OCE1001 Chapters 1-4 Combined (3)
Passive margins are usually produced over geologic time by which of the following?
Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading
Where does the deep-ocean basin begin along a passive continental margin?
Continental slope
Which of the following is a difference between passive and active continental margins?
Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.
composed of iron and nickel, liquid outer layer and solid inner layer
Core
Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Cosmogenous Sediment
Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Cosmogenous Sediment
outermost portion of the Earth, basalt and granite
Crust
Due to the very harsh environment, few organisms are found in association with hydrothermal vents
False
Early Polynesians only traveled within sight of land
False
Free oxygen was present in the Earth's primordial atmosphere
False
Heterotrophic organisms can make their own food from inorganic carbon sources
False
Mid-ocean ridges are rises occupy a small portion of the deep ocean basin, only around 10%.
False
Production of the first free oxygen in the atmosphere caused organisms living at that time to flourish
False
Seamounts form from ancient tablemounts
False
Significant oceanographic knowledge was acquired during the Middle Ages
False
The deepest portions of the ocean are part of the relatively narrow features called submarine canyons
False
The mantle could not have produced enough water to fill the oceans
False
The salinity of the oceans has been steadily increasing
False
Turbidity currents are highly erosive and are thought to be responsible for the creation of deep-sea trenches.
False
Vikings led by Thor Heyerdahl established temporary colonies in North America
False
The first known circumnavigation of Earth was by the vessel, Victoria, the voyage of which was led by whom?
Ferdinand Magellan
Who circumnavigated the earth in the victoria
Ferdinand Magellan
Of the following items, which is/are associated with a passive continental margin? Choose all that apply.
- a wide continental shelf - a continental rise
In the figure above, which shows a portion of the hypsographic curve. Which area(s) represent(s) the middle of tectonic plates? Choose all that apply.
-B -D
In the figure above, which shows a portion of the hypsographic curve. Which area(s) represent(s) the abyssal plains?
-D
On a deep-sea voyage in the North Pacific, near the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, you begin to explore a deep, long, narrow region in the ocean floor. You begin to discuss what this is with a partner and come up with the following theories. Determine whether each statement presents a likely scenario. Select the three that apply.
-It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins. -It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean. -The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
Of the following statements about mapping the ocean floor, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.
-Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor. -Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail. -Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.
The image below shows a perspective view of a mature ocean basin. Match the letters with the correct marine provinces or features listed below.
1. B-Continental Margin 2. A-Mid-ocean ridge 3. C- Ocean Basin
On the world ocean pie diagram below, match the percentage to the correct type of sediment.
1. B: Calcareous ooze 2. A: Abyssal clay 3. C: Siliceous ooze
This composite photomicrograph image shows various types of siliceous marine microorganisms that are found in sediment. Match the correct letter to the name and correct description of each organism listed below.
1. B: Radiolarian, showing long appendages 2. D: Diatom, top view 3. A: Diatom, showing both halves of its test 4. C: Radiolarian, spherical shape
On the diagram of a passive continental margin shown below, match the letters with the correct features.
1. C- Turbidity Current 2. B- Deep-Sea Fans 3. D- Submarine Canyons 4. A- Graded Bedding
This composite photomicrograph image shows various types of calcareous marine microorganisms that are found in sediment. Match the correct letter to the name and correct description of each organism listed below.
1. C: Coccoliths (individual plates) 2. E: Diatom (siliceous) 3. A: Coccolithophores (multiple) 4. D: Coccolithophore (single) 5. B: Foraminifers
Great Oxidation Event
2.45 billion years ago. Increased oxygen and ozone eliminated the anaerobic food supply. Cyanobacteria adapted and thrived.
The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends
200 nautical miles from the coast
What is the approximate depth of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) in the ocean?
3 miles (4.5 kilometers)
What is the approximate depth of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) in the ocean? 0.6 mile (1 kilometer) 1.6 mile (2.5 kilometers) 2 miles (3.2 kilometers) 3 miles (4.5 kilometers) 4.3 miles (7 kilometers)
3 miles (4.5 kilometers)
The Oceans are believed to have been formed about
4 billion years ago
The oceans are believed to have formed about
4 billion years ago.
The greatest proportion of Earth's surface lies in this elevation/depth interval.
4,000 - 5,000 m below sea level
The most widely accepted age of Earth is
4.6 billion years old.
A ship's fathometer (an echo sounder) transmits a sound pulse and records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. If the speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/second, what is the water depth in meters?
5,550 meters
The area on a rocky shore inhabited by organisms adapted to withstand wave energy for the majority of the tidal cycle is indicated by the number
7
Approx. what percentage of the earth is covered by oceans
71%
Approximately what percentage of the surface of Earth is covered by oceans?
71%
________ is the amount of Earth covered by oceans
71% or 70.8%
What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor?
85%
The percentage of biomass regulary decomposed within the euphotic zone is about
90%
Provide a good description of a hydro thermal "smoker" vent found in the depths of a rift valley.
A column form from precipitation of metal rich minerals that emits cloudy water.
Of the following statements, which best describes a continental borderland:
A series of islands, shallow banks, and deep basins
Which of the following features is related to transform faults along mid-ocean ridges?
Fracture zone
Milky Way
Galaxy
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. Aleutian Islands B. Canary Islands C. Galapagos Islands D. Hawaiian Islands E. Iceland
A. Aleutian Islands
Which of the following is not an important control on oceanic sediment accumulation?
All of the above
This wetland coastal areas occurs
All of the conditions control the distribution of this type of coastal wetland
Reasons for the loss of coastal wetlands include all of the following except
All of these
Which of the following affect the ability of species to capture food
All of these affect the ability of pelagic organisms to capture food
All of the following are challenges to managing fisheries except
All of these are correct
Which of the following is designed to prevent or retard shoreline erosion?
All of these are used to try to prevent or retard shoreline erosion
A small size is advantageous for marine organisms becasue it
All of these statements are advantageous to marine organisms
Where would you expect to find the most well-developed continental shelves?
Along passive continental margins
Directly seaward of the continental shelf is a more steeply sloping region called the:
Continental Slope
Of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE?
Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust
The oceanic crust
Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.
Imagine you are a geological oceanographer. As an expert, you are asked by a student to recommend the technique that would produce the most detailed map of a deep-water seamount near Hawaii. Which instrument would you recommend?
Side-scan sonar
Which of the following techniques used to determine ocean bathymetry is illustrated in the image?
Side-scan sonar
How does siliceous ooze accumulate on the seafloor if silica-based residues are dissolved slowly at all depths?
Silica tests accumulate faster than seawater can dissolve them.
Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes the mid-ocean ridges?
The shallowest slope below sea level
Abyssal plains are more extensive on the floor of the Atlantic as compared those on the floor of the Pacific
True
Carbon dating is used to determine the absolute age of a rock or fossil.
True
Earth developed the first ocean by about 4 billion years ago.
