OCE1001 FSU Final Exam All Chapters

Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A has wave heights of 1.5 meters and Sea B has wave heights of 3.5 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from constructive interference?

5 meters

The greatest proportion of Earth's surface lies in this elevation/depth interval.

4,000-5,000 m below sea level

Earth is about:

4.6 billion years old.

In which direction does the surface current move in relation to the wind in the Southern Hemisphere?

45 degrees to the left

When did the Appalachian Mountains of North America begin to form?

450 million years ago

Within the intertidal zone, the area that receives equal amounts of air exposure and water coverage is indicated by the number:

5

When did our Solar System begin to form?

5 billion years ago

The area on a rocky shore inhabited by organisms adapted to withstand wave energy for the majority of the tidal cycle is indicated by the number:

7

In an amphidromic cell with a normal tidal cycle, what cotidal line would experience high tide if low tide were occurring along cotidal line 2? 4 8 10 0 6

8

To produce a surface current of 1.6 knots in the open ocean, a steady wind of _____ knots would be required.

80

How did our Solar System begin to form?

A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity.

The benthic environment illustrated in the image is from which of the following zones?

Abyssal

Of the following statements about the tilt of Earth's axis, which one is true? Select only one answer.

An increase in Earth's tilt would cause colder winters and warmer summers.

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary?

Andes Mountains

Which of the following mountain ranges are examples of continental arcs?

Andes and Cascades

Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that range in complexity from simple sponges to complex vertebrates belong to the kingdom:

Animalia

Which of the following kingdoms also includes humans?

Animalia

Which of the following kingdoms contains the multicelled animals?

Animalia

Which of the following have a hard exoskeleton and a segmented body with jointed legs, forked tails and distinct antennae?

Copepods

Which of the following statements about coral reefs and seamounts is most accurate?

Coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time.

What is the harbor seal controversy at Children's Pool in La Jolla California about?

Do harbor seals have the right to use the beach at Children's Pool?

Potassium

F

Wave base

F

What is Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation? F = m1m2/r P = mv F = m1m2/r2 F = Gm1m2/r2 F = ma

F = Gm1m2/r2

Which of the following currents is responsible for Peru becoming the largest producer of fish, from the sea, in the world?

Humboldt Current

Primary explanation for why differences in average monthly temperatures exist for these two locations:

The ocean near San Fran limits its temperature variations.

Why does coastal upwelling occur on the west coast of many continents?

This is where wind direction forces surface water away from the shore.

Why was the seawall constructed in La Jolla?

To create a quiet beach behind the seawall that is free of large waves so that children can safely use the beach.

Why does the wave height of a tsunami increase as the tsunami enters shallow water?

In shallow water, the energy of the tsunami must be contained within a smaller water column.

What happens when a lobster gets too big for its exoskeleton (hard outer shell)?

It slips out of its hard shell and grows a new, larger one.

Which ocean is associated with most tsunamis?

Pacific Ocean

Which of the following has the deepest waters?

Pacific Ocean

Which of the following is the largest natural geographic feature on Earth?

Pacific Ocean

Which of the following was not used as evidence for continental drift?

Paleomagnetic reversals

study of magnetism over geologic time

Paleomagnetism

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Panamerica

Which of the following features in illustrated in the photo?

Pancake Ice

supercontinent 250 million years ago

Pangea

ancient precursor of the Pacific Ocean

Panthalassia

What happens during radioactive decay?

Parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes.

Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value?

Petroleum

Which of the following kingdoms includes a diverse collection of single-celled and multicelled organisms that have a nucleus?

Protista

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. (Ferdinand Magellan, John Cabot, Christopher Columbus, Ptolemy, Vasco de Gama)

Ptolemy

area of rapid change in density with slight change in depth

Pycnocline

Which of the following Atlantic Subtropical gyre boundary currents is split into two by a large landmass?

South Equatorial Current

The fundamental unit of taxonomic classification is the ________.

Species

Which type of breaker is a turbulent mass of air and water that runs down the front slope of the wave as it breaks?

Spilling breaker

The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms?

Sponge weed

Mid-Ocean Ridge

Spreading Center

Seafloor Magnetic Stripes

Spreading Center

Seafloor Spreading

Spreading Center

Which of the following statements is/are true concerning spring tides? -Spring tides occur only during the spring season. -Spring tides have high low tides. -Spring tides have high high tides. -Spring tides occur at first quarter moon and third quarter moon. -Spring tides occur when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are aligned.

Spring tides occur when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are aligned. -Spring tides have high high tides.

The Pacific coast, excluding Alaska, has the lowest average erosion rate in the U.S., despite significant beach starvation and localized erosion. Which of the following factors accounts for this low average?

Tectonic emergence

Which of the following statements is true regarding tectonic plates?

Tectonic plates may include both oceanic and continental crust.

Imagine that you are enjoying a day at the beach in California, exploring tide pools. You find a California sea hare in the shallow water and gently scoop it into your hand. As you touch it, the sea hare releases purple ink into your hand. You think maybe the sea hare released the ink to scare you (a potential predator) away, but you are not sure. What is the next step you would need to take to advance your understanding to the next level of scientific inquiry?

Testing

Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?

The Arctic Ocean

Which ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world?

The Arctic Ocean

What is the relationship between wave base and wavelength?

The depth of the wave base is one-half the wavelength of the waves.

The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment.

dilution

Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by a neurotoxin produced by _________.

dinoflagellates

Of the following types of organisms, which are examples of microscopic algae? Choose all that apply.

dinoflagellates coccolithophores diatoms

A boat is most likely to be carried out to sea from a harbor by a(n) __________. tidal bore flood current rotary current whirlpool ebb current

ebb current

Ocean frontal systems that spin off from currents such as the Gulf Stream, akin to atmospheric storms, are known as __________.

eddies

All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along ________.

edges at around 2,000 meters depth

negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit an atomic nucleus

electrons

Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________.

elevated temperatures

What is kinetic energy?

energy of movement

The euphotic zone is confined to the:

epipelagic zone.

Which of the following best describes a plunging breaker?

forms on moderately sloped shorelines to create curling crests

Cool ocean currents ___.

generally flow from high latitudes towards the equator

The first (capitalized) word of an organism's two-part scientific name denotes the _________.

genus

The two most specific groupings in taxonomic classification are __________.

genus and species

The shape of the caudal fin of a shark is referred to as:

heterocercal.

Bacteriovores, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores are types of ________ organisms.

heterotrophic

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities?

high heat capacity

Freezing seawater at _____ leads to increases in salinity and density

high latitudes

Which of the following is the correct order for the taxonomic classification of living things?

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types?

lithogenous sediment

Chains of extinct volcanoes that are progressively older as one travels away from a hotspot are called ________.

nemataths

Gray whales breed and give birth in ________ in the ________.

tropical lagoons; winter

Ocean surface waves are:

orbital waves.

Which process causes the surface geography of Earth to change over time?

plate tectonics

The subtropical gyres ___.

play a large role in climate

Waves that are breaking along the shore and are forming curling crests over air pockets are called:

plunging breakers.

About what percent of the wind's energy is transferred to the ocean surface?

Two

The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________.

a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet

What is a volcanic arc?

a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone

The bathypelagic and ________ zones represent over 75% of the living space in the oceanic province.

abyssopelagic

Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the:

ages of rocks.

The Mariana Trench is an example of ________ plate boundary.

an oceanic-oceanic convergent

The East Pacific Rise is an example of ________ plate boundary.

an oceanic-oceanic divergent

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries?

andesitic volcanoes

Most marine species are found in the:

benthic environment.

With respect to their marine environment, these organisms can be referred to as:

benthos.

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the:

differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth.

Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean?

rotary corer

Which of the following describes an estuary located at the mouth of a high-volume river where freshwater flows to the ocean over a layer of dense saline water? Select only one answer.

salt wedge estuary

Energy flow in an ecosystem is:

unidirectional.

Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrient-rich bottom water through:

upwelling.

The Coriolis effect is due to changes in the ________ of Earth with latitude.

velocity

The lowermost portion of the atmosphere where most weather occurs is called the:

troposphere.

Black smokers are hydrothermal vents that discharge superheated water with high concentrations of metal sulfides.

true

Hydrothermal vents are often associated with central rift valleys along the oceanic ridge and rise system.

true

The Pacific Ring of Fire is the seismically active area along the margins of the Pacific Ocean where earthquakes and volcanoes are common.

true

An example of a "cruiser" is a:

tuna

A close friend of yours announces that she is newly pregnant and wants to go out for a nice seafood dinner to celebrate! You agree, but using your newfound knowledge on ocean pollution, you strongly advise her that in order to protect her baby from birth defects, she should avoid eating ________.

tuna, because biomagnification results in high levels of methylmercury

Based on the World Health Organization's definition, how many of these substances would be classified as a pollutant if these were the only data considered?

two

Resultant forces result in __________ tidal bulge(s) on Earth.four one three two

two

How many diurnal tides would you expect during one tidal period? four tides three tides one tide two tides

two tides

Recent studies indicate that the deep biosphere, an environment that exists within the seafloor itself, may account for up to _________ of Earth's total bacterial biomass.

two-thirds

Under which conditions are droughts and wildfires common in Australia?

under El Niño conditions

Positively charged side of the water molecule

D

Runoff

D

Subtropical

D

Wave height

D

Which of the following is the correct order of formation of sea ice as it forms directly from seawater?

(START) Slush; Pancake Ice; Ice Floes; Sea Ice (FINISH)

Look at the accompanying map showing the locations of the 15 largest earthquakes in the world since 1900. The information on the map makes it possible for people living around these active earthquake areas to know that they live in a high-risk area for earthquakes. Imagine an earthquake is about to occur at location 2 on the map (southern Alaska). Which of the following statements is most accurate?

- All locations (except 9) could benefit from an alert that an earthquake occurred at location 2, because they are near the ocean and might experience a resultant tsunami. - Most of the people living at location 2 probably are aware that they live in a location where earthquakes are likely.

Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- An increase in salinity increases seawater density. A decrease in temperature increases seawater density - An increase in pressure with depth has a negligible effect on density.

Of the following characteristics or features, which is/are associated with depositional shores?

- Bay-mouth bars - High sediment supply - A location near a large delta - The formation of barrier islands - A large sand spit

What is the chemical formula for sugar?

- C6H12O6

If you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water? Choose all that apply.

- Catch and melt fresh falling snow. - Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor. - Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago.

Which statement(s) below correctly describe differences between oceanic and continental crust? Choose all that apply.

- Continental crust is mainly composed of granite, whereas oceanic crust is mainly composed of basalt. - Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust. - Continental crust floats higher on the mantle than oceanic crust.

Which of the following are viable options for reducing the amount of plastic in the ocean?

- Dispose of plastics properly and recycle when possible. - People can reduce their consumption of single-use plastics. - Support proposals that ban or regulate the use or sale of single-use plastics and their improper disposal at sea. - Educate people so they understand the impacts of their choices on the environment.

Which of the following ideas support our current scientific understanding of the development of life on Earth? Choose all that apply.

- Early organisms evolved into more-complex organisms over geologic time. - The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop - As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment - Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen. .

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's oceans?

- Earth's ocean is one big interconnected body of water. - NASA satellites fly over Antarctica. - The Southern Ocean is one of the least-studied areas on planet Earth.

Of the following statements about the Ekman spiral and Ekman transport, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- Ekman transport is to the right of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere. - Ekman transport can result in both upwelling and downwelling. - The Coriolis effect causes surface waters to move at an angle relative to the wind direction. - In the deeper layers of the Ekman spiral, water can move in a direction opposite of the wind direction.

Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater? Choose all that apply.

- Evaporate the water sample and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. - Measure the chlorinity of the water. - Pass electrical current through the water.

Which of the following are names for large ocean waves that can be created by constructive interference?

- Freak waves -Superwaves - Rogue waves

Which of the following statements about gills are true? Choose all that apply.

- Gills are fibrous respiratory organs used to extract oxygen from seawater. - Gills rely on diffusion to release carbon dioxide waste from the blood.

Which of the following statements about gray whales are true? Choose all that apply.

