OCE1001 Chapters 1-4 Combined (3)

Passive margins are usually produced over geologic time by which of the following?

Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

Where does the deep-ocean basin begin along a passive continental margin?

Continental slope

Which of the following is a difference between passive and active continental margins?

Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

composed of iron and nickel, liquid outer layer and solid inner layer

Core

Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Cosmogenous Sediment

Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment

Cosmogenous Sediment

outermost portion of the Earth, basalt and granite

Crust

Due to the very harsh environment, few organisms are found in association with hydrothermal vents

False

Early Polynesians only traveled within sight of land

False

Free oxygen was present in the Earth's primordial atmosphere

False

Heterotrophic organisms can make their own food from inorganic carbon sources

False

Mid-ocean ridges are rises occupy a small portion of the deep ocean basin, only around 10%.

False

Production of the first free oxygen in the atmosphere caused organisms living at that time to flourish

False

Seamounts form from ancient tablemounts

False

Significant oceanographic knowledge was acquired during the Middle Ages

False

The deepest portions of the ocean are part of the relatively narrow features called submarine canyons

False

The mantle could not have produced enough water to fill the oceans

False

The salinity of the oceans has been steadily increasing

False

Turbidity currents are highly erosive and are thought to be responsible for the creation of deep-sea trenches.

False

Vikings led by Thor Heyerdahl established temporary colonies in North America

False

The first known circumnavigation of Earth was by the vessel, Victoria, the voyage of which was led by whom?

Ferdinand Magellan

Who circumnavigated the earth in the victoria

Ferdinand Magellan

Of the following items, which is/are associated with a passive continental margin? Choose all that apply.

- a wide continental shelf - a continental rise

In the figure above, which shows a portion of the hypsographic curve. Which area(s) represent(s) the middle of tectonic plates? Choose all that apply.

-B -D

In the figure above, which shows a portion of the hypsographic curve. Which area(s) represent(s) the abyssal plains?

-D

On a deep-sea voyage in the North Pacific, near the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, you begin to explore a deep, long, narrow region in the ocean floor. You begin to discuss what this is with a partner and come up with the following theories. Determine whether each statement presents a likely scenario. Select the three that apply.

-It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins. -It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean. -The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

Of the following statements about mapping the ocean floor, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

-Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor. -Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail. -Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

The image below shows a perspective view of a mature ocean basin. Match the letters with the correct marine provinces or features listed below.

1. B-Continental Margin 2. A-Mid-ocean ridge 3. C- Ocean Basin

On the world ocean pie diagram below, match the percentage to the correct type of sediment.

1. B: Calcareous ooze 2. A: Abyssal clay 3. C: Siliceous ooze

This composite photomicrograph image shows various types of siliceous marine microorganisms that are found in sediment. Match the correct letter to the name and correct description of each organism listed below.

1. B: Radiolarian, showing long appendages 2. D: Diatom, top view 3. A: Diatom, showing both halves of its test 4. C: Radiolarian, spherical shape

On the diagram of a passive continental margin shown below, match the letters with the correct features.

1. C- Turbidity Current 2. B- Deep-Sea Fans 3. D- Submarine Canyons 4. A- Graded Bedding

This composite photomicrograph image shows various types of calcareous marine microorganisms that are found in sediment. Match the correct letter to the name and correct description of each organism listed below.

1. C: Coccoliths (individual plates) 2. E: Diatom (siliceous) 3. A: Coccolithophores (multiple) 4. D: Coccolithophore (single) 5. B: Foraminifers

Great Oxidation Event

2.45 billion years ago. Increased oxygen and ozone eliminated the anaerobic food supply. Cyanobacteria adapted and thrived.

The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends

200 nautical miles from the coast

What is the approximate depth of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) in the ocean?

3 miles (4.5 kilometers)

What is the approximate depth of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) in the ocean? 0.6 mile (1 kilometer) 1.6 mile (2.5 kilometers) 2 miles (3.2 kilometers) 3 miles (4.5 kilometers) 4.3 miles (7 kilometers)

3 miles (4.5 kilometers)

The Oceans are believed to have been formed about

4 billion years ago

The oceans are believed to have formed about

4 billion years ago.

The greatest proportion of Earth's surface lies in this elevation/depth interval.

4,000 - 5,000 m below sea level

The most widely accepted age of Earth is

4.6 billion years old.

A ship's fathometer (an echo sounder) transmits a sound pulse and records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. If the speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/second, what is the water depth in meters?

5,550 meters

The area on a rocky shore inhabited by organisms adapted to withstand wave energy for the majority of the tidal cycle is indicated by the number

7

Approx. what percentage of the earth is covered by oceans

71%

Approximately what percentage of the surface of Earth is covered by oceans?

71%

________ is the amount of Earth covered by oceans

71% or 70.8%

What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor?

85%

The percentage of biomass regulary decomposed within the euphotic zone is about

90%

Provide a good description of a hydro thermal "smoker" vent found in the depths of a rift valley.

A column form from precipitation of metal rich minerals that emits cloudy water.

Of the following statements, which best describes a continental borderland:

A series of islands, shallow banks, and deep basins

Which of the following features is related to transform faults along mid-ocean ridges?

Fracture zone

Milky Way

Galaxy

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. Aleutian Islands B. Canary Islands C. Galapagos Islands D. Hawaiian Islands E. Iceland

A. Aleutian Islands

Which of the following is not an important control on oceanic sediment accumulation?

All of the above

This wetland coastal areas occurs

All of the conditions control the distribution of this type of coastal wetland

Reasons for the loss of coastal wetlands include all of the following except

All of these

Which of the following affect the ability of species to capture food

All of these affect the ability of pelagic organisms to capture food

All of the following are challenges to managing fisheries except

All of these are correct

Which of the following is designed to prevent or retard shoreline erosion?

All of these are used to try to prevent or retard shoreline erosion

A small size is advantageous for marine organisms becasue it

All of these statements are advantageous to marine organisms

Where would you expect to find the most well-developed continental shelves?

Along passive continental margins

Directly seaward of the continental shelf is a more steeply sloping region called the:

Continental Slope

Of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE?

Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust

The oceanic crust

Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.

Imagine you are a geological oceanographer. As an expert, you are asked by a student to recommend the technique that would produce the most detailed map of a deep-water seamount near Hawaii. Which instrument would you recommend?

Side-scan sonar

Which of the following techniques used to determine ocean bathymetry is illustrated in the image?

Side-scan sonar

How does siliceous ooze accumulate on the seafloor if silica-based residues are dissolved slowly at all depths?

Silica tests accumulate faster than seawater can dissolve them.

Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes the mid-ocean ridges?

The shallowest slope below sea level

Abyssal plains are more extensive on the floor of the Atlantic as compared those on the floor of the Pacific

True

Carbon dating is used to determine the absolute age of a rock or fossil.

True

Earth developed the first ocean by about 4 billion years ago.