True
Hydrothermal vents have a significant impact on ocean chemistry
True
In general, the chemical composition of ocean water has remained constant through geologic time
True
Sediments of the continental rise can exhibit characteristics similar to those formed by rivers on land.
True
The Earth's crust solidified around 4.5 billion years ago
True
When the Earth cooled, the layers of the earth separated based on density differences
True
What effect do turbidity currents have on the continental slope? Hints
Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.
What process forms the continental rise along the east coast of the U.S.?
Turbidity flows on deep sea fans
Which of the following best describes turbidity currents?
Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris
PDR
Uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth
established temporary settlement in North America
Vikings
The group of Europeans known as the
Vikings were the first Europeans known to have traveled to North America
Charles darwin suggested that the changes organisms display through time were the result of
adaptations to different environmental conditions
The nebular hypothesis suggest that:
all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud
Nebular hypothesis
all bodies in the solar system formed from nebula
Hazards associated with sea level rise include all of the following except:
all of the above
Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because they:
all of these statements are correct
Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is deterimental to coral growth because it increases the
amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth
The center of an open ocean tidal system is called a/an
amphidromic point
What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate rotary drilling?
an apple corer
What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate rotary drilling? an apple corer oil and vinegar salad dressing a can of soda Silly Putty a candle
an apple corer
During photosynthesis or respiration
an exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases heat energy.
On major problem associated with the Chesapeake Bay due to increased human pressure is
an increase in nutrients resulting in more frequent kills of bottom dwelling or benthic animals
Which of the following is a characteristic of oceanic-contintenal convergent plate boundaries?
andesitic volcanoes
When compared to their warmer counterparts, cold-water plankton oftne
are larger in size
Winter beachers:
are narrower than summer beaches due to high energy waves during the winter
What factor primarily determines the distribution of radiolarian ooze?
areas of upwelling
What factor primarily determines the distribution of radiolarian ooze? areas of upwelling areas of low atmospheric pressure areas of warm surface water areas of high salinity windy areas
areas of upwelling
The Ring of Fire is located:
around the margins of the Pacific Ocean
turbidite
associated with deep sea fans
ice rafting
associateed with glacial deposits
Characteristics of active continental margins include all of the following
b. chains of islands. c. deep-sea trenches. d. thin sediment accumulation. e. volcanic and earthquake activity.
Lagoons that form behind barrier islands are examples of
bar built estuaries
Oceanic crust is primarily
basalt
Which of the following features is associated with the mid-ocean ridge?
bassalt volcanism and pillow lavas central rift valley hydrothermal vents volcanoes
The measurement of ocean depth and the charting of seafloor topography is called __________.
bathymetry
Organisms with small bodies, extrmeley large mouths, and shapre teeth are likely to be found in the
bathypelagic zone
When diving, rapid ascent from great depth can cause the
bends,a painful illness that may cause death
Most marine species are found in the
benthic environment
science supports the explanation of the natural world that
best explains all available observations
Based on the scientific method, science supports the explanation of the natural world that
best explains all available observations.
Sediments derived from the remains of the hard parts of once-living organisms are called __________ sediments
biogenous
Sediments derived from the remains of the hard parts of once-living organisms are called __________ sediments. hydrogenous cosmogenous volcanogenic lithogenous biogenous
biogenous
coccolithophores
biogenous sediment
Mountains
both convergent plate & divergent plate boundary
Continental rises are formed:
by many deep sea fans
Two common types of chemical compounds found in biogenous sediments are __________ and __________.
calcium carbonate; silica
Two common types of chemical compounds found in biogenous sediments are __________ and __________. quartz; volcanic ash calcium carbonate; quartz silica; quartz calcium carbonate; volcanic ash calcium carbonate; silica
calcium carbonate; silica
The toxicity of marine pollutants is evaluated through bioassays by
calculating the concentration at which 50% of the test organisms die
Free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintence of life on Earth because Oxygen
can form ozone and block some UV radiation
Earth's primordial atmosphere most likely included
carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and methane
Satellites use microwave beams to measure sea level to an accuracy of four ________.
centimeters
Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished form primary sewage treatment by the
chlorination of the liquid effluent
Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the greatest ability to absorb heat on a per-mole basis?
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
You take a sediment sample from the ocean floor at a depth of 5500 m. The area has low biological productivity and the CCD is at 4500 m depth. Your sample will probably consist of __________.
clay
gaseous and dusty space cloud
Nebula
The cosmological model for the formation of the sun and the rest of our solar system is called the
Nebular Hypothesis
The free oxygen in our present atmosphere is thought to have been produced through the process of
Photosyntesis
The Physical property of the asthenosphere is best described as
Plastic
The correct order of marine provinces from the cost to the mid-ocean ridge is:
Shelf -> Slope ->Rise -> Abyssal plain
You take a sediment sample from the ocean floor at a depth of 5500 m. The area has low biological productivity and the CCD is at 4500 m depth. Your sample will probably consist of __________. siliceous ooze sand coral clay calcareous ooze
clay
What have oceanographers determined from analyzing sea floor cores?
climate change and past extinctions
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called: lithogenous. cosmogenous. volcanogenic. biogenous. hydrogenous.
cosmogenous
Each hydrogen atom shares its single electrons in the oxygen atom. Which type of bond is this?
covalent bond
Which of the following landforms shows the least amoun tof erosion along US coasts?
crystalline bedrock of New England
Hypsometric curve
cumulative plot of area versus depth or
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
deep focus earthquake
Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following except
deep sea trenches
Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements?
deep-sea hotsprings
Old lithosphere is destroyed in association with
deep-sea trenches
Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
deep-sea trenches
Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with:
deep-sea trenches.
Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following except:
deep-sea trenches.
Mariana Trench
deepest ocean trench at 11,022 meters
Large deposits of sediment at the mouths of rivers are called
deltas
Earth is a layered sphere based on the property of
density
What three steps are required for calcareous ooze to exist below the CCD?
deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years
What three steps are required for calcareous ooze to exist below the CCD? deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and stability of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a calcareous material, and stability of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells below the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells below the CCD, cover of these shells by a calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years
deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years
What process is primarily responsible for the formation of the continental rise along the East Coast of the US?
deposition of sediment by turbidity currents as deep-sea fans
lysocline
depth at which carbonate begins to dissolve
The process of purifying seawater by removing most of its dissolved substances is called
desalination
Eratosthenes
determined Earth's circumference fairly accurately
The GPS system is a tool used for
determining surface location
Chlorophyll
developed by complex autotrophs that allowed use of the sun for photosynthesis.
GLORIA
device used for side-scan sonar
Important marine autotrophs that have silica incoporated into their cell walls are
diatoms
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
diatoms (oolites) foraminiferans radiolarians coccolithophores
The two major types of microscopic, planktonic organisms that produce siliceous oozes are __________ and __________.
diatoms; radiolarians
The two major types of microscopic, planktonic organisms that produce siliceous oozes are __________ and __________. diatoms; foraminifers coccolithophores; foraminifers radiolarians; coccolithophores diatoms; radiolarians diatoms; coccolithophores
diatoms; radiolarians
The separation of the Earth into layers was the result of
differing densities of the rock and mineral materials
The separation of the Earth into layers was the result of the:
differing densities of the rock and mineral materials.