- Gray whales used to be known as "devilfish" because of their aggressive behavior toward whalers. - Gray whales typically feed on bottom-dwelling organisms, such as crustaceans and clams. - Gray whales spend most of their time in coastal waters. - Gray whales undertake the longest migration of any mammal. - Gray whales are one of only a few species ever to be removed from endangered status. ***(All except largest toothed whales)***

Of the following statements about groins, which is/are true?

- Groins can be constructed out of large blocky rocky material (rip-rap) or of sturdy wood pilings. - Groins can be singular or many.

Select all that apply.

- Higher albedo would result in cooler temperatures on Earth. - Ice sheets would advance, thereby increasing Earth's overall albedo and further cooling Earth's surface.

Of the following locations, where would upwelling be expected to occur? Choose all that apply.

- In areas of diverging surface currents - Where seamounts or tablemounts are present - where there is a sharp bend in a coastline

Of the following statements about the physical characteristics of coastal oceans, which is/are true?

- In middle-latitude coastal oceans where evaporation is high, a halocline can develop. - Onshore wind and coastal runoff create geostrophic currents that flow northward along western North America. - In low-latitude areas where there is no mixing, surface water temperatures can be very high. - In high-latitude areas, the coastal ocean is isothermal (has a uniformly low temperature from surface to deeper waters).

Of the following statements about water's latent heat and changes in state, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. - In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. - When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat. - When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, it releases heat to the environment. - Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another.

Which of the following properties of plastic make it unusually persistent and damaging?

- It is strong. -It is lightweight -It is inexpensive -It is durable

Of the following statements about kelp and kelp forests, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- Kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast. - The giant kelp Macrocystis can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day.

Of the following surface currents, which one(s) transport large volumes of warm water to higher latitudes? Choose all that apply.

- Kuroshio Current - Brazil Current - the Gulf Stream

Which of the following statements correctly explain the issues with plastics in the marine environment?

- Large durable pieces of plastic can entangle marine animals. - Microbeads bind chemical pollutants like PCBs and DDTs. - Plastics photodegrade into smaller fragments, ultimately becoming microplastics. - Drifting plastics can be ingested by animals that mistake them for their natural gelatinous prey. - Plastics do not biodegrade.

Of the following statements about benthic communities along sediment-covered shores, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- Large numbers of organisms can generally be found buried in sandy shores. - Gently sloping beaches with finer sediment show less distinct intertidal zonation as compared to coarser beaches. - Coarse sandy beaches usually have the same tidal zonations as rocky shores.

Of the following statements about longshore transport (longshore drift), which is/are true?

- Longshore transport can change direction depending on which direction the waves approach the beach. - Longshore transport moves sediment upcoast or downcoast along the beach. - Longshore transport moves sediment in a zigzag path.

Of the following statements, which is/are included in the World Health Organization's definition of marine pollution?

- Marine pollution results in or is likely to result in harmful effects to marine life. - Marine pollution can be a substance or a form of energy. - Marine pollution is human-made.

Which of the following statements about corals are true? Choose all that apply.

- Most corals go through a planktonic stage of life. -Most individual coral species are about the size of an ant. - Corals catch small food particles with stinging cells similar to those of jellyfish. - Some coral species grow in cold deep waters beneath the euphotic zone. *all except over 50*

Which of the following tectonic plates are oceanic?

- Nazca Plate - Pacific Plate

Of the following statements about ocean crust, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- Ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches. - Ocean crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge.

Of the following statements about plankton, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- Plankton can move up and down in the water column. - Plankton are very abundant and comprise most of Earth's biomass. - Plankton also include certain types of bacteria. - Plankton drift with ocean currents.

Of the following characteristics or features, which is/are associated with erosional shores?

- Rocky coasts - Tectonic activity - Wave-cut benches and marine terraces - A coastline with lots of rugged headlands

Which of the following statements about fish schooling behavior are true? Choose all that apply.

- Schools can move and appear as one large and dangerous fish, thus preventing a predator from attacking. - More than half of all fish species are known to join schools during at least a portion of their lives. -Schooling reduces the percentage of ocean volume in which a cruising predator might find one of their kind.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the scientific method? Choose all that apply.

- Scientists make predictions based on established theories. - The scientific method is an ongoing cycle. - The scientific method involves repeated testing and adjustment of hypotheses to explain observations.

Which of the following techniques are the best options for cleaning up after an oil spill?

- Skim floating oil off the surface immediately after the spill. - Introduce microbes to begin the process of bioremediation.

Of the following gyres, which one(s) flow in a counterclockwise direction? Choose all that apply.

- South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre - South Pacific Subtropical Gyre - Northern Hemisphere Subpolar Gyres - Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre

Of the following statements about the Coriolis effect in the Northern Hemisphere, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- The Coriolis effect causes air to move counterclockwise around low pressure. - The Coriolis effect causes air to move clockwise around high pressure.

Recall that global winds impact the direction of surface ocean currents. Examine the following map showing the Atlantic Ocean off the west coast of Africa. The direction of the surface current and the prevailing wind do not coincide. What can explain this discrepancy?

- The Coriolis effect deflects ocean currents in the Southern Hemisphere to the left due to Earth's rotation. - Because the current is located in the Southern Hemisphere, the subtropical gyre pulls the current in a counterclockwise direction.

Which of the following statements about the Wilson cycle is/are correct?

- The Mediterranean Sea is in the process of closing. - The embryonic stage begins with continental crust being uplifted and pulled apart. - The Pacific Ocean basin is shrinking, and the Atlantic Ocean basin is growing wider.

Of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- The asthenosphere is a highly viscous layer located beneath the lithosphere. - The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock.

Of the following statements about coastal regions and landforms, which is/are true?

- The berm is located in the backshore area. - Most of the beach face is exposed during the lowest tides and covered during the highest tides. - The beach face is the wet, sloping surface in the foreshore area. - The area of a beach above the shoreline is often called the recreational beach. - The berm is affected by storm waves but is typically dry and relatively flat.

Of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic north pole. - The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic south pole. - The magnetic north pole may reverse so that it is located near the geographic south pole. - The lines of the magnetic force are parallel with Earth's surface at the equator.

Why does the sea floor have a striped pattern of magnetic anomalies that is symmetric with respect to the mid-ocean ridge? Choose all that apply.

- The ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming. - The igneous rock of the ocean floor preserves Earth's existing magnetic field as the rock cools. - The polarity of Earth's magnetic field experiences reversals.

Of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification. -Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered. -Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core. -Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's core?

- The outer core is liquid because it is so hot. - The core is composed of mainly iron and nickel, with some sulfur. - Earth's core is composed of two layers that differ in physical properties.

During a visit to the beach, you get in a small rubber raft and paddle out beyond the surf zone. You become tired, so you stop and take a rest. Describe the movement of your raft beyond the surf zone.

- The raft moves in a circle, and it returns to essentially the same place. - The raft's net movement is not toward the shore compared to the surf zone.

Part B - Water density case study. Select the three statements below that apply.

- The sample analyses show there is no pycnocline present. -The temperature of the water column is constant throughout its depth. - The samples must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude.

Which of the following correctly describes the impacts of known biological pollutants?

- The seaweed Caulerpa has smothered ecosystems where it was introduced. - Zebra mussels have outcompeted native mussels in the Great Lakes region. - The Atlantic comb jelly has damaged fisheries in the Black Sea.

Of the following statements about tsunami, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- The tsunami warning system uses seismic waves and deep-ocean pressure sensors to detect tsunami. - At the coast, a tsunami looks like a suddenly occurring high or low tide, which is why they are misnamed "tidal waves." - Tsunami have a very long wavelength, so they travel at very high speeds (equivalent to the speed of a jet airplane). - Tsunami are undetectable by ships in the open ocean.

Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. - Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt. - Seawater salinity averages 3.5%.

How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions?

- They utilize the energy in sugar.

Which of the following statements provides a possible logical explanation for the increased number of tornadoes during the 1990s and 2000s compared to the 1950s and 1960s?

- Using Doppler radar more effectively allows scientists to detect more tornadoes than was previously possible. - Population increases mean that more people could report tornadoes in more areas.

Of the following statements about nemataths and volcanic arcs, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- Volcanic arcs are associated with convergent plate boundaries. - Nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity. - In a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time.

Of the following properties of water, which is/are caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules? Choose all that apply.

- Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. - Water has cohesion and surface tension. - Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. - Water molecules have polarity.

Of the following statements about the transfer of heat on Earth, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- Water vapor in the air carries latent heat with it, which is released in other areas. - Ocean currents move warm water from the tropics to higher latitudes. - Air currents move warmer air from the tropics to higher latitudes.

Of the following bathymetric conditions, which one(s) would likely produce spilling breakers? Choose all that apply.

- a gently sloping, rocky bottom - a gently sloping, sandy bottom

Of the following characteristics, which apply to a planktonic organism that photosynthesizes? Choose all that apply.

- a type of autotrophic organism -living within the euphotic zone -classified as phytoplankton

What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis?

- autotrophs - phytoplankton - primary producers

Which of the following locations has/have the potential to reliably harness wind power as a renewable energy source? Choose all that apply.

- between 5 and 30 degrees latitude - between 30 and 60 degrees latitude

Which force(s) drive(s) water circulation in the deep ocean?

- differences in water density - differences in water temperature - differences in water salinity

Which of the following adaptations allow(s) a marine organism to blend into the environment and avoid visual detection? Choose all that apply.

- disruptive coloration - transparent body tissue - camouflage - countershading

Which of the following lines of evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support the concept of drifting continents? Choose all that apply.

- evidence of glaciers in areas that are now tropical - the distribution of species of fossils - the way the shapes of the continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle - the pattern of similar mountain belts on different continents

Which of the following organisms are common in the middle tide zone along rocky shores? Choose all that apply.

- goose-necked barnacles - hermit crabs - sea anemones - carnivorous sea stars

Rocks in which layer(s) of Earth are rigid?

- inner core - mesosphere -lithosphere

Which of the following marine pollutants will bioaccumulate or biomagnify in the food web?

- mercury - PCBs -DDTs

Which of the following environments supports chemosynthesis? Choose all that apply.

- mid-ocean ridges associated with black smokers -areas where high-salinity waters percolate from the sea floor - subduction zones where methane from the decomposition of organic material in folded sedimentary rocks trickles from the sea floor - hydrocarbon seeps that emit methane *(all except mid-water depths)*

Which of the following marine pollutants are biodegradable?

- petroleum - crude oil - the seaweed Caulerpa

Of the following statements about ocean waves, which one(s) describe wave period? Choose all that apply.

- the inverse of wave frequency - the time it takes for one full wavelength to pass a given point

Based on the World Health Organization's definition of marine pollution, which of the following is/are considered to be a form of marine pollution?

- warmer-than-normal water created by outflow from a coastal power plant - warmer-than-normal water created by outflow from a coastal power plant - biodegradable food items dumped overboard from a cruise ship - raw sewage released onto the floor of the deep ocean

Waters of the continental shelf are generally _______. Choose all that apply.

- within the epipelagic zone - within the neritic province - highly productive waters

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding neap tides? -High tides are low. -Neap tides occur during first quarter moon and third quarter moon. -Low tides are low. -Neap tides occur when solar tides and lunar tides are additive. -Neap tides occur when there is a small tidal range

--High tides are low. -Neap tides occur during first quarter moon and third quarter moon. -Neap tides occur when there is a small tidal range

If you had an equally sized hand sample of each rock shown in the figure above, which would feel the heaviest?

-3 (Basalt, the darkest)

Which rock in the figure above is likely high in iron and magnesium?

-3 (Basalt, the darkest)

Which of the following statements about tides in a simple tidal bulge model is/are true? Choose all that apply. -A lunar or solar eclipse can occur only when the Moon is in syzygy. -Spring tides result from constructive interference between the solar and lunar tidal bulges. -Neap tides result from destructive interference between the solar and lunar tidal bulges. -Tides are greatest when the Moon is at apogee and Earth is at aphelion. -Wave interference does not affect tidal bulges. -Tides are greatest when the Moon is at perigee and Earth is at perihelion.

-A lunar or solar eclipse can occur only when the Moon is in syzygy. -Spring tides result from constructive interference between the solar and lunar tidal bulges. -Neap tides result from destructive interference between the solar and lunar tidal bulges. -Tides are greatest when the Moon is at perigee and Earth is at perihelion.