True

Hydrothermal vents have a significant impact on ocean chemistry

True

In general, the chemical composition of ocean water has remained constant through geologic time

True

Sediments of the continental rise can exhibit characteristics similar to those formed by rivers on land.

True

The Earth's crust solidified around 4.5 billion years ago

True

When the Earth cooled, the layers of the earth separated based on density differences

True

What effect do turbidity currents have on the continental slope? Hints

Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

What process forms the continental rise along the east coast of the U.S.?

Turbidity flows on deep sea fans

Which of the following best describes turbidity currents?

Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

PDR

Uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth

established temporary settlement in North America

Vikings

The group of Europeans known as the

Vikings were the first Europeans known to have traveled to North America

Charles darwin suggested that the changes organisms display through time were the result of

adaptations to different environmental conditions

The nebular hypothesis suggest that:

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud

Nebular hypothesis

all bodies in the solar system formed from nebula

Hazards associated with sea level rise include all of the following except:

all of the above

Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because they:

all of these statements are correct

Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is deterimental to coral growth because it increases the

amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth

The center of an open ocean tidal system is called a/an

amphidromic point

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate rotary drilling?

an apple corer

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate rotary drilling? an apple corer oil and vinegar salad dressing a can of soda Silly Putty a candle

an apple corer

During photosynthesis or respiration

an exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases heat energy.

On major problem associated with the Chesapeake Bay due to increased human pressure is

an increase in nutrients resulting in more frequent kills of bottom dwelling or benthic animals

Which of the following is a characteristic of oceanic-contintenal convergent plate boundaries?

andesitic volcanoes

When compared to their warmer counterparts, cold-water plankton oftne

are larger in size

Winter beachers:

are narrower than summer beaches due to high energy waves during the winter

What factor primarily determines the distribution of radiolarian ooze?

areas of upwelling

What factor primarily determines the distribution of radiolarian ooze? areas of upwelling areas of low atmospheric pressure areas of warm surface water areas of high salinity windy areas

areas of upwelling

The Ring of Fire is located:

around the margins of the Pacific Ocean

turbidite

associated with deep sea fans

ice rafting

associateed with glacial deposits

Characteristics of active continental margins include all of the following

b. chains of islands. c. deep-sea trenches. d. thin sediment accumulation. e. volcanic and earthquake activity.

Lagoons that form behind barrier islands are examples of

bar built estuaries

Oceanic crust is primarily

basalt

Which of the following features is associated with the mid-ocean ridge?

bassalt volcanism and pillow lavas central rift valley hydrothermal vents volcanoes

The measurement of ocean depth and the charting of seafloor topography is called __________.

bathymetry

Organisms with small bodies, extrmeley large mouths, and shapre teeth are likely to be found in the

bathypelagic zone

When diving, rapid ascent from great depth can cause the

bends,a painful illness that may cause death

Most marine species are found in the

benthic environment

science supports the explanation of the natural world that

best explains all available observations

Based on the scientific method, science supports the explanation of the natural world that

best explains all available observations.

Sediments derived from the remains of the hard parts of once-living organisms are called __________ sediments

biogenous

Sediments derived from the remains of the hard parts of once-living organisms are called __________ sediments. hydrogenous cosmogenous volcanogenic lithogenous biogenous

biogenous

coccolithophores

biogenous sediment

Mountains

both convergent plate & divergent plate boundary

Continental rises are formed:

by many deep sea fans

Two common types of chemical compounds found in biogenous sediments are __________ and __________.

calcium carbonate; silica

Two common types of chemical compounds found in biogenous sediments are __________ and __________. quartz; volcanic ash calcium carbonate; quartz silica; quartz calcium carbonate; volcanic ash calcium carbonate; silica

calcium carbonate; silica

The toxicity of marine pollutants is evaluated through bioassays by

calculating the concentration at which 50% of the test organisms die

Free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintence of life on Earth because Oxygen

can form ozone and block some UV radiation

Earth's primordial atmosphere most likely included

carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and methane

Satellites use microwave beams to measure sea level to an accuracy of four ________.

centimeters

Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished form primary sewage treatment by the

chlorination of the liquid effluent

Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the greatest ability to absorb heat on a per-mole basis?

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

You take a sediment sample from the ocean floor at a depth of 5500 m. The area has low biological productivity and the CCD is at 4500 m depth. Your sample will probably consist of __________.

clay

gaseous and dusty space cloud

Nebula

The cosmological model for the formation of the sun and the rest of our solar system is called the

Nebular Hypothesis

The free oxygen in our present atmosphere is thought to have been produced through the process of

Photosyntesis

The Physical property of the asthenosphere is best described as

Plastic

The correct order of marine provinces from the cost to the mid-ocean ridge is:

Shelf -> Slope ->Rise -> Abyssal plain

You take a sediment sample from the ocean floor at a depth of 5500 m. The area has low biological productivity and the CCD is at 4500 m depth. Your sample will probably consist of __________. siliceous ooze sand coral clay calcareous ooze

clay

What have oceanographers determined from analyzing sea floor cores?

climate change and past extinctions

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called: lithogenous. cosmogenous. volcanogenic. biogenous. hydrogenous.

cosmogenous

Each hydrogen atom shares its single electrons in the oxygen atom. Which type of bond is this?

covalent bond

Which of the following landforms shows the least amoun tof erosion along US coasts?

crystalline bedrock of New England

Hypsometric curve

cumulative plot of area versus depth or

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

deep focus earthquake

Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following except

deep sea trenches

Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements?

deep-sea hotsprings

Old lithosphere is destroyed in association with

deep-sea trenches

Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

deep-sea trenches

Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with:

deep-sea trenches.

Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following except:

deep-sea trenches.

Mariana Trench

deepest ocean trench at 11,022 meters

Large deposits of sediment at the mouths of rivers are called

deltas

Earth is a layered sphere based on the property of

density

What three steps are required for calcareous ooze to exist below the CCD?

deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years

What three steps are required for calcareous ooze to exist below the CCD? deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and stability of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a calcareous material, and stability of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells below the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells below the CCD, cover of these shells by a calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years

deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years

What process is primarily responsible for the formation of the continental rise along the East Coast of the US?

deposition of sediment by turbidity currents as deep-sea fans

lysocline

depth at which carbonate begins to dissolve

The process of purifying seawater by removing most of its dissolved substances is called

desalination

Eratosthenes

determined Earth's circumference fairly accurately

The GPS system is a tool used for

determining surface location

Chlorophyll

developed by complex autotrophs that allowed use of the sun for photosynthesis.

GLORIA

device used for side-scan sonar

Important marine autotrophs that have silica incoporated into their cell walls are

diatoms

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

diatoms (oolites) foraminiferans radiolarians coccolithophores

The two major types of microscopic, planktonic organisms that produce siliceous oozes are __________ and __________.

diatoms; radiolarians

The two major types of microscopic, planktonic organisms that produce siliceous oozes are __________ and __________. diatoms; foraminifers coccolithophores; foraminifers radiolarians; coccolithophores diatoms; radiolarians diatoms; coccolithophores

diatoms; radiolarians

The separation of the Earth into layers was the result of

differing densities of the rock and mineral materials

The separation of the Earth into layers was the result of the:

differing densities of the rock and mineral materials.