The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment.
dilution
The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment. ecology erosion dilution destruction productivity
dilution
Diatomaceous earth, which is composed of silica, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD. does not dissolve; dissolves does not dissolve; does not dissolve dissolves; dissolves dissolves; does not dissolve
dissolves; dissolves
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a
divergent boundary
Hydrothermal Vents
divergent plate boundary
Rocks like the ones shown in the photo most likely formed at which of the following tectonic settings?
divergent plate boundary
Forams, which are composed of calcium carbonate, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD.
do not dissolve; dissolve
Forams, which are composed of calcium carbonate, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD. do not dissolve; dissolve dissolve; do not dissolve dissolve; dissolve do not dissolve; do not dissolve
do not dissolve; dissolve
Diatomaceous earth, which is composed of silica, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD.
does not dissolve; does not dissolve
Arabs
dominated Mediterranean Sea in Middle Ages. Traded with East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. Learned to use Indian Ocean monsoon winds for travel.
Water flowing out of an enclosed basin due to tides is called a/an
ebb current
Which of the following pairs doesn't belong together?
emerging shorelines; drowned beaches
John Cabot
englishman who arrived in northeast North America in 1497
The euphotic zone iss confined to the
epipelagic zone
Submarine canyons are most likely formed by:
erosion by turbidity currents
Submarine canyons were most likely formed by
erosion by turbidity currents
Vikings
established temporary settlement in North America
An organism that tolerates a wide range of salinities is referred to as
euryhaline
Which one of the following INCREASES the salinity of seawater
evaporation of seawater
Autotrophs
evolved later. Manufacture own food supply.
All of the following are parts of Earth's climate system except the
exosphere
Consider a continental margin that has a very broad, flat continental shelf and a slope that descends 1 km to the deep ocean basin. Based on this information, this margin is ___________________.
far from an oceanic ridge
A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via:
fecal pellets
A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via: wind. fecal pellets. deposit feeders. carbonate dissolution. precipitation.
fecal pellets.
Christopher Columbus
financed by the Spanish to find new trade routes to Asia.
Balboa
first European explorer of the Pacific Ocean
Eratosthenes
first determination of Earth's circumerence
Phoenicians
first from Western Hemisphere to develop navigation arts.Navigated circa 2000 BC. Explored Mediterranean Sea, Red Seam and Indian Ocean. First circumnavigation of Africa. Reached British isles.
Abyssal plain
flat depositional surfaces that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins
Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaC03)
foraminferans
Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?
foraminiferans
Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)? phosphorites radiolarians foraminiferans glauconite diatoms
foraminiferans
All of the following are considered apart of the continental margin except the
fracture zone
All of the following are considered part of the continental margin EXCEPT:
fracture zone
All of the following are considered part of the continental margin except the:
fracture zone
What is a linear sea floor feature that is seismically inactive, occurs beyond offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction?
fracture zone
The correct arrangement of astronomical bodies from oldest to youngest is:
galaxy, solar system, planet.
The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________.
gas hydrates
The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________. wind power gas hydrates rare-earth elements ethanol coal
gas hydrates
The distinctive type of sedimentary layering that has largest particles on the bottom and smallest particles on the top, with intermediate sized particles in the middle, is called which of the following?
graded bedding
What is the characteristic layering of an individual turbidity current deposit called?
graded bedding
In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________.
gravel than in tropical waters
The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is:
in the same direction as the plates are spreading
The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is:
in the same direction as the plates are spreading.
The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is
in the same direction of plate movement
Of the following factors, all increase the amount of energy in waves except:
increasing water vapor content
Minamata disease is associated with
ingestion of methyl mercury-contaminated fish and shellfish
This marine mammal (sea otter)
is a small mammal with dense fur and lack an insulating blubber layer
Free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth because 4 oxygen
is necessary for photosynthesis to occur
The island of Java is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________.
island arc
The vertical movement of crust to accommodate additional weight or removal or weight is called
isostatic adjustment
The reason the mid-ocean ridge has a zigzag appearance is because:
it accommodates spreading of a linear ridge system on a spherical Earth.
Mantle
mainly iron and magnesium silicate minerals
Ptolemy
mapped wordl with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude
All of the following are typically characteristic of depositonal shores except
marine terraces
Bathymetry
measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography
Planktonic organisms that spend part of their life in planktonic form, and the rest of their life as either benthos or nekton are called
meroplankton
Domestic cattle production and rice agriculture release relatively large amounts of which gas into the atmosphere
methane CH4
New lithosphere is produced in association with
mid-ocean ridges
New lithosphere is produced in association with:
mid-ocean ridges
Submarine Canyon
narrow deep valleys on continental slopes
The cosmological model for the formation of the sun and the rest of our solar system is the
nebular hypothesis
An increase in cloud cover and corresponding decrease in absorption of solar radiation is an example of a
negative-feedback loop
The seasonal temperature in deep oceans is usually
negligible
Sediments found on continental margins are called
neritic
What is the most abudant gas in the atmopshere?
nitrogen
Nor'easters affect which area of the US coastline during the fall and winter months
northern Atlantic coast
Outgassing
occurred during density stratification. Water vapor. Carbon dioxide. Hydrogen. Other gases
New lithosphere is produced in association with:
oceanic ridges
The most rapid change in slope in the ocean is found at the
oceanic trench
Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's:
oceanic trenches
Along the margins of the pacific found most of Earth's:
oceanic trenches
An ______ occurs where two plates converge, and the denser plate is subducted
oceanic-continental converenge
An area the experiences diurnal tides will have
one high and one low tide daily
Stanley Miller's 1952 experiment demonstrated that
organic molecules could be created from the materials contained in Earth's early atmosphere and ocean.
Stanley Millers 1952 experiment demonstrated
organic molecules could be created from the materials contained in earths early atmosphere and oceans
The early oceans and atmosphere are thought to have come from inside Earth and were formed by a process called
outgassing
The early oceans and atmosphere are thought to have come from inside the earth from the process
outgassing
which gas was not abundant in earths early atmosphere
oxygen
Which ocean is the deepest on Earth?
pacific ocean
The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as
parallel to and symettric about ocean ridges
Wentworth scale
particle size classification
The continental margin of the U.S. Atlantic coast is a/an _________ continental margin, and the continental margin off the west coast of South American is a/an _______ continental margin
passive; convergent-active
With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are
perpendicular to the ridge axis
With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are:
perpendicular to the ridge axis
Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the
plants lived near the poles, but land masses have drifted to current locations
Most large ocean floor features owe their origins to _________.
plate tectonic processes
The relative productivity in the worlds oceans from most produtive to least productive to least productive is
polar waters, temperate waters, tropical waters
The distribution of benthic biomass is related to
primary productivity
In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter
primary productivty
Ptolemy
produced fairly accurate world map around 150 BC.