Which of the following statements about tidal patterns and tidal charts is/are true? Choose all that apply. -A semidiurnal tidal pattern has two low tides every tidal day. -A diurnal tidal pattern has two high tides every tidal day. -A mixed tidal pattern has two lows of about equal height and two highs of about equal height every tidal day. -A mixed tidal pattern has two lows of unequal height and two highs of unequal height every tidal day. -A tidal day is 24 hours and 50 minutes long. -The tidal range is the difference in height between a high tide and a low tide.

-A mixed tidal pattern has two lows of unequal height and two highs of unequal height every tidal day. -A tidal day is 24 hours and 50 minutes long. -The tidal range is the difference in height between a high tide and a low tide. -A semidiurnal tidal pattern has two low tides every tidal day.

Nonrotating Earth bin

-All surface air flows toward the equator -one pair of convection cells

Surface ocean currents ___.

-Are driven by winds -Form large rotating gyres in the major ocean basins -Are influenced by Coriolis effect

Expanding Ocean Basin

-Atlantic Ocean Basin

In the figure above, which of the labeled currents are warm water currents?

-B -E -F

In the figure above, which of the labeled currents are eastern boundary currents?

-C -n -H

Why does the resultant tidegenerating force create a tidal bulge on the side of Earth that faces away from the Moon? -Centripetal force exceeds gravitational force at the nadir, or the point on Earth furthest from the Moon. -The centripetal force is equal to the gravitational force at both the zenith and nadir. -The centripetal force is weaker than the gravitational force at the zenith. -The centripetal force is weaker than the gravitational force at the nadir. -The centripetal force exceeds gravitational force at the zenith.

-Centripetal force exceeds gravitational force at the nadir, or the point on Earth furthest from the Moon

Greatest temperature range

-Clear skies during the day and clear skies at night

Intermediate temperature range

-Clear skies during the day and cloudy skies at night -Cloudy skies during the day and clear skies at night

Of the following statements about ocean ownership and the Law of the Sea, which is/are true?

-Coastal nations own the resources of the area 200 nautical miles from their shoreline, which is called the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). - The Law of the Sea Treaty, which establishes the rights of nations in ocean ownership, was ratified by the required 60th nation in 1993. - Forty-two percent of the world's oceans are under the control of coastal nations. - If the continental shelf (defined geologically) exceeds the 200-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ), countries are allowed to extend their ownership to 350 nautical miles from shore.

Which organisms contain chlorophyll?

-Diatoms -Phytoplankton

Which of the following are primary producers?

-Dinoflagellates -coccolithophores -Diatoms

Which of the following are first-level consumers?

-Herbivores -Zooplankton

Imagine that you are enjoying a day at the beach in California, exploring tide pools. You find a California sea hare in the shallow water and gently scoop it into your hand. As you touch it, the sea hare releases purple ink into your hand. You think maybe the sea hare released the ink to scare you (a potential predator) away, but you are not sure. What steps of the scientific method have you performed in your inquiry?

-Hypothesis formulation -Observation

Waters from which ocean basins combine to form the Southern Ocean? Choose all that apply.

-Indian -Atlantic -Pacific

What element(s) are found in high concentrations in oceanic crust? Choose all that apply.

-Iron -Magnesium

On a deep-sea voyage in the North Pacific, near the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, you begin to explore a deep, long, narrow region in the ocean floor. You begin to discuss what this is with a partner and come up with the theories below. Determine whether each of the statements below presents a likely scenario.

-It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins. -The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent. -It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle?

-Lithosphere

In the figure above, which of the labeled currents are shallow, weak, and slow currents?

-N -H

Of the following statements about ocean waves, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

-Ocean waves can be classified by the depth of water in which they move. - Ocean waves can be described by their period, wavelength, and height. - Ocean waves can be classified by the force that created them.

Which of the following are members of trophic level 5?

-Orca Whales -Humans

Shrinking Ocean Basin

-Pacific Ocean Basin

Which of the following are primary carnivores?

-Sardines -Herring

Of the following statements about coastal wetlands, which is/are true?

-Scientists estimate that, globally, 50% of all coastal wetlands have disappeared in the past century. -Mangrove swamps are a type of coastal wetland that can protect shorelines from erosion. - Coastal wetlands are good at cleansing water of agricultural runoff, toxins, and other pollutants. - Coastal wetlands often serve as important nursery areas for many species of fish.

Of the following statements about global sea level, which is/are true?

-Sea level is affected by the amount of ice in polar ice caps on land. - Sea level has risen about 120 meters (400 feet) in the past 18,000 years. - When seawater warms, it thermally expands and occupies more volume, so global sea level rises. - When seawater cools, it contracts and occupies less volume, so global sea level is lowered.

What element(s) are found in high concentrations in continental crust? Choose all that apply.

-Silica -Aluminum

Of the following statements about the monthly tidal cycle, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. -Spring tides occur twice a month. -The full moon is associated with spring tide conditions. -The full moon and the new moon affect the tides about the same. -The new moon is associated with neap tide conditions. -Neap tides occur twice a month. -The new moon is associated with the smallest tidal range of the month.

-Spring tides occur twice a month. -The full moon is associated with spring tide conditions. -The full moon and the new moon affect the tides about the same -Neap tides occur twice a month.

Why is the idealized highest high tide at 28 degrees south latitude delayed by 12 hours from the highest high tide at 28 degrees north latitude? -The locations are at different latitudes, so they experience different idealized tidal patterns. -That is how long it takes for the location at 28 degrees south latitude to rotate into the largest part of the high tide bulge. -That is how long it takes for the location at 28 degrees south latitude to rotate into the tail end of the high tide bulge. -That is how long it takes for the location at 28 degrees south latitude to make one complete rotation. -Twelve hours is half of a day, so it takes 12 hours for the tides to catch up.

-That is how long it takes for the location at 28 degrees south latitude to rotate into the largest part of the high tide bulge.

Of the following statements about the force of gravity between two bodies, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. -The force of gravity between two bodies decreases as distance increases. -The force of gravity between two bodies is most affected by a change in mass. -The force of gravity between two bodies increases with an increase in mass. -The force of gravity between two bodies is most affected by a change in distance. -The force of gravity between two bodies decreases with an increase in mass. -The force of gravity between two bodies increases as distance increases

-The force of gravity between two bodies decreases as distance increases. -The force of gravity between two bodies increases with an increase in mass. -The force of gravity between two bodies is most affected by a change in distance.

Of the following statements about Earth's hypsographic curve (figure shown below), which is/are true?

-The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation. -The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth's surface area that is covered by ocean waters. -The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is below 4 kilometers deep. -The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.

Of the following statements about bioluminescence in deep-water nekton, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

-The majority of deep-water nekton can bioluminesce. - A flash of bioluminescent light can temporarily blind a predator, allowing the prey to escape. - Bioluminescent light can be used to stake out territory. - Bioluminescent light can attract and lure prey to a predator. - Bioluminescence can be used to attract a mate. **(everything except buoyancy)**

Of the following statements about mapping the ocean floor, which is/are true?

-The ocean's great depth and opaque character have hindered mapping efforts. -Only 5% of the ocean floor has been mapped as accurately as the Moon. -Radar altimeters on satellites have collected data on sea surface elevation that help produce maps of the sea floor. -There are large areas of the sea floor that remain unmapped by sonar.

Why are high tides found simultaneously on opposite sides of Earth? -The tidal bulges occur on both sides of Earth that are perpendicular to the tidegenerating body. -The tidal bulges occur on both sides of Earth that are aligned with the tidegenerating body. -The ocean water experiencing high tide rotates around Earth on a 12hour cycle. -The ocean water experiencing low tide rotates around Earth on a 12hour cycle.

-The tidal bulges occur on both sides of Earth that are aligned with the tidegenerating body.

Of the following statements about the tides, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. -The tides are caused by an imbalance between the centripetal force and the gravitational force of the Moon and the Sun. -The Sun, because of its larger size, has more effect on Earth's tides than the Moon does. -Although we observe the tides coming in and going out, in reality, Earth is rotating into and out of various tidal bulges, which produces changing tides. -Both Earth and the Moon orbit around their common center of mass, called the barycenter. -There are two tidal bulges on Earth caused by the Moon: one facing the Moon, and the other facing away from the Moon

-The tides are caused by an imbalance between the centripetal force and the gravitational force of the Moon and the Sun -Although we observe the tides coming in and going out, in reality, Earth is rotating into and out of various tidal bulges, which produces changing tides. -Both Earth and the Moon orbit around their common center of mass, called the barycenter. -There are two tidal bulges on Earth caused by the Moon: one facing the Moon, and the other facing away from the Moon

Of the following statements about forces and tidal bulges, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. -Tidal bulges are produced on both sides of Earth from the Moon and the Sun. -On the side of Earth closest to the Moon, a tidal bulge will form as a result of an excess of gravitational force. -On the side of Earth closest to the Moon, a tidal bulge will form as a result of an excess of centripetal force. -Tidal bulges are produced only on the side of Earth closest to either the Moon or the Sun. -On the side of Earth facing away from the Sun, a tidal bulge will form due to an excess of centripetal force. -On the side of Earth facing away from the Sun, a tidal bulge will form as a result of an excess of gravitational force.

-Tidal bulges are produced on both sides of Earth from the Moon and the Sun. -On the side of Earth closest to the Moon, a tidal bulge will form as a result of an excess of gravitational force. -On the side of Earth facing away from the Sun, a tidal bulge will form due to an excess of centripetal force.

Part A - Relationship between ocean temperature and density

-Top Left: Density -Middle Left: Water temperature constant, a few degrees above freezing -Bottom: Inversely related -Top right: Temperature -Middle right: Thermocline Bottom right: Water at maximum density

What factor(s) drive(s) Ekman transport?

-Wind -Coriolis effect

Which of the following feature(s) is/are associated with the mid-ocean ridge?

-a central rift valley -volcanoes -hydrothermal vents -basalt volcanism and pillow lavas

Of the following items, which is/are associated with a passive continental margin?

-a wide continental shelf -turbidity currents, which are initiated here and flow down submarine canyons

Neither

-all surface air flows poleward -air sinks at the equator

Why is the length of a lunar day different from the length of a solar day? -because the Moon revolves around Earth in the opposite direction that Earth is rotating on its axis -because Earth is larger than the Moon -because the distance between Earth and the Moon is not constant -because the Moon revolves around Earth in the same direction that Earth is rotating on its axis -because the Moon is smaller than the Sun

-because the Moon revolves around Earth in the same direction that Earth is rotating on its axis

Smallest temperature range

-cloudy skies during the day and cloudy skies at night

Which of the following are targeted by trawl nets?

-cod -shrimp -flounder

Passive Continental Margins

-continental margin A -continental margin B -continental margin C

Active Continental Margins

-continental margin D -continental margin E

Which of the following commonly become bycatch?

-dolphins, turtles, and birds -sharks

Rotating Earth

-equatorial and subpolar air flows inward and upward -presence of trade winds and westerlies -three pairs of convection cells

What process(es) affect the shape and structure of continental shelves?

-erosion of sediment -eposition of sediment -large fluctuations in sea level -major climate changes, such as ice ages

Which of the following names mean "tropical cyclone"?

-hurricane -typhoon -cyclone

Which of the following nutrients can limit primary productivity by phytoplankton? Choose all that apply.

-iron -phosphates -silica -nitrates

The majority of ocean trenches are associated with ___________.