The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment.

dilution

The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment. ecology erosion dilution destruction productivity

dilution

Diatomaceous earth, which is composed of silica, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD. does not dissolve; dissolves does not dissolve; does not dissolve dissolves; dissolves dissolves; does not dissolve

dissolves; dissolves

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a

divergent boundary

Hydrothermal Vents

divergent plate boundary

Rocks like the ones shown in the photo most likely formed at which of the following tectonic settings?

divergent plate boundary

Forams, which are composed of calcium carbonate, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD.

do not dissolve; dissolve

Forams, which are composed of calcium carbonate, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD. do not dissolve; dissolve dissolve; do not dissolve dissolve; dissolve do not dissolve; do not dissolve

do not dissolve; dissolve

Diatomaceous earth, which is composed of silica, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD.

does not dissolve; does not dissolve

Arabs

dominated Mediterranean Sea in Middle Ages. Traded with East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. Learned to use Indian Ocean monsoon winds for travel.

Water flowing out of an enclosed basin due to tides is called a/an

ebb current

Which of the following pairs doesn't belong together?

emerging shorelines; drowned beaches

John Cabot

englishman who arrived in northeast North America in 1497

The euphotic zone iss confined to the

epipelagic zone

Submarine canyons are most likely formed by:

erosion by turbidity currents

Submarine canyons were most likely formed by

erosion by turbidity currents

Vikings

established temporary settlement in North America

An organism that tolerates a wide range of salinities is referred to as

euryhaline

Which one of the following INCREASES the salinity of seawater

evaporation of seawater

Autotrophs

evolved later. Manufacture own food supply.

All of the following are parts of Earth's climate system except the

exosphere

Consider a continental margin that has a very broad, flat continental shelf and a slope that descends 1 km to the deep ocean basin. Based on this information, this margin is ___________________.

far from an oceanic ridge

A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via:

fecal pellets

A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via: wind. fecal pellets. deposit feeders. carbonate dissolution. precipitation.

fecal pellets.

Christopher Columbus

financed by the Spanish to find new trade routes to Asia.

Balboa

first European explorer of the Pacific Ocean

Eratosthenes

first determination of Earth's circumerence

Phoenicians

first from Western Hemisphere to develop navigation arts.Navigated circa 2000 BC. Explored Mediterranean Sea, Red Seam and Indian Ocean. First circumnavigation of Africa. Reached British isles.

Abyssal plain

flat depositional surfaces that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaC03)

foraminferans

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?

foraminiferans

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)? phosphorites radiolarians foraminiferans glauconite diatoms

foraminiferans

All of the following are considered apart of the continental margin except the

fracture zone

All of the following are considered part of the continental margin EXCEPT:

fracture zone

All of the following are considered part of the continental margin except the:

fracture zone

What is a linear sea floor feature that is seismically inactive, occurs beyond offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction?

fracture zone

The correct arrangement of astronomical bodies from oldest to youngest is:

galaxy, solar system, planet.

The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________.

gas hydrates

The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________. wind power gas hydrates rare-earth elements ethanol coal

gas hydrates

The distinctive type of sedimentary layering that has largest particles on the bottom and smallest particles on the top, with intermediate sized particles in the middle, is called which of the following?

graded bedding

What is the characteristic layering of an individual turbidity current deposit called?

graded bedding

In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________.

gravel than in tropical waters

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is:

in the same direction as the plates are spreading

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is:

in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is

in the same direction of plate movement

Of the following factors, all increase the amount of energy in waves except:

increasing water vapor content

Minamata disease is associated with

ingestion of methyl mercury-contaminated fish and shellfish

This marine mammal (sea otter)

is a small mammal with dense fur and lack an insulating blubber layer

Free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth because 4 oxygen

is necessary for photosynthesis to occur

The island of Java is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________.

island arc

The vertical movement of crust to accommodate additional weight or removal or weight is called

isostatic adjustment

The reason the mid-ocean ridge has a zigzag appearance is because:

it accommodates spreading of a linear ridge system on a spherical Earth.

Mantle

mainly iron and magnesium silicate minerals

Ptolemy

mapped wordl with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude

All of the following are typically characteristic of depositonal shores except

marine terraces

Bathymetry

measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography

Planktonic organisms that spend part of their life in planktonic form, and the rest of their life as either benthos or nekton are called

meroplankton

Domestic cattle production and rice agriculture release relatively large amounts of which gas into the atmosphere

methane CH4

New lithosphere is produced in association with

mid-ocean ridges

New lithosphere is produced in association with:

mid-ocean ridges

Submarine Canyon

narrow deep valleys on continental slopes

The cosmological model for the formation of the sun and the rest of our solar system is the

nebular hypothesis

An increase in cloud cover and corresponding decrease in absorption of solar radiation is an example of a

negative-feedback loop

The seasonal temperature in deep oceans is usually

negligible

Sediments found on continental margins are called

neritic

What is the most abudant gas in the atmopshere?

nitrogen

Nor'easters affect which area of the US coastline during the fall and winter months

northern Atlantic coast

Outgassing

occurred during density stratification. Water vapor. Carbon dioxide. Hydrogen. Other gases

New lithosphere is produced in association with:

oceanic ridges

The most rapid change in slope in the ocean is found at the

oceanic trench

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's:

oceanic trenches

Along the margins of the pacific found most of Earth's:

oceanic trenches

An ______ occurs where two plates converge, and the denser plate is subducted

oceanic-continental converenge

An area the experiences diurnal tides will have

one high and one low tide daily

Stanley Miller's 1952 experiment demonstrated that

organic molecules could be created from the materials contained in Earth's early atmosphere and ocean.

Stanley Millers 1952 experiment demonstrated

organic molecules could be created from the materials contained in earths early atmosphere and oceans

The early oceans and atmosphere are thought to have come from inside Earth and were formed by a process called

outgassing

The early oceans and atmosphere are thought to have come from inside the earth from the process

outgassing

which gas was not abundant in earths early atmosphere

oxygen

Which ocean is the deepest on Earth?

pacific ocean

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as

parallel to and symettric about ocean ridges

Wentworth scale

particle size classification

The continental margin of the U.S. Atlantic coast is a/an _________ continental margin, and the continental margin off the west coast of South American is a/an _______ continental margin

passive; convergent-active

With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are

perpendicular to the ridge axis

With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are:

perpendicular to the ridge axis

Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the

plants lived near the poles, but land masses have drifted to current locations

Most large ocean floor features owe their origins to _________.

plate tectonic processes

The relative productivity in the worlds oceans from most produtive to least productive to least productive is

polar waters, temperate waters, tropical waters

The distribution of benthic biomass is related to

primary productivity

In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter

primary productivty

Ptolemy

produced fairly accurate world map around 150 BC.