Herodotus
produced inaccurate world map around 450 BC
A layer of rapid change of ocean denisty with depth is called a
pycnocline
The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________.
quartz
The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________. aragonite gypsum quartz calcite halite
quartz
the most accurate scientific estimation of earths age is based on
radiometric dating on rocks
The most accurate scientific estimation of the age of Earth is based on
radiometric methods of detemining the age of meteorites and moon rocks
Concerned individuals can reduce their personal contribution to greenhouse gas emissions by doing all of the following except
reducing the area covered by pavement or structures (houses, garages, pools, decks, etc) in urban and suburban areas
Asthenosphere
relatively hot, plastic. Flows with high viscosity. Base of lithosphere to about 700 km
Catches above the maximum sustainable yield
result in overfishing
The difference between centripetal forces and gravitational forces is called the
resultant force
Identify the major features of a slow-spreading mid-ocean ridge
rift valley
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
rift velley metal sulfide deposits pillow basalts seamounts (trenches)
Isostatic rebound
rising of crust formerly weighed down by glacier ice
Greek Pytheas
sailed northward using a simple method to determine latitude in 325 BC. Navigated using North Star.
Thor Heyerdahl
sailed on a balsa raft (KON TIKI) to demonstrate migration of South Americans to Pacific Ocean islands
Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________.
sand, silt, and gravel
Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________. sand, silt, and gravel basalt fragments and metallic sulfides biogenic ooze red clay halite, gypsum, and anhydrite
sand, silt, and gravel
Scientific method
scientists discover processes and make predictions
Measurement of ocean floor bathymetry from satellites relies on:
sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor
Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called:
seamounts
All of the following are alternatives to hard stabilization except
seawalls
In comparison with other ocean basins, major sedimentary features such as continental rises and abyssal plains are relatively rare in the Pacific. The primary reason for their scarcity in the Pacific is that __________.
sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific
The reason the deposit on the bottom forms the way it does is a result of
settling velocity
Continental margin
shallow-water areas close to continents
The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is:
shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain
The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge:
shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain
The correct order of marine provinces from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is
shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.
First autotrophs
similar to modern anaerobic bacteria
The two relatively flat areas on the hypsometric curve represent
some interior continental areas/ coastal plains and abyssal plains
The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent
some interior continental areas/coastal plains iand abyssal plains
Prince Henry the Navigator
sought trade routes around Africa.
The method that is most frequently used to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:
sound waves
The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:
sound waves
The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:
sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling)
The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is
space
All of the following are baleen whales except
sperm whales
Radiometric age dating
spontaneous change/decay. Half-life.
The mass of a population of fish present at a given time is called its
standing stock
Ninety percent of people who die in hurricanes are killed by
storm surge
All of the following are hydrogenous sediments except
stromatolites
The majority of ocean trenches are associated with:
subduction zones and associated faults very deep ocean water depths Pacific Ring of Fire volcanic arcs and active continental margins narrow or no continental shelves
Surface ocean currents are caused by ____, whereas deep currents are the result of ______
surface wind belts; density differences
What is turbidity?
suspended sediment
A common body shape the streamlines an organism in the marine environment is a flattened body that
tapers at the back end
The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are
tektites
The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are: oozes. evaporites. tektites. silt. clays.
tektites.
The Age of Discovery is the time period in ocean exploration history when
the Western European world realized the vastness of Earth's water-covered surface
Marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following Earth history events? Choose all that apply. the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins past catastrophes, such as major extinction events the climate on Earth millions of years ago movement of the ocean floor previous ocean circulation patterns
the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins past catastrophes, such as major extinction events the climate on Earth millions of years ago movement of the ocean floor previous ocean circulation patterns
What is wave refraction?
the bending of waves as they approach a coastline
In the demonstration, what does the apple represent?
the deep sea floor
In the demonstration, what does the apple represent? a grain of sand on a beach a circular fish that isn't very streamlined a weight suspended in water the flying object on the end of a string the deep sea floor
the deep sea floor
What is the calcite compensation depth, or CCD?
the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly
The sea floor feature in the figure is most likely a result of:
turbidity currents
Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are called
turbidity currents
Spring tide occurs about
twice per month
Captain James Cook
undertook three scientific voyages. Mapped many islands in the Pacific. Systematically measured ocean characteristics. Marine Chronograph (longitude)
Seismic survey
used to determine shape and position of boundaries
Precision-Depth Recorder (PDR)
uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth
Which of the following can be used to map the sea floor?
using satellites to measure the sea surface sending sound through water (sonar) recording many depths using a long cable direct visitation of the sea floor
Isostatic Adjustment
vertical movement of Earth's crust. Buoyancy of lithosphere on asthenosphere.
Heterotrophs
very earliest life. Require external food supply.
The Bay of Fundy is well known for which tidal characterstic
very high tidal range
All true oceanic islands are ________ in origin.
volcanic
Seamounts and abyssal hills are ________ in origin.
volcanic
Nearly all oceanic islands are:
volcanic in origin
The Gulf Stream is a ____ current that flows _____
warm; north
Bioluminescence is employed by deep-sea animals for all of the folowing reasons except
warning coloration
The atmospheric component that naturally contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is
water
Based on the equations for determining the speed of shallow water-waves, which one of the following variables is necessary to determine the speed of shallow water waves?
water depth
What factor primarily controls the distribution of calcareous ooze?
water depth
What factor primarily controls the distribution of calcareous ooze? proximity to land nutrient availability water depth water temperature water salinity
water depth
The subdivisions of the geological timescale
were initially based on fossil evidence, extinctions and boundaries of sedimentary rock units
The subdivisions of the geologic time scale
were initially based on fossil evidence, extinctions, and boundaries of sedimentary rock units.
The age of discovery was the time period in ocean exploration history when
western europeans realized the vastness of the earths oceans
Gravity
what concentrates material at center of cloud
Protoplanets
what form from smaller concentrations of matter (eddies)?
A tidal current can produce a rapidly spinning body of water called a vortex or
whirpool
The muscle tissue of a "lunger" is predominatly
white
Hydrothermal vents between 30 degrees C and 350 degrees C produce
white smokers
Warm water (From 30°C to 350°C) hydrothermal vents form:
white smokers
What mechanism(s) is/are responsible for transporting clay to deep ocean basins? Choose all that apply. underwater landslides slow-moving ocean currents ice rafting wind rivers
wind
Which doesn't belong?
E. Rift valley
Christopher Columbus established trade routes from Europe around Africa to India.
False
the origin of earths oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification
true
Of the following statements about Earth's hypsographic curve, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.
-The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth's surface area that is covered by ocean waters. -The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation. -The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. -The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
Which of the following statements accurately describe(s) the depth and height of Earth's surface as shown on the hypsographic curve? Choose all that apply.