-narrow or no continental shelves -very deep ocean water depths -volcanic arcs and active continental margins -subduction zones and associated faults -the Pacific Ring of Fire

Some of the tide height numbers in your tide table are preceded by minus signs (or in some cases printed in red). This tells you that __________. -strong offshore winds are expected -the tidal range is very small, and a neap tide is occurring -spring tides are occurring -there is insufficient data to provide good values for these tides -a rare proxigean tide is occurring

-spring tides are occurring

What is the coastal tidal range? -the difference in sea level between a successive high and low tide t-he difference in maximum tide height between perihelion and aphelion -the difference in maximum tide height between perigee and apogee -the difference in maximum tide height -between successive high tides -the height of sea level when high tide hits the shoreline

-the difference in sea level between a successive high and low tide

What are tides? regular daily rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Sun on Earth -the regular daily rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Sun on Earth -the regular daily rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon on Earth -the regular weekly rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Sun on Earth -the regular weekly rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon on Earth

-the regular daily rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Sun on Earth

Tidal forces result in two tidal bulges because __________. the materials of Earth are denser near the equator than near the poles the velocity with which the Moon orbits Earth is greater than the velocity of Earth orbiting the Sun -the supplied gravitational forces at various points within the planet differ from the centripetal force the centripetal force required to maintain the orbital relationship between the Moon and Earth is greater than the gravitational forces between them the gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon is greater than the attraction between Earth and the Sun

-the supplied gravitational forces at various points within the planet differ from the centripetal force

How many spring and neap tides occur each month? -four spring tides and four neap tides -two spring tides and two neap tides -one spring tide and one neap tide -four spring tides and two neap tides -two spring tides and four neap tides

-two spring tides and two neap tides -

For every 500,000 units of radiant energy that enter an ecosystem from the Sun, how many units are transferred all the way to the top producers?

1

The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is approximately

1%.

Layers of the earth (outer to inner)

1. Crust 2. Lithosphere 3. Asthenosphere 4. Mantle (includes lithosphere and asthenosphere) 5. Outer Core 6. Inner Core

The features of active and passive continental margins and the characteristics of ocean basins are evidence for existence, or absence of a plate boundary. Read the sentences below, and fill in the blanks to make them complete and correct.

1. Oceanic crust spreads at mid-ocean ridges, creating new crust and slowly enlarging the ocean basin. 2. submarine canyons are deep valleys at passive continental boundaries. They are likely carved out by turbidity currents, which occur when sediment-laden water rapidly moves down slope. 3. Melt from the subducting plate rises to the surface, erupts through the crust on the overriding plate and forms continental volcanic arcs on continents, or volcanic island arcs in the ocean. 4. Subduction zones surrounding the Pacific Ocean give rise to volcanoes. This area surrounding the Pacific Ocean is called the Ring of Fire.

What is the speed in meters per second of a deep water wave with a wavelength of 1.5 meters?

1.53 meters per second

A deep-water wave occurs when the water depth is equal to at least:

1/2 of the wavelength.

In one solar day, how far does the Moon move around the Earth? 1/28th of a complete revolution 1/6th of a complete revolution 28 complete revolutions 1/12th of a complete revolution 1 complete revolution

1/28th of a complete revolution

On average how many supertankers or containerships are reported missing each year without a trace?

10

The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around:

10

Based on the graph, what is the approximate period of a deep-water wave with a speed of 15 meters per second?

10 seconds

How many tuna does it take to make one shark?

10 times the mass of the shark

You live on an island in the Pacific. An earthquake of magnitude 8.5 off the coast of Japan, 8000 km away, generates a tsunami with a wavelength of 200 km. The average water depth between your island and Japan is 4900 m. If a tsunami warning is issued for your island, how many hours will you have before the waves arrive?

10.14 hours

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many total atoms will be in the container after 3 months?

100 atoms

The euphotic zone in the open ocean extends from the surface down to approximately ________.

100 meters

The water pressure in the deepest trenches exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level.

1000

How much fish do humans harvest from the ocean each year?

145 billion pounds

If today high tide is at 1:00 p.m., what time will the same high tide be tomorrow? 12:10 p.m. 1:25 p.m. 1:50 p.m. 12:35 p.m. 1:00 p.m.

1:50 p.m.

It is Thursday and an angler is planning a fishing trip in two days on Saturday. The angler knows from experience that the fishing is best at a particular location at the beginning of high tide. He does not have a tide table, but the angler noted that the high tide on Thursday was at 12:15 PM. At what time on Saturday should he plan to arrive to start fishing, assuming that this location has a diurnal tide type? 1:55 PM 12:15 PM 1:05 PM 2:45 PM 12:15 AM

1:55 PM

Earth has three compositionally distinct layers—the crust, mantle, and core. The core has separate inner and outer sections that are physically different. For the following physical properties and compositional properties, sort each item into the bins for the layer of Earth that they best characterize. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

1st Bin (crust): -Is earth's stiff, rigid, rocky shell -Is completely solid and never acts like a fluid -part of this layer has a relatively homogeneous composition, while another part is composed of many rock types. 2nd Bin (Mantle): -Contains a weak layer below the lithosphere -Contains rock rich in magnesium and iron 3rd Bin (Core): -Contains iron and nickel -Contains a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer

The Trade Winds are one type of prevailing wind pattern. How many other types of prevailing winds are there among earth's global wind patterns?

2

The westerlies wind belt is the area corresponding to number

2

The sediments that are produced in areas of high primary productivity are indicated by the number(s):

2 and 3

How many spring and neap tides will a tiderecording station experience in a given month? 1 spring tide and 1 neap tide 2 spring tides and 2 neap tides 3 to 4 spring tides and 1 to 3 neap tides 1 to 3 spring tides and 3 to 4 neap tides

2 spring tides and 2 neap tides

What is the speed in meters per second of a deep water wave with a wavelength of 3.5 meters?

2.34 meters per second

What is the speed in meters per second of a deep water wave with a wavelength of 5 meters?

2.8 meters per second

The water pressure at the mid-ocean ridges exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level.

200

In the open ocean, 1 wave in ________ will be over twice the height of the wave average.

23

A lunar day is __________ in duration. 48 hours 24 hours and 50 minutes 12 hours and 25 minutes 24 hours 12 hours

24 hours and 50 minutes

What is the length of a lunar day? 14 days 24 hours 28 days 12 hours 24 hours and 50 minutes

24 hours and 50 minutes

Recent research has indicated that about ________ percent of seafood sold with a sustainable label is not meeting the criteria of sustainability.

25

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months?

25 atoms

Sea surface salinity is greatest at which of the following latitudes?

25 degrees

Based on the graph, what is the approximate speed, in meters per second, of a deep-water wave with a wavelength of 400 meters?

25 meters per second

In the eastern Pacific of the Northern Hemisphere, which ocean temperatures are associated with the most hurricanes?

27° to 29° Celsius

If primary photosynthetic productivity in a given area of the ocean is 300 g C/m2/yr, about how much organic matter is added to a square meter of the seafloor sediments each year?

3 grams

Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A has wave heights of 2 meters and Sea B has wave heights of 5 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from destructive interference?

3 meters

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________.

3,682 meters (12,080 feet)

The average salinity of typical seawater is:

3.5%.

The major deserts of the world occur in which of the following regions?

30 degrees

Storms are most common in which of the following regions?

30 to 60 degrees

The average albedo of Earth's surface is about:

30%.

In the open ocean, 1 wave in ________ will be four times as high as the height of the wave average.

300,000

It is Wednesday, and you are planning a fishing trip for this coming Saturday. You have heard that fishing is best at your chosen spot when the ebb current begins to flow, so you wish to start fishing at high tide. You do not have a tide table, but you have noted that today's high tide was at 1:10 p.m. At what time on Saturday should you plan to arrive and start fishing?

3:40 PM

A ship's fathometer (an echo sounder) transmits a sound pulse and records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. If the speed of sound in water is 1,500 m/second, what is the water depth in meters?

5,550 meters

When did the great mountain ranges of southern Europe and Asia begin to form?

50 million years ago

A rock sample contains 75 atoms of a parent isotope and 25 atoms of a daughter isotope. The half-life of the parent isotope is 100 years. How old is this rock?

50 years old

Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago.

50,000

Scientists currently have documented the existence of more than ________ dead zones worldwide.

500

How big can the diameter of a hurricane become?

500 miles

Imagine you are swimming in the open ocean at a location near the equator. Based on the following data, can you determine how deep you would need to dive to reach a water temperature of 19°C? -Seawater temperature at the surface: 24°C -Thermocline at 300 and 1000 meters depths: 1°C decrease per 50 meters of depth

550 meters

Variable winds that result in generally clear, dry, and fair conditions with minimal precipitation are labeled number:

6

A boundary or belt characterized by variable winds and stormy, cloudy weather year round occurs in which of the following regions?

60 degrees

The polar front occurs in which of the following regions?

60 degrees

Most reef-building corals receive about ________ of their nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae algae.

90%

The organized, denser portion of Hurricane Katrina (not including the wispy outer spiral bands) was:

900 km in diameter on August 28 at 9 P.M.

What percent of the ocean's biomass relies either directly or indirectly on organic matter supplied by photosynthetic primary productivity?

99.90%

Color that represents the highest value of wave energy

A

Destructive interference

A

Equator

A

Fetch

A

Greatest amount of evaporation (worldwide)

A

Hydrogen Bond

A

Inside the eye of the hurricane

A

Liquid

A

Sulfate

A

Surf zone

A

Temperate

A

Vaporization (evaporation/boiling)

A

Vernal equinox

A

Wavelength

A

Wind belt: trade winds

A

thermocline

A

Organisms of the mesopelagic zone are characterized by:

A and B are correct.

How are normal polarity and reverse polarity of Earth's magnetic field different?

A compass points toward the North Pole during normal polarity and to the South Pole during reverse polarity.

Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination?

A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater.

Which feature of barrier islands provides evidence for a rise in sea level?

A peat outcrop

In general, what is our best evidence that the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has changed over time?

A record of Earth's magnetic field is recorded in oceanic rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in Earth's magnetic polarity.

What is a tablemount?

A seamount that grew above sea level, experienced wave erosion, and is now inactive.

How does sonar work?

A sound signal is bounced off the ocean floor.

How does a sea stack form?

A stack forms when a sea arch collapses, leaving a vertical column of rock offshore.

In which sediment-covered shoreline would you find the greatest concentration of subsurface-dissolved oxygen?

A steeply sloping beach face composed of cobblestone

What condition would create a weak longshore current?

A wave set approaching parallel to the shore head-on

What results when two waves, in phase and with the same wavelength, interact?

A wave with an amplitude that is the sum of the amplitudes of the initial two waves.

What is a scientific theory?

A well-substantiated explanation that is supported by facts, tested hypotheses, and logical inferences

On the diagram of a passive continental margin shown below, match the letters with the correct features.

A: Graded bedding D: submarine canyons B: deep-sea fans C: turbidity current

The image below depicts shoreline features characteristic of depositional coasts. Match the correct letter to each of the following features.

A: Tombolo C: Barrier island B: Spit D: Bay barrier F: Delta E: Lagoon

The diagram below shows tide zones in a sediment-covered shore. Use the letters to match the tide zones shown in the figure with the correct representative organisms.

A: bristle worm B: ghost crab C: sand dollar D: ghost shrimp E: sand star (*D* is invisible bc ghost)

Use the letters on the diagram below to match the coral types with the depth zones in which they live.

A: delicate plate corals B: massive branching corals C: no coral grows here D: massive head corals (Don't Mountains Not Move ?)

On the cross-section shown below, correctly identify the following features.

A: magma C: metal sulfide deposits B: black smoker

On the diagram of rocky-shore tide zones shown below, use the organisms present to match each letter to the correct tide zone.

A: middle tide zone B: low tide zone C: spray zone D: high tide zone

On the diagram below, match the correct letter to each of the following features of a sea anemone.

A: mouth B: nematocyst C: Cnidoblast D: gut E: Trigger (*M*ay *N*ever *C*arry or *G*row *T*entacles

The diagram below shows the structure of the giant brown bladder kelp (Macrocystis). Match each letter with its correct structure on the kelp.

A: stipe B: pneumatocyst C: blade D: holdfast (*S*eaweed *P*lant *B*ut *H*ardly)

Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents directly?

Accidental spills from container ships

If the rate and direction of plate movement remain the same for the next 50 million years, an accurate prediction would then be:

Accretion of the California Terrane onto Alaska

Rogue waves are created along the "Wild Coast" off the southeast coast of ________, where the Agulhas Current flows directly against large Antarctic storm waves.

Africa

Why is warm, moist air considered the "fuel" for a hurricane?

Air cools as it rises. As air cools, water vapor will condense out as liquid water. Condensation releases heat, providing energy to the hurricane.

Which estuary is most likely to be highly stratified?

Alaskan fjord

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. (Azores, Aleutian Islands, Iceland, Canary Islands, Galapagos Islands)

Aleutian Islands

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was:

Alfred Wegener.

What is the relationship between the mantle and the asthenosphere?

All of the asthenosphere is contained within a larger layer called the mantle.