Herodotus

produced inaccurate world map around 450 BC

A layer of rapid change of ocean denisty with depth is called a

pycnocline

The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________.

quartz

The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________. aragonite gypsum quartz calcite halite

quartz

the most accurate scientific estimation of earths age is based on

radiometric dating on rocks

The most accurate scientific estimation of the age of Earth is based on

radiometric methods of detemining the age of meteorites and moon rocks

Concerned individuals can reduce their personal contribution to greenhouse gas emissions by doing all of the following except

reducing the area covered by pavement or structures (houses, garages, pools, decks, etc) in urban and suburban areas

Asthenosphere

relatively hot, plastic. Flows with high viscosity. Base of lithosphere to about 700 km

Catches above the maximum sustainable yield

result in overfishing

The difference between centripetal forces and gravitational forces is called the

resultant force

Identify the major features of a slow-spreading mid-ocean ridge

rift valley

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

rift velley metal sulfide deposits pillow basalts seamounts (trenches)

Isostatic rebound

rising of crust formerly weighed down by glacier ice

Greek Pytheas

sailed northward using a simple method to determine latitude in 325 BC. Navigated using North Star.

Thor Heyerdahl

sailed on a balsa raft (KON TIKI) to demonstrate migration of South Americans to Pacific Ocean islands

Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________.

sand, silt, and gravel

Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________. sand, silt, and gravel basalt fragments and metallic sulfides biogenic ooze red clay halite, gypsum, and anhydrite

sand, silt, and gravel

Scientific method

scientists discover processes and make predictions

Measurement of ocean floor bathymetry from satellites relies on:

sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called:

seamounts

All of the following are alternatives to hard stabilization except

seawalls

In comparison with other ocean basins, major sedimentary features such as continental rises and abyssal plains are relatively rare in the Pacific. The primary reason for their scarcity in the Pacific is that __________.

sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

The reason the deposit on the bottom forms the way it does is a result of

settling velocity

Continental margin

shallow-water areas close to continents

The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is:

shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain

The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge:

shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain

The correct order of marine provinces from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is

shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

First autotrophs

similar to modern anaerobic bacteria

The two relatively flat areas on the hypsometric curve represent

some interior continental areas/ coastal plains and abyssal plains

The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent

some interior continental areas/coastal plains iand abyssal plains

Prince Henry the Navigator

sought trade routes around Africa.

The method that is most frequently used to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:

sound waves

The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:

sound waves

The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:

sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling)

The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is

space

All of the following are baleen whales except

sperm whales

Radiometric age dating

spontaneous change/decay. Half-life.

The mass of a population of fish present at a given time is called its

standing stock

Ninety percent of people who die in hurricanes are killed by

storm surge

All of the following are hydrogenous sediments except

stromatolites

The majority of ocean trenches are associated with:

subduction zones and associated faults very deep ocean water depths Pacific Ring of Fire volcanic arcs and active continental margins narrow or no continental shelves

Surface ocean currents are caused by ____, whereas deep currents are the result of ______

surface wind belts; density differences

What is turbidity?

suspended sediment

A common body shape the streamlines an organism in the marine environment is a flattened body that

tapers at the back end

The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are

tektites

The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are: oozes. evaporites. tektites. silt. clays.

tektites.

The Age of Discovery is the time period in ocean exploration history when

the Western European world realized the vastness of Earth's water-covered surface

Marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following Earth history events? Choose all that apply. the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins past catastrophes, such as major extinction events the climate on Earth millions of years ago movement of the ocean floor previous ocean circulation patterns

the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins past catastrophes, such as major extinction events the climate on Earth millions of years ago movement of the ocean floor previous ocean circulation patterns

What is wave refraction?

the bending of waves as they approach a coastline

In the demonstration, what does the apple represent?

the deep sea floor

In the demonstration, what does the apple represent? a grain of sand on a beach a circular fish that isn't very streamlined a weight suspended in water the flying object on the end of a string the deep sea floor

the deep sea floor

What is the calcite compensation depth, or CCD?

the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly

The sea floor feature in the figure is most likely a result of:

turbidity currents

Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are called

turbidity currents

Spring tide occurs about

twice per month

Captain James Cook

undertook three scientific voyages. Mapped many islands in the Pacific. Systematically measured ocean characteristics. Marine Chronograph (longitude)

Seismic survey

used to determine shape and position of boundaries

Precision-Depth Recorder (PDR)

uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth

Which of the following can be used to map the sea floor?

using satellites to measure the sea surface sending sound through water (sonar) recording many depths using a long cable direct visitation of the sea floor

Isostatic Adjustment

vertical movement of Earth's crust. Buoyancy of lithosphere on asthenosphere.

Heterotrophs

very earliest life. Require external food supply.

The Bay of Fundy is well known for which tidal characterstic

very high tidal range

All true oceanic islands are ________ in origin.

volcanic

Seamounts and abyssal hills are ________ in origin.

volcanic

Nearly all oceanic islands are:

volcanic in origin

The Gulf Stream is a ____ current that flows _____

warm; north

Bioluminescence is employed by deep-sea animals for all of the folowing reasons except

warning coloration

The atmospheric component that naturally contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is

water

Based on the equations for determining the speed of shallow water-waves, which one of the following variables is necessary to determine the speed of shallow water waves?

water depth

What factor primarily controls the distribution of calcareous ooze?

water depth

What factor primarily controls the distribution of calcareous ooze? proximity to land nutrient availability water depth water temperature water salinity

water depth

The subdivisions of the geological timescale

were initially based on fossil evidence, extinctions and boundaries of sedimentary rock units

The subdivisions of the geologic time scale

were initially based on fossil evidence, extinctions, and boundaries of sedimentary rock units.

The age of discovery was the time period in ocean exploration history when

western europeans realized the vastness of the earths oceans

Gravity

what concentrates material at center of cloud

Protoplanets

what form from smaller concentrations of matter (eddies)?

A tidal current can produce a rapidly spinning body of water called a vortex or

whirpool

The muscle tissue of a "lunger" is predominatly

white

Hydrothermal vents between 30 degrees C and 350 degrees C produce

white smokers

Warm water (From 30°C to 350°C) hydrothermal vents form:

white smokers

What mechanism(s) is/are responsible for transporting clay to deep ocean basins? Choose all that apply. underwater landslides slow-moving ocean currents ice rafting wind rivers

wind

Which doesn't belong?

E. Rift valley

Christopher Columbus established trade routes from Europe around Africa to India.

False

the origin of earths oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification

true

Of the following statements about Earth's hypsographic curve, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

-The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth's surface area that is covered by ocean waters. -The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation. -The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep. -The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.

Which of the following statements accurately describe(s) the depth and height of Earth's surface as shown on the hypsographic curve? Choose all that apply.

-The percentage of Earth's surface above sea level is 29.2%. -More people have been to the top of the tallest mountain on Earth than have been to the bottom of the deepest trench. -The average depth of the ocean is much greater than the average height of land.

