OCE1001 Chapter 13

Match the term or phrase with its best descriptor. standing stock

available biomass of a target species

Match the term or phrase with its best descriptor. by-catch

incidental catch

The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is best defined as:

largest catch that can be taken without overfishing

Match the organism or definition with the correct description of its food preference. anchovy

herbivore

Match the organism or definition with the correct description of its food preference. an organism that feeds on plants or animals

omnivore

The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is approximately:

1%

The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around:

10%

The average rate of primary production in the open ocean is 125 gC/m2/yr. In the most productive ecosystems such as algal beds and coral reefs, the average production is 2000 gC/m2/yr. How many years would it take to accumulate 2000 gC/m2 on the deep-sea floor in the open ocean?

1600 years

Although primary productivity in tropical areas is generally low, which of the following tropical locations have unusually high primary productivity rates?

All the above tropical areas have relatively high primary productivity (coral reefs, equatorial upwelling zones, coastal upwelling zones)

Match the organism or definition with the correct description of its food preference. dolphin

Carnivore

On the pie diagram below, match the letters with each ecosystem's contribution to the total world fishery.

Clockwise: D: Non-tropical shelves B: Upwellings E: Coastal and coral A: Open ocean C: Tropical shelves

The depth at which the cellular respiration rate equals the photosynthetic rate is referred to as the

Compensation depth for photosynthesis

Match the organism with its correct descriptor of energy use or trophic level. flounder

Consumer

Of the following locations, which is/are exceptions to the general rule that productivity is steady and low in tropical regions?

Coral reefs, coastal upwelling, equatorial upwelling

Nutrient flow in an ecosystem is

Cyclical

Important marine autotrophs that have silica incorporated into their cell walls are

Diatoms

Of the following types of organisms, which are examples of microscopic algae

Dinoflagellates, diatoms, coccolithophores

Match the term or phrase with its best descriptor. Marine Mammal Protection Act

Dolphins and other mammal protection

An overabundance of oxygen results in eutrophication

False

Compensation depth is the depth in the ocean where the photosynthetic rate exceeds the rate of cellular respiration

False

If the total caloric content of the autotrophic organisms in a marine ecosystem were 250,000 kilocalories (kcal), then the expected caloric value for the trophic-level consumers at the second level would be 2,500 kcal.

False

Primary productivity is equal to the amount of photosynthesis plus the amount of respiration

False

The products of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)

False

The standing stock of a population is the maximum number or biomass of individuals that can be removed sustainably.

False

Of the following statements about marine fisheries, which is/are true

Fishing practices have removed 90% of large marine predatory fish species A recent study indicates that if fishing practices continue, marine fish stocks will be depleted by 2048 In U.S. waters, 80% of commercial marine fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished

Of the following statements about oceanic productivity, which is/are true?

In middle latitude oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight; in tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of nutrients; in middle-latitude oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients

Of the following locations, where would you expect to find the HIGHEST annual oceanic productivity?

In middle-latitude waters along a continental margin

Of the following statements about oceanic productivity in polar regions, which is/are true?

In polar oceans, there is incredibly high productivity in the summertime; in polar oceans, productivity is limited by the lack of sunlight in the winter; in polar oceans, nutrient concentrations are usually adequate and do NOT limit productivity

Which nutrients are used in photosynthetic primary productivity by phytoplankton

Iron, nitrates, silica, phosphates

The graph below shows the changing amounts of physical and biologic factors in middle-latitude (temperate) oceans over the course of a year (Northern Hemisphere). Match each curve on the graph with the correct factor.

Left to right: B: Phytoplankton D: Zooplankton A: Sunlight C: Nutrients

The image below was taken from data collected by the SeaWiFS instrument aboard the SeaStar satellite and shows average chlorophyll concentrations (an approximation for productivity) during September 1997-August 2007. Match the following productivity levels with the correct letters.

Left to right: C: Intermediate productivity A: Lowest productivity B: Highest productivity

Productivity in polar oceans is

Light-limited

With the depletion of fish stocks in coastal waters, more fishing is being conducted in deeper waters. Deep-water species are becoming endangered at a rapid rate, primarily because _________

Most deep-water organisms have lower metabolic rates; therefore, they grow, mature, and reproduce at a slower rate

The area of the ocean that produces the largest standing stock of commercial fish is in the

Nontropical shelf areas

In dead zones resulting from eutrophication, animal life is absent due to the lack of

Oxygen

Of the following types of organisms, which one is considered to be LOWEST in a marine food web?

Photosynthetic bacteria

In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called

Primary productivity

Match the organism with its correct descriptor of energy use or trophic level. Sargassum

Producer

Mass mortality events of marine mammals and birds may occur after ingesting prey items that contain algal toxins. What organism that can cause harmful algal blooms should humans be concerned about if animals in the area are having seizures and exhibiting erratic, "drunken-like" behavior?

Pseudo-nitzschia because it causes amnesic shellfish poisoning

Catches above the maximum sustainable yield:

Result in overfishing

The most abundant marine macroscopic algae are members of the Division

Rhodophyta

On the image below, match the following types of radiation with the letters indicating their positions on the spectrum of wavelengths.

Right to left: Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-Ray Guns C: AM Radio F: Microwaves and Radar D: Infrared A: Ultraviolet B: X-rays E: Gamma Rays

Of the following statements about feeding strategies, which is/are true?

Suspension feeding involves filtering plankton from seawater Deposit feeders include worms that ingest sediment that is coated with organic matter Suspension feeding is the same thing as filter feeding Carnivorous feeding involves either passive or active predation Carnivorous feeding involves organisms directly capturing and eating other animals

The relative productivity in the world's oceans from most productive to least productive is

Temperate waters, polar waters, tropical waters

The group of marine macroscopic algae with the highest abundance and greatest geographic distribution belong to the Division Rhodophyta.

True

If primary photosynthetic productivity in a given area of the ocean is 300 gC/m2/yr, about how much organic matter is added to the seafloor sediments per square meter each year?

Three grams

This cross-section shows the movement of water masses near Antarctica. Match the correct letter with each of the following water masses.

Top to bottom: B: antarctic intermediate water C: North Atlantic deep water A: Antarctic bottom water

Bacteria that manufacture carbohydrates in the absence of solar energy are autotrophs

True

Marine algae that grow close to the limits of light penetration have accessory photosynthetic pigments that absorb high energy, short wavelength light in the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum

True

Primary producers, herbivores and carnivores are all examples of trophic levels within a food chain or food web.

True

The amounts of carbon dioxide and available nutrients affect the rate of primary production in an ecosystem

True

The distinction between a food chain and a food web is that a food chain describes a linear relationship among trophic levels whereas a food web describes the interconnected relationships among trophic structures in nature

True

Marine seed-bearing plants include all the following except

Ulva

A fact regarding photosynthesis is that

Water and carbon dioxide are converted to oxygen gas and sugar

Match the organism or definition with the correct description of its food preference. sand star (Astropecten)

carnivore

All the following are challenges to managing fisheries except:

all of the above are correct (regulations on the number of fishing vessels, incident catch or bycatch, multinational boundaries, overfishing)

Match the organism or definition with the correct description of its food preference. diatom

autotroph

Amphipods are _________

deposit feeders

In the ongoing processes of photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition in the ocean, all components are recycled except _________.

energy