-The percentage of Earth's surface above sea level is 29.2%. -More people have been to the top of the tallest mountain on Earth than have been to the bottom of the deepest trench. -The average depth of the ocean is much greater than the average height of land.
In which of the following environments would you expect lithogenous sediment to be the dominant sediment type? Choose all that apply.
-at the base of the continental slope -a sandy beach -along the mid-ocean ridge -the abyssal plains
Which of the following feature(s) is/are associated with the mid-ocean ridge? Choose all that apply.
-basalt volcanism and pillow lavas -a central rift valley -volcanoes -hydrothermal vents
What features are associated with a passive continental margin? Choose all that apply.
-continental rise -Flat coastal terrain
What sediment type(s) is/are included in the pink category labeled "Other" on the map? Choose all that apply.
-cosmogenous sediments -hydrogenous sediments
Of the following, which energy resource(s) can be extracted from marine sediments? Choose all that apply.
-gas hydrates -petroleum
What processes influence the shape and features of continental shelves? Choose all that apply.
-large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time -trench formation at convergent boundaries -tectonic activity produced by offshore faults -major climate changes, such as ice ages
Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? Choose all that apply.
-manganese nodules -coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers
Marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following Earth history events? Choose all that apply.
-previous ocean circulation patterns -the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins -movement of the ocean floor -past catastrophes, such as major extinction events -the climate on Earth millions of years ago
Of the following techniques, which one(s) can be used to map the sea floor? Choose all that apply.
-recording many depths using a long cable -using satellites to measure the sea surface -sending sound through water (sonar) -direct visitation of the sea floor
The majority of ocean trenches are associated with ___________. Choose all that apply.
-very deep ocean water depths -the Pacific Ring of Fire -volcanic arcs and active continental margins -subduction zones and associated faults -narrow or no continental shelves
Which of the following is an example of an active continental margin? Choose all that apply.
-west coast of Chile -west coast of the United States
What mechanism(s) is/are responsible for transporting clay to deep ocean basins? Choose all that apply.
-wind -slow-moving ocean currents
On the cross-section shown below, correctly identify the following features.
1. A- Magma (heat source) 2. C- Metal sulfide deposits 3. B- Black smoker
The image below shows a close-up view of a mid-ocean ridge that is offset by a linear fault/fracture. Match the letters with the correct features.
1. A: Rift valley of a mid-ocean ridge 2. E: Lithosphere 3. C: Asthenosphere 4. B: Fracture zone 5. D: Transform fault
The cross-section below shows an area of the sea floor that is accumulating sediments. Match the type of sediment/feature with the correct letter.
1. C: Mid-ocean ridge 2. E: Siliceous ooze 3. B: Calcareous ooze 4. F: Upwelling, cool water 5. A: Abyssal clay 6. D: Calcite compensation depth (CCD)
Review the accompanying topographic map of the eastern United States and the figure of a typical continental margin in this region. Label the different features shown. Note that not all labels will be used. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. You do not need to use all labels.
1. Continental Shelf 2. Shelf Break 3. Continental Slope 4. Continental Rise 5. (bottom) Passive Continental Margin
This global map shows the distribution of different types of marine sediment (different colors). Match the correct letter to the sediment type listed below.
1. D: Calcareous ooze 2. B: Abyssal clay 3. C: Neritic continental lithogenous 4. E: Siliceous ooze: radiolarian 5. A: Siliceous ooze: diatom
On this perspective view of a passive continental margin, match the following letters with the correct features.
1. E- Oceanic Crust 2. D- Continental Slope 3. F- Continental Rise 4. A- Continental Shelf 5. C- Continental Crust 6. B- Abyssal Plain 7. G- Shelf Break
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Note that some terms will remain unused.
1. Oceanic crust spreads at "mid-ocean ridges," creating new crust and slowly enlarging the ocean basin. 2. "Submarine canyons" are deep valleys at passive continental boundaries. They are likely carved out by "turbidity currents," which occur when sediment-laden water rapidly moves down slope. 3. Melt from the subducting plate rises to the surface, erupts through the crust on the overriding plate and forms "continental volcanic arcs" on continents, or "volcanic island arcs" in the ocean. 4. Subduction zones surrounding the Pacific Ocean give rise to volcanoes. This area surrounding the Pacific Ocean is called the "Ring of Fire."
If 10,000 kcal of energy were contained in the primary producers (trophic level 1), on average how many kcal of energy would you except to be transferred to second-order consumers (trophic level 3)
100 kcal
The sediments that are produced in areas of high primary productivity are indicated by the number(s):
2 & 3
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. hydrothermal vents B. island arc C. mountains D. oceanic trench E. volcanoes
A. hydrothermal vents
Which doesn't belong?
A. passive margin
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. siliceous ooze B. quartz sand C. rock fragments D. clay E. volcanic ash
A. siliceous ooze
A small, rounded, submerged volcanic hill that rises less than 1 kilometer above the sea floor is called a/an..
Abyssal Hill
Match the term with the appropriate phrase. Drag the items on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right. (Items can be used once or more than once.)
Abyssal clay− lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment Diatomaceous ooze − biogenous sediment Halite − hydrogenous sediment Manganese nodules − hydrogenous sediment Tektites − cosmogenous sediment Coccolithophores − biogenous sediment Stromatolites − biogenous sediment Siliceous ooze − biogenous sediment Oolites − hydrogenous sediment Metal sulfides − hydrogenous sediment
An oceanographic vessel is mapping a section of the ocean floor stretching for tens of miles in all directions. The seafloor is extremely flat, with a slope of less than one degree, and the water depth is about 4,500 meters. The area being mapped is most likely a(n) __________.
Abyssal plain
Compare continental margins and ocean basins of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans using the map below. Deep ocean trenches are delineated with red lines, which indicates the margin is active. Label these features correctly for margin type and ocean basin dynamics.
Active Continental Margins: -Continental margin D -Continental margin E Passive Continental Margins: -Continental margin A -Continental margin B -Continental margin C Shrinking Ocean Basin: -Pacific Ocean Basin Expanding Ocean Basin: -Atlantic Ocean Basin
Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because:
All of the above
4000-5000 BC
Archaeological evidence suggests island occupation by New Guinea people as early as this
The four principle oceans of the Earth are the
Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans
Refer to the figure above. Where would you expect to find a rift valley?
B
Which doesn't belong?
B. Abyssal Hill
Which doesn't belong?
B. Continental Flood Basalt
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. Gondwanaland B. Panamerica C. Pangaea D. Panthalassia E. Tethys Sea
B. Panamerica
coccolithophores
BIO
diatomaceous ooze
BIO
silaceous ooze
BIO
stromatolitse
BIO
first European explorer to Pacific Ocean
Balboa
Measuring the vertical distance from the ocean surface down to the sea floor is called..