In which of the following environments would you expect lithogenous sediment to be the dominant sediment type? Choose all that apply.

-at the base of the continental slope -a sandy beach -along the mid-ocean ridge -the abyssal plains

Which of the following feature(s) is/are associated with the mid-ocean ridge? Choose all that apply.

-basalt volcanism and pillow lavas -a central rift valley -volcanoes -hydrothermal vents

What features are associated with a passive continental margin? Choose all that apply.

-continental rise -Flat coastal terrain

What sediment type(s) is/are included in the pink category labeled "Other" on the map? Choose all that apply.

-cosmogenous sediments -hydrogenous sediments

Of the following, which energy resource(s) can be extracted from marine sediments? Choose all that apply.

-gas hydrates -petroleum

What processes influence the shape and features of continental shelves? Choose all that apply.

-large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time -trench formation at convergent boundaries -tectonic activity produced by offshore faults -major climate changes, such as ice ages

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? Choose all that apply.

-manganese nodules -coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers

Marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following Earth history events? Choose all that apply.

-previous ocean circulation patterns -the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins -movement of the ocean floor -past catastrophes, such as major extinction events -the climate on Earth millions of years ago

Of the following techniques, which one(s) can be used to map the sea floor? Choose all that apply.

-recording many depths using a long cable -using satellites to measure the sea surface -sending sound through water (sonar) -direct visitation of the sea floor

The majority of ocean trenches are associated with ___________. Choose all that apply.

-very deep ocean water depths -the Pacific Ring of Fire -volcanic arcs and active continental margins -subduction zones and associated faults -narrow or no continental shelves

Which of the following is an example of an active continental margin? Choose all that apply.

-west coast of Chile -west coast of the United States

What mechanism(s) is/are responsible for transporting clay to deep ocean basins? Choose all that apply.

-wind -slow-moving ocean currents

On the cross-section shown below, correctly identify the following features.

1. A- Magma (heat source) 2. C- Metal sulfide deposits 3. B- Black smoker

The image below shows a close-up view of a mid-ocean ridge that is offset by a linear fault/fracture. Match the letters with the correct features.

1. A: Rift valley of a mid-ocean ridge 2. E: Lithosphere 3. C: Asthenosphere 4. B: Fracture zone 5. D: Transform fault

The cross-section below shows an area of the sea floor that is accumulating sediments. Match the type of sediment/feature with the correct letter.

1. C: Mid-ocean ridge 2. E: Siliceous ooze 3. B: Calcareous ooze 4. F: Upwelling, cool water 5. A: Abyssal clay 6. D: Calcite compensation depth (CCD)

Review the accompanying topographic map of the eastern United States and the figure of a typical continental margin in this region. Label the different features shown. Note that not all labels will be used. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. You do not need to use all labels.

1. Continental Shelf 2. Shelf Break 3. Continental Slope 4. Continental Rise 5. (bottom) Passive Continental Margin

This global map shows the distribution of different types of marine sediment (different colors). Match the correct letter to the sediment type listed below.

1. D: Calcareous ooze 2. B: Abyssal clay 3. C: Neritic continental lithogenous 4. E: Siliceous ooze: radiolarian 5. A: Siliceous ooze: diatom

On this perspective view of a passive continental margin, match the following letters with the correct features.

1. E- Oceanic Crust 2. D- Continental Slope 3. F- Continental Rise 4. A- Continental Shelf 5. C- Continental Crust 6. B- Abyssal Plain 7. G- Shelf Break

Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Note that some terms will remain unused.

1. Oceanic crust spreads at "mid-ocean ridges," creating new crust and slowly enlarging the ocean basin. 2. "Submarine canyons" are deep valleys at passive continental boundaries. They are likely carved out by "turbidity currents," which occur when sediment-laden water rapidly moves down slope. 3. Melt from the subducting plate rises to the surface, erupts through the crust on the overriding plate and forms "continental volcanic arcs" on continents, or "volcanic island arcs" in the ocean. 4. Subduction zones surrounding the Pacific Ocean give rise to volcanoes. This area surrounding the Pacific Ocean is called the "Ring of Fire."

If 10,000 kcal of energy were contained in the primary producers (trophic level 1), on average how many kcal of energy would you except to be transferred to second-order consumers (trophic level 3)

100 kcal

The sediments that are produced in areas of high primary productivity are indicated by the number(s):

2 & 3

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. hydrothermal vents B. island arc C. mountains D. oceanic trench E. volcanoes

A. hydrothermal vents

Which doesn't belong?

A. passive margin

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. siliceous ooze B. quartz sand C. rock fragments D. clay E. volcanic ash

A. siliceous ooze

A small, rounded, submerged volcanic hill that rises less than 1 kilometer above the sea floor is called a/an..

Abyssal Hill

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. Drag the items on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right. (Items can be used once or more than once.)

Abyssal clay− lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment Diatomaceous ooze − biogenous sediment Halite − hydrogenous sediment Manganese nodules − hydrogenous sediment Tektites − cosmogenous sediment Coccolithophores − biogenous sediment Stromatolites − biogenous sediment Siliceous ooze − biogenous sediment Oolites − hydrogenous sediment Metal sulfides − hydrogenous sediment

An oceanographic vessel is mapping a section of the ocean floor stretching for tens of miles in all directions. The seafloor is extremely flat, with a slope of less than one degree, and the water depth is about 4,500 meters. The area being mapped is most likely a(n) __________.

Abyssal plain

Compare continental margins and ocean basins of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans using the map below. Deep ocean trenches are delineated with red lines, which indicates the margin is active. Label these features correctly for margin type and ocean basin dynamics.

Active Continental Margins: -Continental margin D -Continental margin E Passive Continental Margins: -Continental margin A -Continental margin B -Continental margin C Shrinking Ocean Basin: -Pacific Ocean Basin Expanding Ocean Basin: -Atlantic Ocean Basin

Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because:

All of the above

4000-5000 BC

Archaeological evidence suggests island occupation by New Guinea people as early as this

The four principle oceans of the Earth are the

Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans

Refer to the figure above. Where would you expect to find a rift valley?

B

Which doesn't belong?

B. Abyssal Hill

Which doesn't belong?

B. Continental Flood Basalt

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. Gondwanaland B. Panamerica C. Pangaea D. Panthalassia E. Tethys Sea

B. Panamerica

coccolithophores

BIO

diatomaceous ooze

BIO

silaceous ooze

BIO

stromatolitse

BIO

first European explorer to Pacific Ocean

Balboa

Measuring the vertical distance from the ocean surface down to the sea floor is called..

Bathymetry

The measurement of ocean depth and the charting of the seafloor topography

Bathymetry

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right

Bathymetry− measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography Hypsographic curve− cumulative plot of the frequency of depth or elevation Multi-beam sonar− a method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 km wide Seismic reflection profile− used to determine ocean structure beneath the sea floor Precision-depth recorder (PDR)− uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth

Why is this drilling process called rotary drilling?