What is the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere?

All of the crust is contained within a larger layer called the lithosphere.

Look again at the map. Bear in mind that all the earthquake locations that are not inland are on a convergent plate boundary (subduction zone). Which of these statements is true?

All of the locations except 9 could produce tsunamis, because all are subduction zones involving at least one oceanic plate.

Schooling behavior, as depicted in the figure, benefits the organisms involved because it:

All the above behaviors are beneficial to schooling fish.

Nekton are restricted to particular ocean areas by:

All the above conditions may restrict the distribution of nekton.

Western intensification causes:

All the above effects are the result of western intensification.

A small size is advantageous for marine organisms because it:

All the above statements are advantageous to marine organisms.

Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because:

All the above statements are correct

Compared to an eastern boundary current in a gyre, which of the following statements is true for a western boundary current?

All the above statements are true of western boundary currents.

Why does the orange liquid rise when the lava lamp animation is plugged in?

Although both liquids expand when heated, the orange liquid expands more.

Why does the Moon generate larger tidal forces than the Sun? Although the Moon is further away, the Sun is much smaller. Although the Sun is bigger, the Moon is much closer. Although the Sun is further away, the Moon is much smaller. Although the Moon is bigger, the Sun is much closer.

Although the Sun is bigger, the Moon is much closer.

What is a seamount?

An active volcano that occurs along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge.

How is an arch formed along a sea coast?

An arch forms when a sea cave breaks through a headland or where two sea caves coalesce as they erode back due to wave action.

Based on the graph, which of the following has the lowest temperature?

Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)

Which of the following is the only current that completely circumscribes Earth?

Antarctic Circumpolar

Bottom left

Anticyclonic flow

If you had to navigate a ship into a shallow, rocky harbor with mixed tides, when would be the best time for you to do it? During the maximum ebb current During the transition from ebb to flood current During the maximum flood current Approaching the high slack water Approaching the low slack water

Approaching the high slack water

Which ocean basin is currently covered by extensive sea ice for much of the year?

Arctic

Isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the ________ below which is denser and plastic like.

Asthenosphere

The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the:

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans.

Which of the following hydrologic cycle reservoirs is the smallest?

Atmospheric water vapor

Hurricane Katrina moved 425 km during which of these time periods?

August 28 at 10 A.M. to August 29 at 10 A.M.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Autotrophic

Boundary: horse latitudes

B

Color that represents the lowest value of wave energy

B

Equatorial

B

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. abyssal plain B. continental flood basalt C. continental rise D. continental shelf E. continental slope

B

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. black smoker B. deep focus earthquake C. hydrothermal vent D. rift valley E. white smoker

B

Greatest amount of precipitation (worldwide)

B

Limit of the storm

B

Melting

B

Mixed Interference

B

Movement of warm water vapor (arrow)

B

Oxygen Atom

B

Sodium

B

Solid

B

Still water level

B

Summer solstice

B

Tropic of Capricorn

B

Waves with constant wavelength

B

mixed layer

B

The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include:

B and C are correct.

On this diagram showing a perspective view of California's Santa Barbara Harbor, match the correct letter to each of the following items.

B: Arrow that points in the direction of a longshore Drift D: Breakwater A: Area of sand deposition E: Area threatened by erosion after construction of the breakwater C: Arrow that points in the OPPOSITE direction of longshore drift F: Dredge

Using this image of the waters adjacent to the East Coast of the United States, match the correct letter to each of the following.

B: Cold core ring(s) C: Color for warm water A: Color for cold water D: warm core ring(s)

This world map shows the global distribution of salt marshes and mangrove swamps. Match the correct letter to each of the following.

B: Mangrove swamps A: Salt marshes C: Sea that has a circulation pattern opposite from normal estuarine circulation

The image below depicts shoreline features characteristic of erosional coasts. Match the correct letter to each of the following features.

B: Sea arch D: Headland H: Sea cave G: Blowhole A: Coves F: Uplifted marine terrace C: Wave-cut bench E: Sea stack

The following block diagram shows coastlines in the Northern Hemisphere that are influenced by coastal winds (not shown). Based on the flow of surface waters due to Ekman transport, identify the correct coastal wind direction in each diagram.

B: Wind blowing parallel to the coast and toward the bottom of the diagram A: Wind blowing parallel to the coast and toward the top of the diagram

The image below shows a close-up view of a mid-ocean ridge that is offset by a linear fault/fracture. Match the letters with the correct features.

B: fracture zone D: transform fault A: rift valley of a mid-ocean ridge E: lithosphere C: asthenosphere

The superkingdoms of life called Eubacteria is identical to which of the following?

Bacteria

Why do waters become anoxic in a dead zone?

Bacteria that decompose the dead algae use up all of the oxygen in the water.

What is the difference between a barrier reef and an atoll?

Barrier reefs surround an inactive volcano emerging above sea level, while atolls surround the previous location of a submerged volcano.

Which of the following rocks is the most reliable one used to collect information about Earth's magnetic field where and when the rock originated?

Basalt

In general, what do beaches look like at the end of winter?

Beaches tend to have a narrow berm and a prominent longshore bar.

In general, what do beaches look like at the end of summer?

Beaches tend to have a wide berm and no longshore bar.

Why is it rare to find a lobster in a tidepool?

Because they normally live along the bottom, further offshore in kelp forests.

Ninety eight percent of marine species belong to which of the following?

Benthos

What is the correct order of beach features as you move from the coast toward offshore?

Berm, beach face, longshore trough, longshore bar

Recent work by taxonomists at the World Register of Marine Species has eliminated how many previously listed species because they were duplicate identities?

Between 150,000 and 200,000

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern

Biogeochemical cycle

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Biogenous sediment usually contains abundant calcite below the calcite compensation depth BECAUSE it readily dissolves above the calcite compensation depth.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: During low-oxygen conditions, such as decomposing algal blooms or pollution events, most marine animals with gills can survive BECAUSE they can simply breathe air at the surface.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Chloride

C

Color that represents a middle value of wave energy

C

Condensation

C

Constructive interference

C

Crest

C

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. abyssal hill B. abyssal plain C. submarine canyon D. seamount E. tablemount

C

Gas

C

Hydrogen Atom

C

Layer with the highest density

C

Movement of cool dry air (arrow)

C

Smaller amount of precipitation (worldwide)

C

Subpolar

C

Tropic of Cancer

C

Wave fronts

C

Wavelength decreases in nonbreaking waves

C

Wind belt: prevailing westerlies

C

Winter solstice

C

What is the chemical formula for sugar?

C6H12O6

The image below shows block diagrams of four settings in which estuaries typically form. Correctly match each letter to the type of estuary.

C: Coastal plane A: Fjord B: Bar-built D: Tectonic

The image below shows temperature variation in coastal waters. Correctly match the letters with the appropriate features.

C: High latitudes D: Low latitudes A: Middle latitude summer F: Thermocline with warm water at the surface E: Thermocline with cold water at the surface G: Isothermal water column (low temperature) H: Isothermal water column (High temperature) B: middle latitude winter

The image below shows a perspective view of a mature ocean basin. Match the letters with the correct marine provinces or features listed below.

C: Ocean basin B: continental margin A: mid-ocean ridge

On this perspective view of a barrier island, match the correct letter to each of the following features.

C: Peat bed B: Dune E: Ocean beach D: Barrier flat F: Lagoon A: Salt marsh

The image below shows salinity variation in coastal waters. Correctly match the letters with the appropriate features.

C: Runoff and wind mixed E: Isohaline water column B: runoff A: Dry offshore wind F: Halocline with high salinity at the surface D: Halocline with low salinity at the surface

The image below is a block diagram showing the Pacific Ocean during an El Niño event. Correctly match the letters with the corresponding features.

C: high atmostpheric pressure E: Pacific warm pool A: thermocline B: walker circulation cell (reversed direction) D: low atmospheric pressure

Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period?

Cambrian

Fur seals are members of which of the following orders?

Carnivora

Polar bears are members of which of the following orders?

Carnivora

The scientist who in 1758 created a system that is the basis of the modern system of classification of organisms is __________.

Carolus Linnaeus

The most recent international project to assess the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life was called which of the following?

Census of Marine Life

Finback whales are members of which of the following orders?

Cetacea

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was:

Charles Darwin.

Which is the most abundant ion in seawater?

Chloride

Which two single-use items are the most common types of marine debris found during beach cleanups?

Cigarette filters and plastic bags

Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by humans and killer whales?

Class

Which of the following are armed with nematocysts containing a painful neurotoxin?

Cnidarians

Waters along the California coast are colder than those along the mid-Atlantic shore of the U.S. because

Coastal Upwelling

The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms?

Coccolithophore

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid?

Cod: Atlantic (Canada & United States)

Which of the following properties of pure water is different depending on the amount of water present?

Color

change in state from gas to liquid

Condensation

Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field? Select only one answer.

Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.

Top Left

Convergence aloft

Why does wind between the equator and 30 degrees south come out of the southeast?

Cooled air moves north toward the equator and is deflected toward the west by the Coriolis effect.

Which of the following are not a species found in hydrothermal vent biocommunities?

Corals

Of the following statements about the muscle tissue of cruising and lunging fish, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

Cruisers have a mix of red and white muscle tissue. Red muscle tissue supports high metabolic rates and is good for endurance.

Why does the crust subside slightly on either side of a melting glacier?

Crust under the glacier rises as the ice melts. This allows mantle on either side of the glacier to move to areas under the glacier.

Arctic Circle

D

Autumnal equinox

D

Boundary: doldrums

D

Calcium

D

Curve for low latitudes

D

Depth equals one half wavelength

D

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. turbidity currents B. graded bedding C. turbidite deposits D. abyssal plains E. deep-sea fans

D

Freezing

D

Movement of spiral rain bands (arrow)

D

The image below is a block diagram showing the Pacific Ocean during an El Niño event. Correctly match the letters with the corresponding features.

D: Antarctic Bottom Water C: Seasonally warm water B: Warmest water F: North Atlantic Deep Water E: Antarctic Intermediate Water G: Upwelling A: Thermocline and pycnocline

Use the map of Pacific and Atlantic Ocean currents shown below to correctly identify the following ocean currents and gyres.

D: Benguela Current C: Gulf Stream Current G: Peru Current A: Subpolar gyre B: Subtropical gyre E: California Current F: Canary Current I: Brazil Current H: Antarctic Circumpolar Current (West Wind Drift)

Match these images showing estuary geometry and salinity distribution with the following estuary types.

D: Vertically mixed A: Slightly stratified C: Salt wedge B: Highly stratified

On this perspective view of a passive continental margin, match the following letters with the correct features.

D: continental slope G: shelf break A: continental shelf C: continental crust B: Abyssal plain F: continental rise E: oceanic crust

The pollutant responsible for major declines in the populations of pelicans, ospreys, and other marine birds was __________.

DDT

Plate convergence begins during which stage of the Wilson Cycle?

Declining

The Pacific Ocean is an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.

Declining

What reason best explains the decrease in oxygen levels beneath the epipelagic zone?

Decomposition of organic material

Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements?

Deep-sea hotsprings

Why do the lengths of the arrows in the Ekman spiral get shorter and shorter as you move deeper into the water column?

Deeper water moves at a slower speed due to friction.

There is a general trend of decreasing pH with increasing water depth in the ocean. What is the cause of this pattern?

Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower.

Which of the following is the correct genus and species name of the common dolphin, a marine mammal?

Delphinus delphis

The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms?

Diatom

image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms?

Dinoflagellate

Which of the following is a phytoplankton?

Dinoflagellates

The marine organism in the image is using which of the following adaptations as a survival mechanism?

Disruptive coloration

Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary?

Divergent

Which of the following fins is featured in the image?

Dorsal fin

During summertime, there is much more sand on the beach.

During summertime, there is much more sand on the beach.

What is the most obvious difference between summertime and wintertime beaches?

During summertime, there is much more sand on the beach.

Antarctic Circle

E

Curve for high latitudes

E

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. metal sulfide deposits B. pillow basalts C. rift valley D. seamounts E. trenches

E

In the figure above, which shows a cross section of the Atlantic Ocean extending from Greenland (north) to Antarctica (south). Which labeled layer represents a cold-water mass mixing with warmer water to create a water mass with intermediate density?

