoon, and a breeze has started to develop. For most of the day, the winds were calm; the breeze only started within the past hour or so. Based on these details, what can you say about this breeze? Select all of the options that apply to this scenario.

-The breeze is most likely a cool breeze coming from the water -Warm land has now sufficiently heated the overlying air, so that cooler air over the ocean is now moving onshore as a sea breeze.

Of the following locations, where would upwelling be expected to occur?

-Where seamounts or tablemounts are present - In areas of diverging surface currents - Where there is a sharp bend in a coastline

Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A and Sea B have wave heights of 3 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from destructive interference?

0 meters

The following block diagram shows coastlines in the Northern Hemisphere that are influenced by coastal winds (not shown). Based on the flow of surface waters due to Ekman transport, identify the correct coastal wind direction in each diagram.

1. B: Wind blowing parallel to the coast and toward the bottom of the diagram 2. A: Wind blowing parallel to the coast and toward the top of the diagram

Use your knowledge of the common wind types to complete the blanks in the sentences below. Note that not all terms will be used.

1. Chinook winds are created when cold air descending the sheltered (leeward) side of the Rockies is warmed by compression. 2. A circulation pattern consisting of a light wind blowing into the city from the countryside is characteristic of a country breeze. 3. A sea breeze is the result of the air over land heating, expanding, and rising, thereby creating a low-pressure area into which cooler air from over the ocean can move. 4. Heated air from mountain slopes gliding up along that slope results in a valley breeze.

Deep-ocean currents are caused by changes in the density of seawater (referred to as thermohaline circulation), caused by changes in temperature or salinity. This causes a conveyor belt-like movement of water throughout the oceans. This conveyor belt of currents is a principal mechanism for the planet to distribute heat from the equator to the poles, which also influences climate patterns.

1. Palm trees associated with the subtropics can be found at the northern tip of the British Isles in Scotland. This is due to the transfer of heat from the North Atlantic current. 2. Thermohaline circulation is caused by density changes near the poles and equator. 3. Waters along the California coast are colder than those along the mid-Atlantic shore of the U.S. because coastal upwelling occurs as surface waters move away from the coast. 4. Freezing seawater at high latitudes leads to increases in salinity and density.

What is the density of pure water?

1.0 g/cm^3

You live on an island in the Pacific. An earthquake of magnitude 8.5 off the coast of Japan, 8000 km away, generates a tsunami with a wavelength of 200 km. The average water depth between your island and Japan is 4900 m. If a tsunami warning is issued for your island, how many hours will you have before the waves arrive?

10.14 hours

The density of mercury is 13.5 times greater than the density of water. If you were to build a barometer that used water instead of mercury to record the standard pressure at sea level, what would be the height of that barometer? Assume that the mercury barometer is 76 centimeters, or 29.92 inches, long (this is the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level).

1026 centimeters (403.92 inches)

In the open ocean, 1 wave in ________ will be three times as high as the height of the wave average.

1175

Based on the graph, what is the approximate period of a deep-water wave with a speed of 20 meters per second?

13 seconds

What is the speed in meters per second of a deep water wave with a wavelength of 3.5 meters?

2.34 meters per second

In the open ocean, 1 wave in ________ will be over twice the height of the wave average.

23

Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A has wave heights of 2 meters and Sea B has wave heights of 5 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from destructive interference?

3 meters

If you were the captain of a sailing ship, which of the following latitudes would you want to avoid MOST?

30 degrees

The prevailing westerlies occur in which of the following regions?

30 to 60 degrees

Imagine you are swimming in the open ocean at a location near the equator. Based on the following data, can you determine how deep you would need to dive to reach a water temperature of 19°C?

550 meters

What would be the best time of day to water a lawn to minimize the evaporation of water from the surface of the grass, assuming the dew point temperature remained constant?

6AM

What is the pH of pure water?

7.0

The world's two main iceberg-producing regions are ________.