Because the drill bit turns around in a circle.

Why is this drilling process called rotary drilling? Because a high-powered rotary engine drives the drilling process. Because the ship spins around in a circle to power the drilling process. Because the drill bit turns around in a circle. Because the constant pounding on the drill string causes a rotary motion.

Because the drill bit turns around in a circle.

Why does calcareous material dissolve below the CCD?

Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material.

Why does calcareous material dissolve below the CCD? Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material. The lack of light in the deep ocean causes chemical reactions to occur that dissolve calcareous material. The higher salinity at depth reacts with calcareous material and causes it to dissolve. Deep-ocean marine organisms exude chemicals tha

Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material.

Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Biogenous Sediment

Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment

Biogenous Sediment

The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Biogenous Sediment

The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment

Biogenous Sediment

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Biogenous sediment usually contains abundant calcite below the calcite compensation depth BECAUSE it readily dissolves above the calcite compensation depth.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Biogenous sediment usually contains abundant calcite below the calcite compensation depth BECAUSE it readily dissolves above the calcite compensation depth. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Characteristics of passive continental margins include which of the following?

Broad continental shelves

tektites

COSMO

What would happen if the depth of the CCD were above the top of the mid-ocean ridge?

Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD.

What would happen if the depth of the CCD were above the top of the mid-ocean ridge? The mid-ocean ridge would dissolve. Calcareous ooze would be found below the CCD. Non-calcareous sediment on the mid-ocean ridge would dissolve. Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD.

Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD.

During the age of discovery these events occurred

Captain James Cook explored the pacific, Magellan circumnavigated the earth, Columbus discovered the new world

The "Age of Discovery" began with

Christopher Columbus's discovery of the "New World"

Southern Ocean/ Antarctic Ocean

Circumnavigates Antarctica. Is really part of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans that lie south of 50 degree S latitude.

In the figure above, darker blue areas indicate deep water, and lighter blue areas indicate shallow water. Land is shown in shades of brown and green. Which area in the figure is on a continental margin?

D

All of the following are considered part f the continental margin except the: A. Rise B. Slope C. Shelf D. Fracture Zone

D. Fracture Zone

Which doesn't belong?

D. Seaknoll

Which of the following is not true of submarine canyons? A. They are V-shaped valleys B. They are erosional feature C. They occur mainly on the continental slope D. They are found only off mountainous coasts

D. They are found only off mountainous coasts

All of the following are true about fracture zones, except: A. They are found beyond the offset segments of the mid-ocean ridge B. They are ancient fault scares C. They are zones that lack seismic activity D. They are transform plate boundaries

D. They are transform plate boundaries

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. turbidity currents B. graded bedding C. turbidite deposits D. abyssal plains E. deep-sea fans

D. abyssal plains

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. Coccolithopores B. Diatoms C. Foraminiferans D. Oolites E. Radiolarians

D. oolites

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Darwin

Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements? Nodule and crust creation Deep-sea hotsprings Groundwater leaching Clathrate formation Sea floor methane seeps

Deep-sea hotsprings

Active continental margins are characterized by which of the following?

Deep-sea trenches

What determines the Order of earths layers

Density

Oceanic ridges and rises result from seafloor spreading along:

Divergent plate boundaries

Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples?

Dredge

Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples? Long line Rotary corer Seiche disk Gravity corer Dredge

Dredge

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. halite and other salts B. manganese nodules C. metal sulfides D. phosphates E. tektites

E. Tektites

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. divergent plate boundary B. oceanic-continental convergence C. oceanic-oceanic convergence D. transform plate boundary E. hot spot

E. hot spot

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. continental margin B. active margin C. convergent active margin D. transform active margin E. rift valley

E. rift valley

Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following?

Earthquake-generated heat from friction

Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following? Earthquake-generated heat from friction Earth's climate change patterns The properties of the deep crust The mechanism that causes tsunamis The microbiology of the deep-ocean floor

Earthquake-generated heat from friction

first determination of Earth's circumference

Eratosthenes

Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock?

Evaporative salts

Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock? Manganese nodules Sediments rich in tin Phosphorite Evaporative salts Sand and gravel

Evaporative salts

Vikings

Explored North Atlantic Ocean in Middle Ages.

Density stratification has caused our earth to be homogenous throughout

FALSE

halite

HYDRO

maganese nodules

HYDRO

metal sulfides

HYDRO

oolites

HYDRO

Atlantic Ocean

Half the size of the Pacific Ocean. Shallower than the Pacific Ocean. Separates Old World from New World.

which of the following terms describes a rapid change in salinity with depth?

Halocline

4.6

How many billion years old is Earth

None

How many records exist of Pacific human history before 16th century

Extremely large worms can be found at..

Hydro thermal vents

Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Hydrogenous Sediment

Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment Terrigenous Sediment

Hydrogenous Sediment

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Indian

The deepest part of the ocean

Is called the Mariana Trench The bottom of the trench was visited by Piccard and Walsh in the Trieste in 1960 is located in a trench off the coast of Japan The depth of the trench exceeds the height of Mount Everest

Cruisers are thought to have relatively high body temperature because

It increases the power output of muscle tissue

Which of the following is not true concerning a graded bedding deposit?

It results from successive lava flows

When measured from a satellite, what occurs to the ocean water over a seamount on the ocean floor?

It rises up to form a mound based on the mass of seamount

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Jurassic

Review the figure, and label the different features shown. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Note that not all labels will be used.

Left to right: turbidite deposits, graded bed, fine-grained particles, coarse-grained particles, type of sediment that settled last during a turbidity, type of sediment that settles first during a turbidity.

Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types?

Lithogenous Sediment

Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment

Lithogenous Sediment

Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?

Lithogenous Sediment

Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types? Biogenous Sediment Cosmogenous Sediment Hydrogenous Sediment Lithogenous Sediment

Lithogenous Sediment

The chronometer developed by John Harrison was valuable because it made possible the determination of

Longitude at sea

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. Drag the items on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right.

Lysocline− depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve CCD− depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved) Turbidite− associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans Ice rafting− associated with glacial deposits Wentworth Scale− particle size classification

led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe

Magellan

rich in ferromagnesian minerals, between crust and core

Mantle

To which planet is NASA sending the spacecraft InSight to study crustal movements similar to earthquakes?

Mars

Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor?

Methane

Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor? Ethane Carbon dioxide Methane Propane Hydrogen sulfide

Methane

The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits?

Microscopic organisms

The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits? Dinosaurs Microscopic organisms Peat and coal Fish and amphibians Land based plants

Microscopic organisms

Which of the following techniques used to determine ocean bathymetry is illustrated in the image?

Multibeam Sonar

Why is the average depth of the ocean much greater than the average height of land?

Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Oceanic trench

An _____ occurs where two plates of the same composition converge, resulting in the older, denser, plate being subducted

Oceanic-oceanic convergence

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Radiolarians Foraminiferans Diatoms Coccolithophores Oolites

Oolites

Stanley Miller's Experiment

Organic materials formed by ultraviolet light, electrical spark (lightning), and a mixture of water, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane and ammonia

What is the deepest ocean on earth

Pacific

In which ocean do most tsnuamis occur?

Pacific Ocean

Tamu Massif, the largest single volcano on Earth occurs in which of the following oceans?

Pacific Ocean

The largest ocean in the world is the

Pacific Ocean

Where would you expect to find the most well developed continental margin?

Passive Margin

With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are..

Perpendicular to mid-ocean ridge

Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value?

Petroleum

Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value? Petroleum Gas hydrates Sand and gravel Manganese nodules and crusts Rare-earth elements

Petroleum

Of the following, which energy resource(s) can be extracted from marine sediments? Choose all that apply. Petroleum Halite Manganese nodules Phosphorites Gas hydrates

Petroleum Gas hydrates

the oldest time unit?

Precambrian

The early Earth that was much larger than the present day earth was called the

Protoearth

mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude

Ptolemy

China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources?

Rare-earth elements

China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources? Gas hydrates Rare-earth elements Manganese nodules and crusts Sand and gravel Phosphorite

Rare-earth elements

Name the Seven Seas

Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf, Black Sea, Adriatic Sea, Caspian Sea, Indian Ocean

New lithosphere is produced in association with..

Ridges

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Rift valley

Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean?

Rotary corer

Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean? Rotary corer Gravity corer Long line Seiche disk Dredge

Rotary corer

Arctic Ocean

Seven percent the size of the Pacific Ocean. Shallowest world ocean. Permanent layer of sea ice a few meters thick.

How does siliceous ooze accumulate on the seafloor if silica-based residues are dissolved slowly at all depths? Low primary productivity in surface waters results in siliceous ooze accumulation. Silica tests sink slower than seawater can dissolve them. Silica tests accumulate faster than seawater can dissolve them. Silica-based residues do not accumulate on the seafloor.

Silica tests accumulate faster than seawater can dissolve them.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Siliceous ooze

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Clay Rock fragments Quartz sand Siliceous ooze Volcanic ash

Siliceous ooze

The Seven Seas

Smaller and shallower than oceans. Salt water. Usually enclosed by land. Directly connected to the ocean.

Indian Ocean

Smaller than the Atlantic Ocean. Similar in depth as the Atlantic Ocean. Primarily in the Southern Hemisphere.

The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent:

Some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor

The method that is most frequently used to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:

Sound waves

The first recorded attempt to measure the ocean's depth was conducted using which of the following techniques?

Sounding

Spanish Armada

Spain's maritime dominance ended when England defeated this

Ferdinand Magellan

Spaniard who circumnavigated the globe.

Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the thick blanket of sediment on abyssal plains the deep-ocean floor?

Suspension settling

abyssal clay

TERRI

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the burning of coal will cause the calcite compensation depth to rise BECAUSE the oceans will get more acidic.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the burning of coal will cause the calcite compensation depth to rise BECAUSE the oceans will get more acidic. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Multibeam SONAR systems have resolution limitations in deep water BECAUSE beams of sound spread out with depth.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Abyssal clays are commonly red-brown or buff in color BECAUSE they contain gypsum.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Abyssal clays are commonly red-brown or buff in color BECAUSE they contain gypsum. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coarse-grained lithogenous neritic deposits dominate continental margin areas BECAUSE they do not contain biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous particles.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coarse-grained lithogenous neritic deposits dominate continental margin areas BECAUSE they do not contain biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous particles. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean BECAUSE turbidity currents only occur along passive continental margins.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Pacific Ring of Fire is home to the majority of Earth's active volcanoes and large earthquakes BECAUSE of the prevalence of divergent plate boundaries along the Pacific Rim.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine sediments can't provide insight into today's climate changes BECAUSE they reveal a detailed history of Earth's past climate.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine sediments can't provide insight into today's climate changes BECAUSE they reveal a detailed history of Earth's past climate. The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Can you explain why atolls extend from the surface of the ocean down to great depths into the sea? Corals, which make up these ring-shaped structures, can only live where water is warmed and illuminated by sunlight, no more than approximately 45 meters deep. How do you explain an atoll that extends thousands of meters deep?

The coral reef once formed around an active volcano. The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top. The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult?

The deep-ocean floor

Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult? The deep-ocean floor Marine sediments on land Estuaries and lagoons Continental shelf

The deep-ocean floor

70

The world's oceans cover this much percent of Earth

Which of the following is not true of submarine canyons?

They are found only off mountainous coasts

Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct?

They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.

Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct? They contain plant fossils used to map the movement of the continents. They represent Earth history dating back for billions of years. They are useful for determining the distribution of ancient dinosaurs. They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events. They provide a discontinuous, disturbed record of Earth history.

They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.

Which of the following is NOT true concerning density stratification?

This has caused our Earth to be homogeneous throughout.

What statement correctly distinguishes an ocean trench from a submarine canyon?

Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

Old lithosphere is destroyed in association with..

Trenches or Subduction Zones

A sediment-laden current that flows off of the continental shelf is called a turbidity current

True

Warm water hydrothermal vents form:

White smokers

Pacific Ocean

World's largest ocean. Accounts more than half of the Earth's ocean space. World's deepest ocean. Earth's largest geographic feature. Named in 1520 by Ferdinand Magellan.

Of the following, which is the best description of a sea floor hydrothermal vent?

a chimney that emits a column of hot cloudy formed from the precipitation of metal-rich minerals

The density of seawater increases with ____ in temperature and an _____ in salinity

a decrease; increase

CCD

a depth at which all carbonate is in solution

What is calcareous ooze?

a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes

What is calcareous ooze? a coarse-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of ooze-secreting microbes a fine-grained, shallow-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes a coarse-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes a fine-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of ooze-secreting microbes a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes

a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes

Sediments that are poorly sorted and made of a variety of minerals could have been deposited by

a glacier

What common item is used in this video to demonstrate a turbidity current?

a large jar filled with water and sediment

In which of the following environments would you expect lithogenous sediment to be the dominant sediment type? Choose all that apply. a coral reef a sandy beach the abyssal plains along the mid-ocean ridge at the base of the continental slope near a black smoker

a sandy beach the abyssal plains along the mid-ocean ridge at the base of the continental slope

The average slope of the continental shelf is approx. ________.

a tenth of a degree

One distinction between an "ocean" and a "sea" is that a sea:

a. Contains more shallow water. b. Is composed of salt water. c. Is smaller than an ocean. d. May be enclosed by either land or ocean currents.

Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because they

a. are unaffected by surface weather. b. can cover areas where ships have not produced surveys. c. can "see" large areas of the seafloor at one time. d. the shape of the ocean surface itself reflects large features on the seafloor below

Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following

a. broad continental shelf. c. shallow coastal waters. d. thick sediment accumulation. e. very little volcanic and earthquake activity.