E

Magnesium

E

Negatively charged side of the water molecule

E

Smaller amount of evaporation, including transpiration (worldwide)

E

Tropical

E

Trough

E

Velocity decreases and wave height increases until wave breaks

E

Wind belt: Polar easterlies

E

What would happen to Earth if ocean floor were created at divergent boundaries at a faster rate than it is destroyed at convergent boundaries?

Earth would increase in volume.

Which of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field is most accurate?

Earth's magnetic field switches polarity at irregular time intervals.

Weather (short-term conditions of air temperature, wind speed/direction, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure) occurs because __________.

Earth's surface is heated unevenly by the Sun

Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following?

Earthquake-generated heat from friction

Which of the following statements about earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 is most accurate?

Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries.

Which of the following is an example of the embryonic stage of the Wilson Cycle?

East Africa

Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last?

Easter Island

The Benguela Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

Eastern Boundary Current

The California Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

Eastern Boundary Current

Seafloor depth was first determined by what remote sensing technology?

Echo sounder

How are echolocation and sonar different?

Echolocation is used by dolphins and whales, whereas sonar is a data collection tool developed by people.

Coastal winds can cause upwelling or downwelling due to which of the following?

Ekman transport

The observation that ships and icebergs in the southern hemisphere float to the left of the wind direction is an example of which of the following?

Ekman transport

The false-color map of sea surface temperatures shown below is an example of which of the following features?

El Nino conditions

Which of the following terms describes organisms living on the surface of the sea floor moving along the bottom?

Epifauna

The Doldrums occur in which of the following regions?

Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees)

Which current that flows along the equator is driven by a difference in sea level caused by ocean circulation patterns?

Equatorial Countercurrent in the Pacific Ocean

Why does air tend to rise in equatorial regions?

Equatorial regions receive more direct sunlight than other areas.

Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference?

Eratosthenes

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was:

Eratosthenes.

Which of the following kingdoms includes single-celled organisms whose cells lack discrete nuclei and the internal organelles?

Eubacteria

Which of the following domains has cells that house DNA in a discrete nucleus and contain structures that supply energy to build the cell and maintain its functions?

Eukarya

Of all the following processes which one increases the salinity of water?

Evaporation

Which of the following processes causes sea surface salinity to increase near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn?

Evaporation

change in state from liquid to gas

Evaporation

During a field trip to a rocky intertidal area during low tide, you notice an interesting cone-shaped shell. You reach down to pick it up, but to your surprise find it is firmly attached to the substrate by a strong muscle that acts like a suction cup. What abiotic factor drives these adaptations?

Exposure to strong wave activity

Boundary: polar front

F

Infiltration

F

By looking at the degree of erosion of the platforms, arrange the three platforms (B, D, and F) in order from oldest (formed longest ago) to youngest (formed most recently).

F, D, B

Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by common dolphins and killer whales?

Family

Which of the following caused the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004?

Fault movement

Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?

Ferdinand Magellan

Of the following, which energy resource(s) can be extracted from marine sediments? Choose all that apply.

Gas hydrates Petroleum

Which of the following types of caudal fins is featured in the image?

Fluked caudal fin

Which of the following methods are used to measure deep ocean currents directly?

Free-drifting Argo floats

Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the melting point?

Freezing point

Which of the following ecosystems has the highest average net primary productivity?

Freshwater swamp and marsh

Which is the correct order of coral reef development near seamounts?

Fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll

The trade winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere?

From northeast to southwest

The prevailing westerly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere?

From northwest to southeast

Sample D Moderate to low salinity content

From the Baltic Sea

Sample C High salinity content

From the Red Sea

Which of the following kingdoms includes species that live with cyanobacteria or green algae to form lichen?

Fungi

In the figure above, which shows a cross section of the Atlantic Ocean extending from Greenland (north) to Antarctica (south). Which labeled layer has the highest density?

G

The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography.

Geological

The migration of which of the following baleen whales is the best-studied?

Gray whale

Which of the following was the first marine creature to be removed from endangered status?

Gray whale

One of the world's most powerful currents, located off the east coast of the United States, is the __________.

Gulf Stream

Which ocean current is the strongest and fastest ocean current in the world?

Gulf Stream

Which of the following currents contributes to the South Eastern United States being humid?

Gulf Stream

This image shows a variety of beach and shoreline features. Match the correct letter to the regions and/or features listed below.

H: Longshore Bar A: Berm G: Beach B: Offshore F: Coast D: Wave-cut cliff C: Shore I: Beach face E: Nearshore

The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is:

HCO3-.

area of rapid change in salinity with slight change in depth

Halocline

What is the main opposition of having harbor seals at Children's Pool in La Jolla?

Harbor seals defecate in the water, producing high levels of bacteria in the water offshore.

The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist:

Harry Hess.

Which of the following is an example of a nematath?

Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount Chain

Which of the following types of caudal fins is asymmetrical, with most of their mass and surface area in the upper lobe?

Heterocercal caudal fin

Which of the following surface seawater salinity conditions would you predict for the following location: Latitude: 20°N Longitude: 180°W

High surface seawater salinity due to evaporation

Why are ocean basins continually being destroyed and created, rather than simply being redistributed around Earth's surface like continents?

High-density oceanic crust subducts beneath low-density continental crust where plates converge.

When the subcontinent of India drifted northward and collided with Asia, what landform was created?

Himalaya Mountains

Organisms that spend their entire lives as plankton are called which of the following?

Holoplankton

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an:

Hypothesis

Which of the following statements about marine fisheries is/are true? Choose all that apply.

In U.S. waters, 80% of commercial marine fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished. Fishing practices have removed 90% of large marine predatory fish species. Based on current practices, it is predicted that marine fish stocks will be depleted by 2048.

Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity in polar regions is/are true? Choose all that apply.

In polar oceans, nutrient concentrations are usually adequate and do not limit productivity In polar oceans, there is incredibly high productivity in the summertime In polar oceans, productivity is limited by the lack of sunlight in the winter.

Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity is/are true? Choose all that apply.

In temperate oceans, the spring bloom is limited by the lack of nutrients. In tropical oceans, productivity is limited year-round by the lack of nutrients. In temperate oceans, the fall bloom is limited by the lack of sunlight.

Where do coral reefs exist with sea mounts?

In tropical latitudes

in lower latitudes where a thermocline exists, as we drop down from the surface through water, water density will __ while water temperature will respond inversely.

Incrase

If the current trend in the loss of coastal wetlands does not change, what consequence(s) would you predict?

Increased loss of marine fisheries

Which of the following statements regarding water density is correct?

Increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited.

Which of the following terms describes organisms living buried in the sand, shells, or mud?

Infauna

At the mouth of the Amazon River in Brazil, how would the coastal waters be characterized with respect to temperature and salinity?

Isothermal with a strong halocline

Why does coastal upwelling lead to high biological productivity?

It brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface, where phytoplankton reside.

What happened when a new (green) water mass was introduced into the system?

It came to equilibrium in the middle of the tank.

Why do different bat stars have colors that range from orange to mottled purple?

It helps them to camouflage with the varied colors found in tidepools.

Why is Antarctic Bottom Water so dense?

It is cold and salty.

What is the Walker Circulation Cell?

It is the path that air takes as it moves from high to low pressure, and back to high pressure, in the South Pacific under normal conditions.

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

Giant kelp is a member of the phylum _________.

Protista

What path did the rotating item take at the moment when the string was let go? -It flung off and hit the globe. -It traveled in a straightline path that was tangent to its circular orbit. -It went behind him and hit the vase of flowers. -Its path did not change; it continued in a nearly circular orbit. -It flew off directly toward the camera

It traveled in a straightline path that was tangent to its circular orbit.

What does the lobster shown in this video use for defense?

It uses its spines all over its hard shell, including the spines on its antennae.

What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites?

It was blown away by the solar wind.

The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was __________.

James Cook

Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?

Juan Sebastian del Caño

Sample A Atlantic Ocean: high salinity content

Just east of the Bahamas

Consider the geologic fate of the following seamounts and islands in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain. Assuming conditions remain favorable for coral growth, which would most likely be the next to form an atoll?

Kauai

Which of the following associations is incorrect?

Kingdom Plantae—algae

Which factor would increase the amount of energy an estuarine tidal power plant could generate? Broad connection to sea Small tidal range Weak ebb and flood currents Diurnal tidal pattern Large estuarine volume

Large estuarine volume

Why does the beach in the video look the way that it does during wintertime?

Large waves move sand offshore onto longshore sand bars and create a rocky beach.

Palm trees associated with the subtropics can be found at the northern tip of the British Isles in Scotland. This is due to the transfer of heat from the ___

North Atlantic Current

Which of the following do not eat oysters?

Lobsters

Why are the idealized high tides at the equator all about the same height? Locations at the equator pass through the same part of the two tidal bulges with each high tide. Water at the equator cannot move as fast because it is hot. The equator goes all the way around Earth. The equator does not pass through the tidal bulges. Locations at the equator pass through different parts of the two tidal bulges with each high tide.

Locations at the equator pass through the same part of the two tidal bulges with each high tide.

________ waves also known as push-pull waves.

Longitudinal

What is one of the best ways to recognize a rip current as viewed from above?

Look for turbid water caused by suspended sediment within the rip current.

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields builds chimneys of calcium carbonate, instead of the metal sulfides found at typical black smokers?

Lost City

The sun penetrates the surface waters enough at __ to create a thermocline

Low latitudes

What characteristic of most of the tropical open oceans is directly responsible for the low chlorophyll levels in these waters?

Low nutrient concentrations

What type of caudal fin is characteristic of fast-swimming fish that migrate long distances?

Lunate fins

Which of the following fast-swimming fish has the lowest body temperature?

Mackerel (Scomber)

The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms?

Macrocystis

Which of the following plankton are the largest?

Macroplankton

Which of the following nations continues to hunt whales legally under an objection to the International Whaling Commission ban on commercial whaling?

Norway

Why does the crust uplift slightly on either side of a growing glacier?

Mantle under the glacier is pushed aside by sinking crust. This mantle pushes up the crust on either side of the glacier.

Based on the graph, which of the following has the highest salinity?

Mediterranean Intermediate Water (MIW)

Which of the following fossils was used as data to help reconstruct Pangea because it was a reptile found in South America and Africa?

Mesosauras

Which of the following is the least frequent cause of a tsunami in recent centuries?

Meteorite impacts

Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor?

Methane

The animal shown lives in which of the following rocky shore tidal zones?

Middle tide zone

Which is the largest river in North America, responsible for the large dead zone that forms each summer in the Gulf of Mexico?

Mississippi River

Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world?

Pacific

What tidal pattern would best describe a coastline that experienced a maximum tidal range of 6 feet in the morning and a smaller 2foot range in the late afternoon? Spring Mixed Diurnal Neap Semidiurnal

Mixed

What occurs more often, pure destructive, pure constructive, or mixed interference?

Mixed interference

The most important factor that causes ocean tides on Earth is the __________. configuration and depth of the ocean basins Earth's rotation Coriolis effect Moon Sun

Moon

In the long term, what do beach drift and longshore current do?

Move sediment parallel to the shoreline

Which of the following sediment-covered shores represents the lowest-energy environment?

Mud flats

What suborder includes baleen whales?

Mysticeti

A group of animals that "violates" the trophic pyramid by feeding on organisms two or three levels below it is the _________.

Mysticeti or baleen whales

Which of the following includes most adult fish, marine mammals, marine reptiles, and some marine invertebrates?

Nekton

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Nektoplankton

The Gulf Stream transports warm water into the __________.

North Atlantic

Based on the graph, which of the following has the lowest density?

North Atlantic Central Surface Water (NACSW)

Which of the following is the first step of the scientific method?

Observation

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest?

Ocean to atmosphere

Sample B Atlantic Ocean: Moderate to low salinity content

Off the west coast of Africa, near the equator

What feeding strategy best describes that of humpback whales?

One or more individuals cooperate to corral prey using bubbles and then swim vertically to scoop up large quantities of fish.

Which of the following methods cannot be used to desalinate water?

Osmosis

Which of the following is Earth's liquid iron-nickel layer?