90%

Which of the following will cause the lowest air pressure at the surface?

A column of warm, less dense air

Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination?

A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater.

Look again at the map. Bear in mind that all the earthquake locations that are not inland are on a convergent plate boundary (subduction zone). Which of these statements is true?

All of the locations except 9 could produce tsunamis, because all are subduction zones involving at least one oceanic plate.

Western intensification causes:

All the above effects are the result of western intensification.

Peru's residents are familiar with ENSO as it brings a warm current that reduces populations of which animal?

Anchovies

In locations where North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water, and Antarctic Intermediate Water are all found, how would they be arranged vertically in the water column?

Antarctic Bottom Water would be on the bottom, North Atlantic Deep Water would be in the middle, and Antarctic Intermediate Water would be on the top.

Which of the following is the only current that completely circumscribes Earth?

Antarctic Circumpolar

Which of the following is the smallest reservoir of the Earth's hydrologic cycle?

Atmospheric water vapor

Using this image of the waters adjacent to the East Coast of the United States, match the correct letter to each of the following.

B: Cold core ring(s) C: Color for warm water A: Color for cold water D: warm core ring(s)

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Board surfers tend to avoid plunging breakers BECAUSE they break right at the shoreline.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The circular orbit of wave motion returns the floating object to its exact original position BECAUSE the half orbit in the trough is at the same velocity as the crest half of the orbit.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect. Submit

The image below is a block diagram showing the Pacific Ocean during an El Niño event. Correctly match the letters with the corresponding features.

C: high atmostpheric pressure E: Pacific warm pool A: thermocline B: walker circulation cell (reversed direction) D: low atmospheric pressure

Which of the following currents contributes to the South Western United States being arid?

California Current

Which of the following is true for downwelling?

Carries dissolved oxygen to the deep-sea floor

The California Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

Eastern Boundary Current

Water with which of the following characteristics would be the densest?

Cold water with high salinity would be the densest.

Which conditions in the ocean promote high productivity?

Cold water, rich nutrients

The densest water found in the ocean has what characteristics?

Cold, salty, and deep

Is there relatively high or low seawater salinity in the low latitudes? What combination of factors explains the salinity at low latitudes?

Compared to high latitudes, there is higher salinity due to higher evaporation, but the salinity is slightly lower close to the equator due to an increase in runoff there.

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the smallest?

Continent to ocean

The diagram below shows a generalized cross-sectional view across the Atlantic Ocean. Correctly match the letters with the corresponding water masses and associated features.

D: Antarctic Bottom Water C: Seasonally warm water B: Warmest water F: North Atlantic Deep Water E: Antarctic Intermediate Water G: Upwelling A: Thermocline and pycnocline

Use the map of Pacific and Atlantic Ocean currents shown below to correctly identify the following ocean currents and gyres.

D: Benguela Current C: Gulf Stream Current G: Peru Current A: Subpolar gyre B: Subtropical gyre E: California Current F: Canary CurrentI: Brazil Current H: Antarctic Circumpolar Current (West Wind Drift)

What does DART stand for?

Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis

There is a general trend of decreasing pH with increasing water depth in the ocean. What is the cause of this pattern?

Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower.

Which method would be most appropriate for directly measuring the flow rate of the Gulf Stream?

Drift bottles

Determine which line on the graph represents Urbana and which represents San Francisco and label each for the correct city. Indicate how you figured this out by answering the question below.

FROM TOP TO BOTTOM -The ocean near San Fran limits temp variations -Urbana -San Fran

The prevailing westerly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere?

From northwest to southeast

The weather on four different summer days is described below. On which day would you expect the greatest temperature range? Which day would have the smallest range in temperature?

Greatest Temp Range: -Clear skies during day and clear at night Inter. Temp. Range: -Clear skies during day and cloudy at night -Cloudy skies during day and clear at night Small Temp Range: -Cloudy during day and cloudy at night

Which of the following currents contributes to the South Eastern United States being humid?