All of the following are considered part of the continental margin

a. continental rise. b. continental shelf. c. continental slope. e. submarine canyon.

Radioactive isotopes can sometimes be used to determine the

absolute age of the rock

The world's oceans play a role in reducing global warming by

absorbing surplus heat energy

A small, rounded, submerged volcanic hill that rises less than 1 kilometer (0.6miles) above the sea floor is called a/an ______________ .

abyssal hill

Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters tall are called:

abyssal hills or seaknolls

Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called:

abyssal hills or seaknolls.

The most likely place to find abudant manganese nodules is on the

abyssal plain far from a continent

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:

abyssal plain far from a continent

the most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the: crest of a mid-ocean ridge. continental rise. continental shelf. abyssal plain far from a continent. All of the above locations contain manganese nodules.

abyssal plain far from a continent.

The most gradual change in slope in the ocean can be found at the

abyssal plain.

Sediments deposited by the process of settling produce the main sediment found on:

abyssal plains

Extending from the base of the continental rises into the deep-ocean basins are flat depositional surfaces called:

abyssal plains.

continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust

true

What have oceanographers determined from analyzing sea floor cores? how fast sediment is accumulating in the deep ocean Highly-specialized marine life can exist at all depths in the ocean. how deep the ocean really is There is an abundance of human-produced trash on the deep ocean floor. climate change and past extinctions

climate change and past extinctions

Nebula

cloud of gases and space dust. Mainly hydrogen and helium

Which sediment type dominates in the neritic environment?

coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks

Which sediment type dominates in the neritic environment? coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks cosmogenous sediments, such as space dust biogenous sediment, such as diatom tests fine lithogenous sediment, such as clay hydrogenous sediments, such as manganese nodules

coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? Choose all that apply. abyssal clay black volcanic beach sand coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers manganese nodules tests of foraminifers radiolarian ooze

coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers manganese nodules

Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure.

colder; higher

Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure. warmer; lower warmer; higher colder; lower colder; higher

colder; higher

The most biologically devastating oil spills in the marine environment are usually a result of

collision and/or sinking of oil tankers

The depth at which the cellular respiration rate equals the photosynethic rate is reffered to as the

compensation depth

Juan Sebastian del Cano

completed the circumnavigation started by Ferdinand Magellan.

If you were to walk out away from shore across a passive continental margin, what is the order of provinces you would cross?

continental shelf, slope, then the rise.

Directly seaward of the continental shelf is a more steeply sloping region called the:

continental slope

A _____ occurs where two plates of the same composition converge, resulting in neither plate being subducted

continental-continental convergence

Island Arc

convergent plate boundary

Oceanic Trench

convergent plate boundary

Lithosphere

cool, rigid shell. Includes crust and mantle. About 100 km thick

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called

cosmogenous

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called:

cosmogenous

In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________. silt and sand than in tropical waters coral debris than in tropical waters gravel than in tropical waters clay than in temperate waters shell fragments than in temperate waters

gravel than in tropical waters

Volcanic peaks that are below sea level but rise more than 1 kilometer above the deep-ocean floor and have a flattened top are called ________.

guyots

Organisms that breakdown organic molecules to release energy are called

heterotrophic organisms.

Density stratification

high density= heavy for its size

Siliceous ooze is particularly abundant on the seafloor at __________ and at __________.

high latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones

Siliceous ooze is particularly abundant on the seafloor at __________ and at __________. mid latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones high latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones high latitudes; low latitudes high latitudes; mid latitudes

high latitudes; equatorial upwelling zones

Core

high-density, mainly iron and nickel

sonar, robotics, computers, satellites

high-tech tools used in oceanography today (4)

Organisms such as a mackeral sharks and tunas that can maintain a relatively constant body temperature are referred to as

homeothermic

Oxygen

humans require 02. Early Earth had little of this. Lack of ozone may have helped originate life.

Salt beds of the U.S. Gulf Coast are __________.

hydrogenous sediments

Salt beds of the U.S. Gulf Coast are __________. cosmogenous sediments neritic sediments hydrogenous sediments biogenous sediments lithogenous sediments

hydrogenous sediments

What sediment type(s) is/are included in the pink category labeled "Other" on the map? Choose all that apply. diatom ooze rock fragments hydrogenous sediments cosmogenous sediments sand

hydrogenous sediments cosmogenous sediments

Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called:

hydrogenous.

Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called: biogenous. cosmogenous. hydrogenous. volcanogenic. lithogenous.

hydrogenous.

Pick the pair which does not fit the pattern

krill-whale

In relation to ocean circulation, a gyre is a

large circular moving loop of surface water

Protoearth

larger than Earth today. Homogenous composition. Bombarded by meteorites. Moon formed from collision with large asteroid.

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by

latitude

Magellan

led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe

Productivity in polar oceans is

light limited

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called:

lithogenous

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called: biogenous. cosmogenous. volcanogenic. lithogenous. hydrogenous.

lithogenous

Sediments derived from preexisting rocks are called

lithogenous

The GPS system is a tool used for determining ocean

location

The loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of

loss of zooxanthellae

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic?

low salinity

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic? low salinity high carbon dioxide concentration high oxygen concentration low oxygen concentration low carbon dioxide concentration

low salinity

Eroded material is carried along coastlines from high wave-energy areas to

low wave energy areas

Crust

low- density, mainly silicate minerals

Hurricanes are assoicated with ____ atmospheric pressure and spin ______ in the Northern Hemispher

low; counerclockwise

An example of an organism that might be apart of the infauna is a/an

lug worm

The caudal fin of fast cruising fish such as a tuna

lunate

What is the calcite compensation depth, or CCD? the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly the ocean depth below which calcite is stable and will deposit quickly the ocean depth above which calcite is unstable and will deposit quickly the ocean depth above which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly

the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly

Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because ________.

the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

In primary production

there is a net gain in organic carbon by organisms

Abyssal hills are only visible in the Pacific Ocean because

they are higher in the Pacific than in the other ocean basins

The function of a swim bladder is

to allow a fish to change position in the water column

The principal goal of science

to explain the causes and effects of observable natural phenomena

Where a mid-ocean ridge is offset, the linear feature connecting and between the crest of the ridge segments is called:

transform fault

All of the following features are associated with the crest of the mid-ocean ridge, except:

trenches

All of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean.

true

All of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the pacific ocean

true

Continental crust is made of rock that is relatively light in color

true

Earth is layered based on density , with the highest density material located the deepest

true

Earths internal layers can be described by their composition or by their physical properties

true

Molten Material will rise if it is less dense than the surrounding material

true

Molten material will sink if it is more dense than the surrounding material

true

The Aleutian Islands are associated with an active continental margin

true

The asthenosphere is a plastic layer that extends from the base of the lithosphere toa depth of about 700 km

true

The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock

true

The deepest point in the ocean is deeper than Mount Everest is high

true

The deepest spot in the ocean is deeper than Mount Everest is high.

true