Outer Core

Of the following statements about lunar phases, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. -Over the few days of a waxing gibbous moon, the tidal range increases. -Over the few days of a waxing crescent moon, the tidal range increases. -Over the few days of a waxing crescent moon, the tidal range decreases. -Over the few days of a waning gibbous moon, the tidal range increases. -Over the few days of a waning crescent moon, the tidal range decreases. -Over the few days of a waxing gibbous moon, the tidal range decreases.

Over the few days of a waxing gibbous moon, the tidal range increases. Over the few days of a waxing crescent moon, the tidal range decreases.

Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in algae smothering the reefs?

Overfishing

The instrument that emits a high-frequency sound beam to measure the depth of the ocean developed in the 1950s is the:

PDR

A vast majority of all large tsunami are generated in the ________ Ocean.

Pacific

Which ocean covers more than half of the ocean surface area on Earth?

Pacific

The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________.

Phoenicians

The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography.

Physical

Which of the following types of plankton can photosynthesize and produce its own food?

Phytoplankton

Plankton that measure between 0.2 to 2 microns are classified, based on size, as which of the following?

Picoplankton

Which of the following kingdoms contains the multicelled plants, all of which photosynthesize?

Plantae

Which type of breaker has a curling crest that moves over an air pocket?

Plunging breaker

A boundary or belt characterized by cold deserts occurs in which of the following regions?

Poles (90 degrees)

Which of the following Gray whales are the first to migrate south?

Pregnant females

Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents indirectly?

Pressure gradients

A plankton biologist has discovered a new species and he needs your help classifying it into the proper kingdom. All you can observe is that this microscopic organism has just one nucleus in its cell, and it has chlorophyll, so it must be photosynthetic. What kingdom does it belong to?

Protista

The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by:

Pytheas

Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents directly?

Radio-transmitting float bottles

How are rain patterns different near warm and cold fronts?

Rain near a cold front occurs over a smaller spatial area and is more intense than near a warm front.

Where does rain occur in a cold front?

Rain occurs along and behind a cold front.

Where does rain occur in a warm front?

Rain occurs along and in front of a warm front.

You are an engineer assigned to design a solution to protect a historic landmark threatened by coastal erosion. What scenario would have the least impact on natural coastal processes and be the most cost effective?

Relocate the structure

The low pH layer in the ocean is due to which of the following processes?

Respiration

Which of the following is not a problem currently facing fisheries management?

Restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels

depression along a ridge axis

Rift Valley

Why does rain occur near a cold front?

Rising warm air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain.

Why does rain occur near a warm front?

Rising warm air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain.

Why is heavy rain associated with hurricane formation?

Rising, moist air cools. As air cools, water condenses and eventually falls.

Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination?

Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater.

Bottom (blue)

San Francisco

Scientists cannot predict when exactly an earthquake will occur, but they can identify tectonically active areas that are likely to produce earthquake activity and let the public know they are in an earthquake-prone area.

Scientists cannot predict when exactly an earthquake will occur, but they can identify tectonically active areas that are likely to produce earthquake activity and let the public know they are in an earthquake-prone area.

What would you expect to happen to sea level along the Antarctic coastline if the ice cap covering the continent melted?

Sea level would decrease due to isostatic adjustment.

Which of the following digests the edible tissue inside a mussel shell by turning its stomach inside out and slipping it through the crack in the shell?

Sea stars

Which of the following statements regarding sea-surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico during the time period covered by the animation is correct?

Sea-surface temperature decreased after the passage of Hurricane Katrina due to the latent heat of condensation.

Why do coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time?

Seamounts subside as tectonic plates move. Coral reefs grow away from the seamount in order to stay near the sunlight.

Which of the following best describes the Freeze Separation Method for desalination?

Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing.

Scientists have proposed that which of the following deep ocean processes may hold part of the answer to the question of whether life on Earth emerged from the deep sea?

Serpentinization

The following are all examples of nonpoint source pollutants in the ocean EXCEPT ___________.

Sewage sludge

A tsunami is considered to be a:

Shallow water wave

Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for continental drift?

Shape of continental margins

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate the properties of the asthenosphere?

Silly Putty

Why does the beach shown in the video look the way that it does during summertime?

Small waves move sand up the beach face and create a wide, sandy beach.

Which of the following is the most abundant positively charged component of seawater?

Sodium

Between summer and winter, which of the following currents reverses its flow direction?

Somali Current

What is the relationship between the mantle and the lithosphere?

Some of the mantle is contained within a smaller layer called the lithosphere.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. (Drummond Matthews, Alfred Wegener, Frederick Vine, Harry Hess, Stanley Miller)

Stanley Miller

Strong attachment threads, biological adhesives, a muscular foot, multiple legs, or hundreds of tube feet are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

Strong wave activity

Island Arc

Subduction Zone

Trench

Subduction Zone

sloping area from a trench along a downward moving plate

Subduction Zone

change in state from solid to gas

Sublimation

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Suboceanic

The observation of a hill of water within all subtropical gyres is an example of which of the following?

Subtropical convergence

Which of the following is the second most abundant negatively charged component of seawater?

Sulfate

Which of the following statements is true of surface ocean currents?

Surface currents form circular patterns in the major ocean basins called "gyres."

Which type of breaker forms waves the present the greatest challenge to body surfers?

Surging breaker

Which type of breaker forms when the waves build up and break right at the shoreline?

Surging breaker

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Swell

How does the location of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) change over time?

The ITCZ migrates south of the equator in Northern Hemisphere winter and north of the equator in Northern Hemisphere summer.

How did the moon form?

The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth.

If it is January and the Moon is in syzygy, which additional factor would contribute to extreme tidal ranges around the world? The Moon in apogee The Moon in quadrature The Earth in aphelion The Moon in perigee

The Moon in perigee

Why does the Moon reach perigee two days before it completes its 29-and-a-half-eday lunar cycle? Earth's orbit around the Moon is elliptical. The Sun's orbit around Earth changes the position of the Moon's elliptical orbit. The Moon's orbit around Earth shifts position over time. Earth's orbit around the Sun shifts position over time. The Moon's orbit around Earth is elliptical.

The Moon's orbit around Earth shifts position over time.

The largest geographic feature on the surface of Planet Earth is __________.

The Pacific Ocean

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: All marine algae must live near the ocean surface BECAUSE they need sunlight to survive.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the burning of coal will cause the calcite compensation depth to rise BECAUSE the oceans will get more acidic.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude BECAUSE it depends on the weight of the column of air above.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Buckshot barnacles cannot survive above the high tide shoreline BECAUSE they filter-feed from seawater.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Clown fish are not stung by sea anemone BECAUSE clown fish have a protective agent in the mucus that coats their bodies.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Common names can be more confusing than scientific names BECAUSE there can be more than one common name for the same species.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coral are not usually found close to areas where major rivers drain into the sea BECAUSE they require low turbidity and salt water.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: India's Southwest Monsoon provides abundant precipitation BECAUSE the air brought in from the Indian Ocean is warm and full of moisture.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Many microscopic zooplankton are omnivores BECAUSE they eat other zooplankton in addition to phytoplankton.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Plankton cannot determine their horizontal position within the ocean BECAUSE they can't swim, move only weakly or move only vertically.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Equatorial Countercurrent is much better developed in the Pacific Ocean than in the Atlantic BECAUSE the Pacific Ocean basin is larger and more unobstructed than the Atlantic Ocean.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The rate of sea ice formation slows as sea ice thickens BECAUSE the ice insulates the underlying water from freezing due to its poor heat conduction.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The temperatures across the Atlantic at different latitudes are much higher in Europe than in North America BECAUSE of the effects of heat transfer from the Gulf Stream.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Transform faults do not generally generate tsunami BECAUSE the side-to-side movement of these faults does not change the volume of the ocean basin.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: All marine algae must live near the ocean surface BECAUSE this is where food can be obtained.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Buckshot barnacles cannot survive above the high tide shoreline BECAUSE they have a protective shell.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Reef-building corals are able to survive in nutrient-poor tropical waters BECAUSE they capture tiny planktonic food with their stinging tentacles.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Abyssal clays are commonly red-brown or buff in color BECAUSE they contain gypsum.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Clown fish are not stung by sea anemone BECAUSE clown fish release a chemical into seawater that makes the stinging tentacles retract.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coarse-grained lithogenous neritic deposits dominate continental margin areas BECAUSE they do not contain biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous particles.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Many people call tsunami "tidal waves" BECAUSE they are related to the tides.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine animals live near the ocean surface BECAUSE they all need sunlight to survive.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Schooling may help fish swim greater distances than individuals BECAUSE each schooling fish gets slowed down by the vortex created by the fish swimming in front of it.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Usually a parasite does not rob enough energy to kill the host BECAUSE if the host dies, the parasite can just swim away.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Warmer-than-normal sea surface temperatures stress corals BECAUSE they cannot survive for long when the water temperature exceeds 20° Celsius.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Andesitic volcanic eruptions are usually less explosive and destructive than basaltic eruptions BECAUSE andesite magma is more viscous than basalt magma and contains a higher gas content.

The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Plankters are unable to swim BECAUSE they primarily move through the ocean by drifting.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine invertebrates such as worms, mussels, and octopuses have had to evolve special mechanisms to maintain their body fluids at a proper concentrations BECAUSE their body fluids are nearly isotonic.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine sediments can't provide insight into today's climate changes BECAUSE they reveal a detailed history of Earth's past climate.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine organisms are affected by the high pressure at depth BECAUSE they do not have large internal air pockets that can be compressed.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The inhabitants of the open ocean risk desiccation BECAUSE they live in an environment of abundant saltwater.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

What happened when the two slats were pulled out?

The blue water sank to the bottom and the red water rose to the top.

What would happen in the lava lamp if the orange liquid were denser at warmer temperatures than the blue/clear liquid shown in the animation?

The blue/clear liquid would rise toward the top when the lamp was turned on, whereas the orange liquid would sink.

Where on Earth is the centripetal force toward the Moon the greatest? at the zenith at the nadir The centripetal force is the same everywhere on Earth. at the North Pole at the South Pole

The centripetal force is the same everywhere on Earth.

Which of the following statements about sea-surface temperatures during the time period covered by the animation is correct?

The coldest temperature in the Gulf of Mexico was 27°C.

Which of the following is an application of the principle of constant proportions?

The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample.

Can you explain why atolls extend from the surface of the ocean down to great depths into the sea? Corals, which make up these ring-shaped structures, can only live where water is warmed and illuminated by sunlight, no more than approximately 45 meters deep. How do you explain an atoll that extends thousands of meters deep?

The coral reef once formed around an active volcano. The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top. The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

What is the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere?

The crust is part of the lithosphere.

What will happen to the crust as a glacier grows?

The crust under the glacier will sink into the mantle.

What would you expect weather to be like on the eastern coast of Australia if the western coast of South America were experiencing unusually warm, wet weather?

The eastern coast of Australia would be experiencing unusually dry weather.

Why does wave height increase as waves enter shallow water?

The energy of the wave must be contained within a smaller water column in shallow water.

Which of the following best defines heat?

The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.

What evidence exists that harbor seals have always been in the area?

The existence of a rock offshore known as Seal Rock.

What prompted the first widespread mapping of the ocean floor?

The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

Each of the platforms and the ridges at the placemarks labeled C and E were formed by wave action—the platform at placemark B is currently "under construction," and those at the placemarks labeled D and F are older. What must have happened to produce the three platforms you see here?

The land rose (or sea level dropped) in at least two episodes. First, after the platform (a wave-cut bench) at placemark F was formed, the land rose approximately 130 meters, and the platform at the placemarks labeled D and sea stacks at placemark E were formed. A second uplift of approximately 30 meters left the platform at the placemarks labeled D 30 meters above sea level. The construction of the platform at placemark B began then and continues today.

Let's compare the morphology of the land adjacent to the coastline to what we've observed along the seafloor. Which of the following statements best describes the topography/appearance of the land surface at the placemarks labeled D?

The landscape at the placemarks labeled D is a broad plain, similar to the topography of the seafloor at placemarks A and B.

Which properties of a lava lamp are important to remember when modeling convection?

The lava lamp contains two liquids with different densities that do not mix and that expand at different rates when heated.

Which of the following statements is true of the lithosphere?

The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.

Which of the following statements about the Coriolis effect is correct?