Gulf Stream

The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is:

HCO3-

Which of the following surface seawater salinity conditions would you predict for the following location: Latitude: 20°N Longitude: 180°W

High surface seawater salinity due to evaporation

How would a 50 percent increase in Earth's albedo impact average surface temperatures?

Higher albedo would result in cooler temperatures on Earth. Ice sheets would advance, thereby increasing Earth's overall albedo and further cooling Earth's surface.

Dissolved ions are removed from the ocean through which of these processes?

Hydrothermal activity at the mid-ocean ridge

Of the following gyres, which one(s) flow in a counterclockwise direction?

Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre South Pacific Subtropical Gyre Northern Hemisphere Subpolar Gyres

What is the Walker Circulation Cell?

It is the path that air takes as it moves from high to low pressure, and back to high pressure, in the South Pacific under normal conditions.

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

Before ranking, calculate the change in air pressure in each state by finding the difference between the minimum and maximum isobar line in each state. If there is not an isobar line in a state, find the nearest lines on either side of it.

Kansas, Idaho, Ohio, Washington

Which swift-flowing surface current in a major subtropical gyre transports a large volume of warm water from the equator toward the mid-latitudes?

Kuroshio Current

Can you determine where each sample was from? Use what you know about relative salinity and its global variation. Label the samples accordingly and complete the two sentences with labels that correctly describe seasonal sea ice melt and seawater freezing and the relationship to salinity. Samples were collected at the locations of the circles on the map.

Locations that experience seasonal seawater freezing have INCREASED SALINITY in the surrounding seawater during that time. - Locations that experience seasonal ice melting have DECREASED SALINITY - Sample A: Atlantic Ocean: high salinity content --> JUST EAST OF THE BAHAMAS - Sample B: Atlantic Ocean: moderate to low salinity content --> OFF THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA, NEAR THE EQUATOR - Sample C: high salinity content --> FROM THE RED SEA - Sample D: moderate to low salinity content --> FROM THE BALTIC SEA

Which of the following surface seawater salinity conditions would you predict for the following location: Latitude: 60°N Longitude: 20°W

Low surface seawater salinity due to

Is there relatively high or low seawater salinity in the high latitudes? What combination of factors explains the salinity at high latitudes?

Lower salinity due to high precipitation and runoff and melting icebergs, and low evaporation due to cooler temperatures

Which of the following gases in the atmosphere is the most abundant percentage by volume?

Nitrogen

Circulation in the atmosphere is influenced by whether the planetary body is rotating or nonrotating. Sort the following features by whether they apply to a rotating Earth, a nonrotating Earth, or neither.

Non rotating: -all surface air flows toward the equator -one pair of convec cells Rotating: -equatorial and subpolar air -presence of trade winds -three pairs of convec cells Neither: -all surface air flows poleward -air sinks at equator

At which latitude on the Earth is the speed of Earth's rotation the slowest?

North and South poles

Which wind belt curves to the right due to the Coriolis effect and blow from northeast to southwest?

Northeast trade winds

The North Atlantic Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

Northern Boundary Current

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest?

Ocean to atmosphere

Let's begin by comparing the conditions at three different cities: Phoenix, AZ; Bismarck, ND; and Tampa, FL. Refer to the accompanying table showing temperature and dew point temperature data for each city and use this information to determine which location each of the following statements applies to.

Phoenix, AZ - This city has the lowest relative humidity. - City where the water vapor in the air is furthest from the saturation point.Bismarck, ND - This city has the highest relative humidity. - City where the water vapor in the air is closest to the saturation point. - This city has the lowest quantity of water vapor in the air. Tampa, FL - This city has the greatest quantity of water vapor in the air.

Which type of breaker has a curling crest that moves over an air pocket?

Plunging breaker

Based on the characteristics, what is the name of the wind belt being described as cold, dry winds generally from the east?