Bathymetry
The measurement of ocean depth and the charting of the seafloor topography
Bathymetry
Match the term with the appropriate phrase. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right
Bathymetry− measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography Hypsographic curve− cumulative plot of the frequency of depth or elevation Multi-beam sonar− a method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 km wide Seismic reflection profile− used to determine ocean structure beneath the sea floor Precision-depth recorder (PDR)− uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth
Why is this drilling process called rotary drilling?
Because the drill bit turns around in a circle.
Why is this drilling process called rotary drilling? Because a high-powered rotary engine drives the drilling process. Because the ship spins around in a circle to power the drilling process. Because the drill bit turns around in a circle. Because the constant pounding on the drill string causes a rotary motion.
Because the drill bit turns around in a circle.
Why does calcareous material dissolve below the CCD?
Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material.
Why does calcareous material dissolve below the CCD? Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material. The lack of light in the deep ocean causes chemical reactions to occur that dissolve calcareous material. The higher salinity at depth reacts with calcareous material and causes it to dissolve. Deep-ocean marine organisms exude chemicals tha
Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material.
Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Biogenous Sediment
Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Biogenous Sediment
The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Biogenous Sediment
The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Biogenous Sediment
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Biogenous sediment usually contains abundant calcite below the calcite compensation depth BECAUSE it readily dissolves above the calcite compensation depth.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Biogenous sediment usually contains abundant calcite below the calcite compensation depth BECAUSE it readily dissolves above the calcite compensation depth. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Characteristics of passive continental margins include which of the following?
Broad continental shelves
tektites
COSMO
What would happen if the depth of the CCD were above the top of the mid-ocean ridge?
Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD.
What would happen if the depth of the CCD were above the top of the mid-ocean ridge? The mid-ocean ridge would dissolve. Calcareous ooze would be found below the CCD. Non-calcareous sediment on the mid-ocean ridge would dissolve. Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD.
Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD.
During the age of discovery these events occurred
Captain James Cook explored the pacific, Magellan circumnavigated the earth, Columbus discovered the new world
The "Age of Discovery" began with
Christopher Columbus's discovery of the "New World"
Southern Ocean/ Antarctic Ocean
Circumnavigates Antarctica. Is really part of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans that lie south of 50 degree S latitude.
In the figure above, darker blue areas indicate deep water, and lighter blue areas indicate shallow water. Land is shown in shades of brown and green. Which area in the figure is on a continental margin?
D
All of the following are considered part f the continental margin except the: A. Rise B. Slope C. Shelf D. Fracture Zone
D. Fracture Zone
Which doesn't belong?
D. Seaknoll
Which of the following is not true of submarine canyons? A. They are V-shaped valleys B. They are erosional feature C. They occur mainly on the continental slope D. They are found only off mountainous coasts
D. They are found only off mountainous coasts
All of the following are true about fracture zones, except: A. They are found beyond the offset segments of the mid-ocean ridge B. They are ancient fault scares C. They are zones that lack seismic activity D. They are transform plate boundaries
D. They are transform plate boundaries
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. turbidity currents B. graded bedding C. turbidite deposits D. abyssal plains E. deep-sea fans
D. abyssal plains
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. Coccolithopores B. Diatoms C. Foraminiferans D. Oolites E. Radiolarians
D. oolites
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Darwin
Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements? Nodule and crust creation Deep-sea hotsprings Groundwater leaching Clathrate formation Sea floor methane seeps
Deep-sea hotsprings
Active continental margins are characterized by which of the following?
Deep-sea trenches
What determines the Order of earths layers
Density
Oceanic ridges and rises result from seafloor spreading along:
Divergent plate boundaries
Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples?
Dredge
Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples? Long line Rotary corer Seiche disk Gravity corer Dredge
Dredge
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. halite and other salts B. manganese nodules C. metal sulfides D. phosphates E. tektites
E. Tektites
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. divergent plate boundary B. oceanic-continental convergence C. oceanic-oceanic convergence D. transform plate boundary E. hot spot
E. hot spot
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. continental margin B. active margin C. convergent active margin D. transform active margin E. rift valley
E. rift valley
Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following?
Earthquake-generated heat from friction
Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following? Earthquake-generated heat from friction Earth's climate change patterns The properties of the deep crust The mechanism that causes tsunamis The microbiology of the deep-ocean floor
Earthquake-generated heat from friction
first determination of Earth's circumference
Eratosthenes
Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock?
Evaporative salts
Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock? Manganese nodules Sediments rich in tin Phosphorite Evaporative salts Sand and gravel
Evaporative salts
Vikings
Explored North Atlantic Ocean in Middle Ages.
Density stratification has caused our earth to be homogenous throughout
FALSE
halite
HYDRO
maganese nodules
HYDRO
metal sulfides
HYDRO
oolites
HYDRO
Atlantic Ocean
Half the size of the Pacific Ocean. Shallower than the Pacific Ocean. Separates Old World from New World.
which of the following terms describes a rapid change in salinity with depth?
Halocline
4.6
How many billion years old is Earth
None
How many records exist of Pacific human history before 16th century
Extremely large worms can be found at..
Hydro thermal vents
Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Hydrogenous Sediment
Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment
Hydrogenous Sediment
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Indian
The deepest part of the ocean
Is called the Mariana Trench The bottom of the trench was visited by Piccard and Walsh in the Trieste in 1960 is located in a trench off the coast of Japan The depth of the trench exceeds the height of Mount Everest
Cruisers are thought to have relatively high body temperature because
It increases the power output of muscle tissue
Which of the following is not true concerning a graded bedding deposit?
It results from successive lava flows
When measured from a satellite, what occurs to the ocean water over a seamount on the ocean floor?
It rises up to form a mound based on the mass of seamount
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Jurassic
Review the figure, and label the different features shown. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Note that not all labels will be used.
Left to right: turbidite deposits, graded bed, fine-grained particles, coarse-grained particles, type of sediment that settled last during a turbidity, type of sediment that settles first during a turbidity.
Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Lithogenous Sediment
Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Lithogenous Sediment
Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment
Lithogenous Sediment
The chronometer developed by John Harrison was valuable because it made possible the determination of
Longitude at sea
Match the term with the appropriate phrase. Drag the items on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right.
Lysocline− depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve CCD− depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved) Turbidite− associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans Ice rafting− associated with glacial deposits Wentworth Scale− particle size classification
led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe
Magellan
rich in ferromagnesian minerals, between crust and core
Mantle
To which planet is NASA sending the spacecraft InSight to study crustal movements similar to earthquakes?
Mars
Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor?
Methane
Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor? Ethane Carbon dioxide Methane Propane Hydrogen sulfide
Methane
The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits?
Microscopic organisms
The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits? Dinosaurs Microscopic organisms Peat and coal Fish and amphibians Land based plants
Microscopic organisms
Which of the following techniques used to determine ocean bathymetry is illustrated in the image?
Multibeam Sonar
Why is the average depth of the ocean much greater than the average height of land?
Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Oceanic trench
An _____ occurs where two plates of the same composition converge, resulting in the older, denser, plate being subducted
Oceanic-oceanic convergence
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Radiolarians Foraminiferans Diatoms Coccolithophores Oolites
Oolites
Stanley Miller's Experiment
Organic materials formed by ultraviolet light, electrical spark (lightning), and a mixture of water, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane and ammonia
What is the deepest ocean on earth
Pacific
In which ocean do most tsnuamis occur?
Pacific Ocean
Tamu Massif, the largest single volcano on Earth occurs in which of the following oceans?
Pacific Ocean
The largest ocean in the world is the
Pacific Ocean
Where would you expect to find the most well developed continental margin?
Passive Margin
With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are..
Perpendicular to mid-ocean ridge
Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value?
Petroleum
Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value? Petroleum Gas hydrates Sand and gravel Manganese nodules and crusts Rare-earth elements
Petroleum
Of the following, which energy resource(s) can be extracted from marine sediments? Choose all that apply. Petroleum Halite Manganese nodules Phosphorites Gas hydrates
Petroleum Gas hydrates
the oldest time unit?
Precambrian
The early Earth that was much larger than the present day earth was called the
Protoearth
mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude
Ptolemy
China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources?
Rare-earth elements
China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources? Gas hydrates Rare-earth elements Manganese nodules and crusts Sand and gravel Phosphorite
Rare-earth elements
Name the Seven Seas
Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf, Black Sea, Adriatic Sea, Caspian Sea, Indian Ocean
New lithosphere is produced in association with..
Ridges
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Rift valley
Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean?
Rotary corer
Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean? Rotary corer Gravity corer Long line Seiche disk Dredge
Rotary corer
Arctic Ocean
Seven percent the size of the Pacific Ocean. Shallowest world ocean. Permanent layer of sea ice a few meters thick.
How does siliceous ooze accumulate on the seafloor if silica-based residues are dissolved slowly at all depths? Low primary productivity in surface waters results in siliceous ooze accumulation. Silica tests sink slower than seawater can dissolve them. Silica tests accumulate faster than seawater can dissolve them. Silica-based residues do not accumulate on the seafloor.
Silica tests accumulate faster than seawater can dissolve them.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Siliceous ooze
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Clay Rock fragments Quartz sand Siliceous ooze Volcanic ash
Siliceous ooze
The Seven Seas
Smaller and shallower than oceans. Salt water. Usually enclosed by land. Directly connected to the ocean.
Indian Ocean
Smaller than the Atlantic Ocean. Similar in depth as the Atlantic Ocean. Primarily in the Southern Hemisphere.
The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent:
Some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor
The method that is most frequently used to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:
Sound waves
The first recorded attempt to measure the ocean's depth was conducted using which of the following techniques?
Sounding
Spanish Armada
Spain's maritime dominance ended when England defeated this
Ferdinand Magellan
Spaniard who circumnavigated the globe.
Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the thick blanket of sediment on abyssal plains the deep-ocean floor?
Suspension settling
abyssal clay
TERRI
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the burning of coal will cause the calcite compensation depth to rise BECAUSE the oceans will get more acidic.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the burning of coal will cause the calcite compensation depth to rise BECAUSE the oceans will get more acidic. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Multibeam SONAR systems have resolution limitations in deep water BECAUSE beams of sound spread out with depth.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Abyssal clays are commonly red-brown or buff in color BECAUSE they contain gypsum.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Abyssal clays are commonly red-brown or buff in color BECAUSE they contain gypsum. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coarse-grained lithogenous neritic deposits dominate continental margin areas BECAUSE they do not contain biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous particles.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coarse-grained lithogenous neritic deposits dominate continental margin areas BECAUSE they do not contain biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous particles. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean BECAUSE turbidity currents only occur along passive continental margins.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Pacific Ring of Fire is home to the majority of Earth's active volcanoes and large earthquakes BECAUSE of the prevalence of divergent plate boundaries along the Pacific Rim.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine sediments can't provide insight into today's climate changes BECAUSE they reveal a detailed history of Earth's past climate.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine sediments can't provide insight into today's climate changes BECAUSE they reveal a detailed history of Earth's past climate. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Can you explain why atolls extend from the surface of the ocean down to great depths into the sea? Corals, which make up these ring-shaped structures, can only live where water is warmed and illuminated by sunlight, no more than approximately 45 meters deep. How do you explain an atoll that extends thousands of meters deep?
The coral reef once formed around an active volcano. The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top. The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.
Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult?
The deep-ocean floor
Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult? The deep-ocean floor Marine sediments on land Estuaries and lagoons Continental shelf
The deep-ocean floor
70
The world's oceans cover this much percent of Earth
Which of the following is not true of submarine canyons?
They are found only off mountainous coasts
Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct?
They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.
Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct? They contain plant fossils used to map the movement of the continents. They represent Earth history dating back for billions of years. They are useful for determining the distribution of ancient dinosaurs. They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events. They provide a discontinuous, disturbed record of Earth history.
They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.
Which of the following is NOT true concerning density stratification?
This has caused our Earth to be homogeneous throughout.
What statement correctly distinguishes an ocean trench from a submarine canyon?
Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.
Old lithosphere is destroyed in association with..
Trenches or Subduction Zones
A sediment-laden current that flows off of the continental shelf is called a turbidity current
True
Warm water hydrothermal vents form:
White smokers
Pacific Ocean
World's largest ocean. Accounts more than half of the Earth's ocean space. World's deepest ocean. Earth's largest geographic feature. Named in 1520 by Ferdinand Magellan.
Of the following, which is the best description of a sea floor hydrothermal vent?
a chimney that emits a column of hot cloudy formed from the precipitation of metal-rich minerals
The density of seawater increases with ____ in temperature and an _____ in salinity
a decrease; increase
CCD
a depth at which all carbonate is in solution
What is calcareous ooze?
a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes
What is calcareous ooze? a coarse-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of ooze-secreting microbes a fine-grained, shallow-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes a coarse-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes a fine-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of ooze-secreting microbes a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes
a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes
Sediments that are poorly sorted and made of a variety of minerals could have been deposited by
a glacier
What common item is used in this video to demonstrate a turbidity current?
a large jar filled with water and sediment
In which of the following environments would you expect lithogenous sediment to be the dominant sediment type? Choose all that apply. a coral reef a sandy beach the abyssal plains along the mid-ocean ridge at the base of the continental slope near a black smoker
a sandy beach the abyssal plains along the mid-ocean ridge at the base of the continental slope
The average slope of the continental shelf is approx. ________.
a tenth of a degree
One distinction between an "ocean" and a "sea" is that a sea:
a. Contains more shallow water. b. Is composed of salt water. c. Is smaller than an ocean. d. May be enclosed by either land or ocean currents.
Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because they
a. are unaffected by surface weather. b. can cover areas where ships have not produced surveys. c. can "see" large areas of the seafloor at one time. d. the shape of the ocean surface itself reflects large features on the seafloor below
Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following
a. broad continental shelf. c. shallow coastal waters. d. thick sediment accumulation. e. very little volcanic and earthquake activity.