Polar easterlies

A boundary or belt characterized by cold deserts occurs in which of the following regions?

Poles (90 degrees)

Polar high pressure occurs in which of the following regions?

Poles(90 degrees)

Which of the following is a direct method for measuring surface currents?

Propeller flow meter

Which of the following is a layer of rapidly changing density?

Pycnocline

Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents directly?

Radio-transmitting float bottles

Dissolved ions enter the ocean through which of these processes?

River discharge

Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination?

Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater.

Which of the following best describes how scientists help the public prepare for an earthquake event?

Scientists cannot predict when exactly an earthquake will occur, but they can identify tectonically active areas that are likely to produce earthquake activity and let the public know they are in an earthquake-prone area.

Which of the following best describes the Freeze Separation Method for desalination?

Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing.

The West Wind Drift is an example of which of the following types of currents?

Southern Boundary Current

The deepest and densest water mass in the world ocean is formed in the __________________.

Southern Ocean

Which of the following is responsible for 90% of the deaths associated with hurricanes?

Storm surge

Which type of breaker forms when the ocean bottom has an abrupt slope?

Surging breaker

Which of the following best defines temperature?

The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules

What would you expect weather to be like on the eastern coast of Australia if the western coast of South America were experiencing unusually warm, wet weather?

The eastern coast of Australia would be experiencing unusually dry weather.

Which of the following best defines heat capacity?

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The same waves break against both headlands and in nearby bays, but their energy is different BECAUSE wave reflection causes the distribution of wave energy to change between them.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Ocean waves are not considered body waves BECAUSE they transmit energy through the upper part of the ocean near the interface between the atmosphere and the ocean.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The main cause of rogue waves is theorized to be an extraordinary case of destructive wave interference BECAUSE rogue waves are the suspected cause of many of the approximately 1,000 sinkings that occur each year.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A jet stream generally diverges above a low-pressure (warm) center. However, at Earth's surface, air converges at a low-pressure center. If the divergence of the jet stream is greater than the convergence of air at the surface low-pressure center below it, what will happen to the surface winds?

The surface winds will likely get stronger.

In a severe warm phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), fisheries' productivity on the west coasts of the Americas is dramatically reduced. Which stage of ENSO would come just before the fisheries' collapse?

The thermocline deepens in eastern boundary currents of the Pacific Ocean subtropical gyres.

What two factors explain why the prevailing westerlies blow toward the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and the southwest in the Southern Hemisphere?

The two factors are the direction of circulation in the Ferrel cell and the Coriolis effect.

In terms of temperature for high-latitude regions, which layer is absent?

Thermocline

Which of the following is a layer of rapidly changing temperature?

Thermocline

In which layer of the atmosphere is all weather generated?

Troposphere

Which of the following is true of surface water circulation near Antarctica?

Two circumpolar currents dominate it, one current that moves water to the east and one current that moves water to the west.

What are tropical cyclones called in the western North Pacific Ocean?

Typhoons

What depth does Argo floats collect data?

Upper 2,000 meters

Which of the following best describes the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination?

Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

The time it takes one full wave to pass a fixed position is called the ________.

Wave period

While you are playing Frisbee in the surf zone with another person, your friend watches while sitting on the beach nearby. After a while, you look up at the beach and realize you are no longer directly in front of your friend, who remained stationary on the beach all the while—you are still in the surf zone, but 30 to 40 yards from where you started. What is the correct reason for this movement?

Waves were coming at the shore at an angle. The longshore current moved downstream to that angle and pushed you in that direction.

Apply your knowledge of how air masses and fronts interact to create a cyclone by matching the image with its corresponding description of the stage in the life cycle that image represents. Apply the "yes" or "no" answers to the questions in the orange boxes.