All of the following are considered part of the continental margin
a. continental rise. b. continental shelf. c. continental slope. e. submarine canyon.
Radioactive isotopes can sometimes be used to determine the
absolute age of the rock
The world's oceans play a role in reducing global warming by
absorbing surplus heat energy
A small, rounded, submerged volcanic hill that rises less than 1 kilometer (0.6miles) above the sea floor is called a/an ______________ .
abyssal hill
Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters tall are called:
abyssal hills or seaknolls
Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called:
abyssal hills or seaknolls.
The most likely place to find abudant manganese nodules is on the
abyssal plain far from a continent
The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:
abyssal plain far from a continent
the most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the: crest of a mid-ocean ridge. continental rise. continental shelf. abyssal plain far from a continent. All of the above locations contain manganese nodules.
abyssal plain far from a continent.
The most gradual change in slope in the ocean can be found at the
abyssal plain.
Sediments deposited by the process of settling produce the main sediment found on:
abyssal plains
Extending from the base of the continental rises into the deep-ocean basins are flat depositional surfaces called:
abyssal plains.
continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust
true
What have oceanographers determined from analyzing sea floor cores? how fast sediment is accumulating in the deep ocean Highly-specialized marine life can exist at all depths in the ocean. how deep the ocean really is There is an abundance of human-produced trash on the deep ocean floor. climate change and past extinctions
climate change and past extinctions
Nebula
cloud of gases and space dust. Mainly hydrogen and helium
Which sediment type dominates in the neritic environment?
coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks
Which sediment type dominates in the neritic environment? coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks cosmogenous sediments, such as space dust biogenous sediment, such as diatom tests fine lithogenous sediment, such as clay hydrogenous sediments, such as manganese nodules
coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks
Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? Choose all that apply. abyssal clay black volcanic beach sand coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers manganese nodules tests of foraminifers radiolarian ooze
coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers manganese nodules
Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure.
colder; higher
Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure. warmer; lower warmer; higher colder; lower colder; higher
colder; higher
The most biologically devastating oil spills in the marine environment are usually a result of
collision and/or sinking of oil tankers
The depth at which the cellular respiration rate equals the photosynethic rate is reffered to as the
compensation depth
Juan Sebastian del Cano
completed the circumnavigation started by Ferdinand Magellan.
If you were to walk out away from shore across a passive continental margin, what is the order of provinces you would cross?
continental shelf, slope, then the rise.
Directly seaward of the continental shelf is a more steeply sloping region called the:
continental slope
A _____ occurs where two plates of the same composition converge, resulting in neither plate being subducted
continental-continental convergence
Island Arc
convergent plate boundary
Oceanic Trench
convergent plate boundary
Lithosphere
cool, rigid shell. Includes crust and mantle. About 100 km thick
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called
cosmogenous
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called:
cosmogenous
In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________. silt and sand than in tropical waters coral debris than in tropical waters gravel than in tropical waters clay than in temperate waters shell fragments than in temperate waters
gravel than in tropical waters
Volcanic peaks that are below sea level but rise more than 1 kilometer above the deep-ocean floor and have a flattened top are called ________.
guyots
Organisms that breakdown organic molecules to release energy are called
heterotrophic organisms.
Density stratification
high density= heavy for its size
Siliceous ooze is particularly abundant on the seafloor at __________ and at __________.
high latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones
Siliceous ooze is particularly abundant on the seafloor at __________ and at __________. mid latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones high latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones high latitudes; low latitudes high latitudes; mid latitudes
high latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones
Core
high-density, mainly iron and nickel
sonar, robotics, computers, satellites
high-tech tools used in oceanography today (4)
Organisms such as a mackeral sharks and tunas that can maintain a relatively constant body temperature are referred to as
homeothermic
Oxygen
humans require 02. Early Earth had little of this. Lack of ozone may have helped originate life.
Salt beds of the U.S. Gulf Coast are __________.
hydrogenous sediments
Salt beds of the U.S. Gulf Coast are __________. cosmogenous sediments neritic sediments hydrogenous sediments biogenous sediments lithogenous sediments
hydrogenous sediments
What sediment type(s) is/are included in the pink category labeled "Other" on the map? Choose all that apply. diatom ooze rock fragments hydrogenous sediments cosmogenous sediments sand
hydrogenous sediments cosmogenous sediments
Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called:
hydrogenous.
Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called: biogenous. cosmogenous. hydrogenous. volcanogenic. lithogenous.
hydrogenous.
Pick the pair which does not fit the pattern
krill-whale
In relation to ocean circulation, a gyre is a
large circular moving loop of surface water
Protoearth
larger than Earth today. Homogenous composition. Bombarded by meteorites. Moon formed from collision with large asteroid.
Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by
latitude
Magellan
led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe
Productivity in polar oceans is
light limited
Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called:
lithogenous
Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called: biogenous. cosmogenous. volcanogenic. lithogenous. hydrogenous.
lithogenous
Sediments derived from preexisting rocks are called
lithogenous
The GPS system is a tool used for determining ocean
location
The loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of
loss of zooxanthellae
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic?
low salinity
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic? low salinity high carbon dioxide concentration high oxygen concentration low oxygen concentration low carbon dioxide concentration
low salinity
Eroded material is carried along coastlines from high wave-energy areas to
low wave energy areas
Crust
low- density, mainly silicate minerals
Hurricanes are assoicated with ____ atmospheric pressure and spin ______ in the Northern Hemispher
low; counerclockwise
An example of an organism that might be apart of the infauna is a/an
lug worm
The caudal fin of fast cruising fish such as a tuna
lunate
What is the calcite compensation depth, or CCD? the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly the ocean depth below which calcite is stable and will deposit quickly the ocean depth above which calcite is unstable and will deposit quickly the ocean depth above which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly
the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly
Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because ________.
the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor
In primary production
there is a net gain in organic carbon by organisms
Abyssal hills are only visible in the Pacific Ocean because
they are higher in the Pacific than in the other ocean basins
The function of a swim bladder is
to allow a fish to change position in the water column
The principal goal of science
to explain the causes and effects of observable natural phenomena
Where a mid-ocean ridge is offset, the linear feature connecting and between the crest of the ridge segments is called:
transform fault
All of the following features are associated with the crest of the mid-ocean ridge, except:
trenches
All of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean.
true
All of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the pacific ocean
true
Continental crust is made of rock that is relatively light in color
true
Earth is layered based on density , with the highest density material located the deepest
true
Earths internal layers can be described by their composition or by their physical properties
true
Molten Material will rise if it is less dense than the surrounding material
true
Molten material will sink if it is more dense than the surrounding material
true
The Aleutian Islands are associated with an active continental margin
true
The asthenosphere is a plastic layer that extends from the base of the lithosphere toa depth of about 700 km
true
The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock
true
The deepest point in the ocean is deeper than Mount Everest is high
true
The deepest spot in the ocean is deeper than Mount Everest is high.
true