Well, we will go from left to right. The top three boxes pointing towards the map will be 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The bottom two boxes pointing upwards will be 4 and 5.The top box asking in YES OR NO will be 6.The bottom boxes asking in YES OR NO will be 7 and 8.Now,1 - Front develops2 - Wave develops3 - Cyclonic circulation established4 - Occlusion begins5 - Occluded front developed6 - No7 - Yes8 - No

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Westerlies

The Agulhas Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

Western Boundary Current

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why water is considered a universal solvent?

When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules.

Why does upwelling occur along the west coast of South America under normal conditions?

Winds moving westward in the South Pacific drive ocean currents toward the west; deep water rises to replace water driven westward.

The thermocline is _________________.

a steep temperature gradient in the ocean that separates deeper cold water from warmer upper water

Which of the following options describe the features of the ideal location to erect wind turbines in order to generate the most electricity?

a strong pressure gradient flat, elevated land

Rogue waves are created along the "Wild Coast" off the southeast coast of ________, where the Agulhas Current flows directly against large Antarctic storm waves.

africa

The percentage of solar radiation reflected from the surface of Earth back into space is known as the __________.

albedo

The principal reason that oil and water do not mix, even when shaken, is that oil molecules _____

are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar

The basic building blocks of all matter are called ________.

atoms

In the Northern Hemisphere, September 23 is known as ________.

autumnal equinox

When a ball is thrown in a stationary position, there is very little deflection in its path due to Coriolis effect, far too small for you to notice. But if the ball is thrown in motion, it will be deflected . You will relate the concept of the Coriolis force to a game of catch. The two-dimensional figure shows a game of catch played on a merry-go-round by nine children (the image is viewed from the South Pole). The alphabet A-H indicates the positions of eight children on the merry-go-round with the nineth child in the center. The arrows show the direction of rotation of the merry-go-round, which moves with a constant speed, moves with a constant speed causing a shift of 45∘∘. Assuming a child sitting in the center attempts to throw the ball directly to child D, which child will likely catch the ball?

c

Which direction do ocean currents in the South Pacific move under El Niño conditions?

eastward

The area in the enclosed rectangle in the false-color map of sea surface temperatures is an example of which of the following features?

eddies

Subatomic particles with a negative charge are called ________

electrons

Which process in the hydrologic cycle is most effective at increasing ocean salinity on a global scale?

evaporation

The majority of tsunami are caused by underwater ________.

fault movement

During winter months, monsoon winds over the Indian Ocean ________.

flow from land to sea and are dry

A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 220 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.

four

Which type of current flow moves in a circular path around a subtropical convergence, reflecting Ekman transport, gravity, and the Coriolis effect?

geostrophic circulation

Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to:

high surface tension

The images below illustrate the height of different waves in the open ocean. Arrange the pictures of the waves by their kinetic energy.

highest-->lowest thin long, long kinda tall, tall little wide, tall thin

The transfer of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the continents is known as the:

hydrologic cycle

For a deep-water wave, when the period increases, wavelength ____ and speed ____.

increases and increases

Tidal movement, turbidity currents, wind stress, and even passing ships at the surface create ________ waves.

internal

Human consumption of which of the following components of seawater helps prevent goiter?

iodine

What type of bonding does table salt have?

ionic

Deep-water currents move ________ volumes of water and are much ________ than surface currents.

larger; slower

As water boils, it reaches a plateau where all energy added is used to break intermolecular bonds in water, not increase its temperature; this is called ________.

latent heat of vaporization

The covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the __

oxygen atoms in a water molecule as a result of the: sharing of electrons between atoms.

What is the overall effect of the stronger than normal trade winds typical of La Niña conditions?

lowering of the South Pacific ocean temperature from normal conditions

Subatomic particles with a neutral charge are called ___

neurons

Van der Waals forces are relatively weak interactions that exist between electrically ________ molecules because of the molecules' uneven distribution of charge.

neutral

Earth rotates about its axis and all objects on its surface are constantly moving around in a large circle in space. The Earth's oceans and atmosphere are also spinning around with Earth at the same rate. The Coriolis effect may therefore seem predominant, but not all objects are influenced by it and not all the influences get noticed. Which of the following are influenced by Coriolis effect.

ocean currents helicopter, on a flight

We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________.

off the coast of Washington and Oregon

Ocean surface currents transfer about ________ of the total amount of heat from the tropics to the poles.

one-third

Salinity is expressed in ________.

parts per thousand

Typically, the United States is influenced more by ________ air masses during the winter and more by ________ air masses during the summer.

polar; tropical

Protons have which type of electrical charge?

positive

A person experiences a popping feeling in their ears during the takeoff or landing of an airplane or while driving on steep mountain roads due to changes in the ________ of the atmosphere.

pressure

The correct order of substances from most acidic to most alkaline is _______, ________, __________.

rainwater, pure water, seawater

Earth's atmosphere is heated primarily by __________.

re-radiation of solar energy from Earth's surface back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation

Areas of low pressure tend to have ______ air and _____ weather.

rising, stormy

The Coriolis effect is caused by

rotation of the earth

Air warmed by the land that rises and is replaced by cooler air from the ocean may produce a:

sea breeze

The pH of surface seawater is usually 8.1. That means the water is __________.

slightly basic (or alkaline)

Records indicate that the ocean is warming faster in the Arctic polar regions than elsewhere. If that continues, a possible consequence could be __________.

slowing of deep-ocean circulation, resulting in lower oxygen levels in deep water

Which of the following is the MOST abundant POSITIVELY charged component of seawater?

sodium

Rank from longest travel time to shortest travel time.

south america, new guinea, aleutian islands

If a surfer wishes to have a really long ride, what type of wave should he or she look for?

spilling breakers

The largest loss of life from a hurricane is usually due to:

storm surge.

The Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer, during the:

summer solstice.

A tsunami may result from:

tectonic activity on the seafloor

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by:

temperature

The thickness of sea ice is limited primarily by __________.

the insulating nature of the ice itself

Hurricanes frequently make landfall on the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, but rarely, if ever, occur on the Pacific coast. The primary reason for the rarity of West Coast hurricanes is that __________.

the ocean water does not get warm enough to supply the needed heat energy for hurricanes

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of:

the polarity of water molecules.

The El Niño Southern Oscillation can best be described as:

the relationship between sea surface temperature and changing atmospheric pressure.

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that:

the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

What is the Southern Oscillation?

the swapping of high and low pressure zones in the South Pacific under El Niño conditions

The Ekman spiral is caused by:

the wind and the Coriolis effect.

As a result of the Coriolis effect in the northern hemisphere, winds always are deflected:

to the right of their original direction.

Cyclones can form where low-pressure centers develop at Earth's surface. The accompanying image of the eastern portion of the United States illustrates the airflow conditions involved in the creation of cyclones and anticyclones. Match the labels to their correct location.

top three blanks left to right: - south, convergence aloft, divergence aloft bottom three blanks left to right: - north, anticyclonic flow, cyclonic flow

The image below shows the movement of water and sand along a beach. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Note that some labels may not be used.

top: path of sand particles, beach drift and net movement of sand grains middle: incoming wave direction bottom: upstream direction, longshore drift

Equatorial currents are driven by the:

trade winds

The wind belt(s) with strong, reliable, generally easterly winds is (are) the:

trade winds.

________ waves also known as side-to-side waves.

transverse

Under which conditions are droughts and wildfires common in Australia?

under El Niño conditions

Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrient-rich bottom water through:

upwelling

Diverging surface waters are areas of ________ and ________ productivity.

upwelling; high

The Coriolis effect is due to changes in the ________ of Earth with latitude.

velocity

The longer the ________, the faster a deep-water wave travels.

wavelength

Which of the following generates most ocean waves?

wind blowing across the surface

Surface ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ and modified by ________.

wind; the Coriolis effect and land

Most ocean waves form as a result of:

winds blowing across the ocean surface