The magnitude of the Coriolis effect depends on how long the object is in motion.

What happened when Mr. Trujillo hit the Silly Putty with his hammer?

The material fractured like a solid.

Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis received much hostile criticism and ridicule from the scientific community because of which of the following?

The mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents.

What does a dolphin's melon do?

The melon focuses sound waves during emission.

As Heezen and Tharp interpreted the ocean depth data, they identified what unusual feature that hinted at continental drift?

The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

Of the following statements about the age of the ocean crust, which one is true? Select only one answer.

The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near an ocean trench.

What would happen to the orange liquid in the lava lamp if heat did NOT conduct out of the top of the lava lamp?

The orange liquid would stay near the top of the lava lamp.

What causes wave refraction?

The part of a wave in shallow water slows down, causing the wave to bend and line up nearly parallel to the shore.

Two containers hold the same radioactive isotope. Container A contains 1000 atoms, and container B contains 500 atoms. Which of the following statements about containers A and B is true?

The rate of decay of atoms in container A is greater than the rate of decay of atoms in container B.

Why does glacial subsidence NOT occur at the exact moment that a glacier forms?

The rate of subsidence is controlled by the rate at which mantle can flow.

Which of the following statements best describes the seafloor surface in this area?

The seafloor is relatively smooth, and the water is not deep at all.

How is a semidiurnal period related to a tidal day? The semidiurnal period is twice as long as a tidal day. The semidiurnal period is half as long as a tidal day. The semidiurnal period is not related to a tidal day. The semidiurnal period is about as long as a tidal day.

The semidiurnal period is half as long as a tidal day.

A jet stream generally diverges above a low-pressure (warm) center. However, at Earth's surface, air converges at a low-pressure center. If the divergence of the jet stream is greater than the convergence of air at the surface low-pressure center below it, what will happen to the surface winds?

The surface winds will likely get stronger.

Which of the following statements about water temperatures at 25° N, 84° W from August 25 to August 30 is correct?

The temperature decreased from 32°C to 27°C.

At 28 degrees north latitude, why are some idealized high tides higher and some high tides lower? The tidal bulges are rarely centered on the equator, so this location passes through different parts of the two tidal bulges. There is more interference from land during the lower high tides. The climate here is variable. The tidal bulge directly beneath the Moon is smaller than the tidal bulge directly opposite the Moon. There are magnetic anomalies here that counteract the lower high tide.

The tidal bulges are rarely centered on the equator, so this location passes through different parts of the two tidal bulges.

How does the tide cycle affect erosion along a sea coast?

The tide cycle causes erosion to occur at different elevations along a sea coast.

What determines whether a front is called a cold front or a warm front?

The type of front is determined by which air mass is moving.

What triggers a wave traveling across the ocean to finally release its energy?

The wave begins to interact with the sea floor as it moves into shallower water.

What is an interference pattern?

The wave pattern produced when two or more waves interact.

Why do ocean waves bend around headlands?

The waves are moving more slowly just in front of the headland, causing the waves to bend.

How would a beach be affected if a wide berm were protected from erosion during winter months?

The wintertime beach would look similar to the summertime beach.

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of:

Theories

The shape of the biomass pyramid illustrates that:

There are many more small organisms than large organisms in the ocean.

What did the maps of the ocean floor produced by Bruce Heezen and Marie Tharp reveal about seafloor topography?

There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

Why did Heezen and Tharp have to do "inspired guessing" when creating their maps of the ocean floor?

There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

Evaluate the ridges at placemark E in the context of what we have explored thus far. Which of the following statements best describes the nature of those ridges?

These small ridges above a plain are similar to the sea stacks present offshore.

As illustrated on the left side of the SmartFigure tide graph, why is the idealized high tide at 28 degrees north latitude higher than the corresponding high tide at 28 degrees south latitude? -There are fewer landmasses in the Southern Hemisphere. -Landmasses get in the way of the tides in the Southern Hemisphere. -There is less water in the Southern Hemisphere. -While the location at 28 degrees north latitude is experiencing a high tide, the location at 28 degrees south latitude is experiencing a low tide. -These two locations are passing through different parts of the same tidal bulge at the same time.

These two locations are passing through different parts of the same tidal bulge at the same time.

What do all plate boundaries have in common? Select only one answer.

They are all associated with zones of earthquakes.

In the lower intertidal zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?

They are well camouflaged so that they can blend in and hide from predators during low tide.

What do bat stars eat?

They eat detritus, dead and decaying organic material, and seaweed.

Why are algae beds, coral reefs, and tropical rainforests so productive?

They have ample access to sunlight and recycle nutrients efficiently

In the spray zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?

They have hard shells that prevent organisms from drying out.

How do bat stars move?

They have hundreds of tube feet that run along the undersides of their arms.

Which of the following statements regarding walruses is correct?

They have ivory tusks up to 1 meter long.

Consider a coastal region that repeatedly experiences harmful algal blooms because of fertilizer runoff. A local politician suggests introducing the zebra mussel, because they filter feed and will clear the water of the bloom. Why is this an ill-advised proposition from an ecological standpoint?

They have no natural predators and can dramatically alter the ecosystem.

What is an adaptation for organisms living in the upper intertidal zone?

They must be adapted for being out of water for extended periods of time.

Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct?

They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.

Which of the following statements of the Pacific Coast Feeding Group is correct?

They spend the summer along the Pacific coast from Canada to northern California.

How do gray whales collect and eat such small organisms?

They use their baleen to filter prey items from their environment.

How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions?

They utilize the energy in sugar.

What did the continents that formed during the break-up of the supercontinent 600 million years ago look like?

They were nothing like the continent shapes we see on Earth today.

What is the air that sinks at latitudes of 30 degrees north and south like?

This air is cool and dry.

Will Sumatra experience another tsunami like the destructive one of December 2004?

This is likely, because Sumatra is near many ocean trenches.

________ waves also known as side-to-side waves.

Transverse

What statement correctly distinguishes an ocean trench from a submarine canyon?

Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest?

Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

Why do ships at sea tend not to notice tsunamis?

Tsunamis in deep water have small wave height and long wavelength.

How do turbidity currents affect canyons?

Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

What is the greatest anthropogenic source of petroleum pollution to the ocean?

Urban runoff and individual vehicle owners

Middle (red)

Urbana

Who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Which of the following is not one of the names associated with huge rotating masses of low pressure characterized by strong winds and torrential rain?

Vortex

Which of the following statements best describes the general relationship between ocean currents and hurricanes?

Warm ocean currents and hurricane paths both broadly move from east to west between 10° and 20° degrees north latitude in the eastern Pacific.

Which of the following is not one of the reasons bioluminescence is employed by deep-sea animals?

Warning coloration

How do rip currents form?

Water builds up at the beach face and then moves away from shore in narrow currents.

How does water move as waves pass?

Water moves in a circle in the same direction as wave movement.

Which of the following best describes the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination?

Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

How is a cave created in a cliff face along a sea coast?

Wave action erodes areas of weakness in rock in a sea cliff.

How does wave amplitude change with depth in water?

Wave amplitude decreases as depth increases.

Which of the following statements about wave period is most accurate?

Wave period is the inverse of wave frequency.

How does wave refraction at headlands affect deposition and erosion?

Wave refraction at the headland increases erosion at the headland and causes deposition in adjacent bays.

What does the term "in phase" refer to?

Waves in phase have identical wavelengths and are aligned peak-to-peak and trough-to-trough

While you are playing Frisbee in the surf zone with another person, your friend watches while sitting on the beach nearby. After a while, you look up at the beach and realize you are no longer directly in front of your friend, who remained stationary on the beach all the while—you are still in the surf zone, but 30 to 40 yards from where you started. What is the correct reason for this movement?

Waves were coming at the shore at an angle. The longshore current moved downstream to that angle and pushed you in that direction.

How are wave period and wavelength related?

Waves with shorter periods have shorter wavelengths.

The Brazil Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

Western Boundary Current

The Kuroshio (Japan) Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

Western Boundary Current

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why water is considered a universal solvent?

When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules.

When will perfect destructive interference occur?

When two waves that are 180 degrees out-of-phase interfere.

When will perfect constructive interference occur for waves that are in phase and moving at the same velocity?

When waves with identical wavelengths interfere.

In which direction would winds move at the poles if Earth rotated in the opposite direction?

Wind near the north pole would move to the northeast, and the wind near the south pole would move to the southeast.

Why does upwelling occur along the west coast of South America under normal conditions?

Winds moving westward in the South Pacific drive ocean currents toward the west; deep water rises to replace water driven westward.

The atmospheric high-pressure cells over North America in the map suggest that the atmospheric patterns shown most likely represent which season for the northern hemisphere?

Winter

How are winter beaches different from summer beaches?

Winter waves are short and high, whereas summer waves are long and shallower.

Is overfishing really a problem?

Yes. Over 80% of fish and 90% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable.

Which pair of planktonic subdivisions correctly describes a crab larva?

Zooplankton and meroplankton

Plates of baleen resemble what common household item?

a broom

The coastal wetlands of Louisiana are being lost primarily because of __________.

a combination of subsidence and rising sea level

The Alps are an example of ________ plate boundary.

a continental-continental convergent

Of the following types of estuaries, which one has a relatively shallow mouth but is often narrow, long, and extremely deep? Select only one answer.

a drowned glacial valley called a fjord

Approximately how long does it take for a complete Wilson cycle to occur?

a few hundred million years

How long does it take berms to become narrow and rocky after summer has passed?

a few weeks

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. continental shelf

a generally flat zone extending from the shore to the shelf break

What is a nebula?

a large, diffuse cloud of dust and gas in space

What is a tropical cyclone?

a low-pressure disturbance that develops over warm, tropical waters

A grunion "run" would be expected within a few nights after __________. the autumnal equinox a quarter moon a fully developed sea a period of heavy surf a new or full moon

a new or full moon

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate the forces that act on bodies to create tides on Earth? a can of soda an apple a racquetball a light bulb a balloon

a racquetball

What is a tsunami?

a series of water waves that travel away from a fault in all directions at high speed

What surface feature would you expect to form if both a hot spot and a tectonic plate are stationary?

a single volcano

The thermocline is _________________.

a steep temperature gradient in the ocean that separates deeper cold water from warmer upper water

What does a gooseneck barnacle use to attach to a rock?

a strong stalk

What was Pangea?

a supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago

The ocean floor of the ________ zone is covered by soft oceanic sediment, primarily clay.

abyssal

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:

abyssal plain far from a continent

Extending from the base of the continental rises into the deep-ocean basins are flat depositional surfaces called:

abyssal plains

In the deep ocean, mud like clay deposits are found on the ________.

abyssal plains and in deep trenches

The percentage of solar radiation reflected from the surface of Earth back into space is known as the __________.

albedo

As a whole, the pH of surface waters of the ocean is slightly __________.

alkaline

The nebular hypothesis suggests that:

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud.

Where is the youngest ocean floor found?

along the crest of mid-ocean ridges

Which of the following associations between hurricanes—also known as typhoons and cyclones—and wind direction is most accurate?

an east-to-west movement of hurricanes and easterly winds in the western Atlantic between 10° and 20° degrees north latitude

The zone that has no light is called the ________ zone.

aphotic

The primary producers in chemosynthetic vent communities are _________.

archaea

When compared to their warmer water counterparts, cold-water plankton often:

are larger in size.

Warm ocean currents ___.

are warmer than the surrounding water

Which areas of Earth experience the most precipitation?

areas near the ITCZ

Neritic marine environments would be found:

associated with continental shelves.

Where are tectonic plates located?

at Earth's surface

A relatively small tidal range could be expected __________. -when Jupiter and Mars are in conjunction -at an amphidromic point -at the end of a cotidal line far from an amphidromic point -at a time of syzygy -in an area with a wide continental shelf

at an amphidromic point

Which way would sediment move if NO beach drift existed?

at an angle to shore

Where do most earthquakes occur?

at plate boundaries

In which of the following environments would you expect lithogenous sediment to be the dominant sediment type? Choose all that apply.

at the base of the continental slope a sandy beach the abyssal plains along the mid-ocean ridge

Where on Earth is the gravitational attraction toward the Moon the greatest? at the North Pole at the nadir at the South Pole The gravitational attraction is the same everywhere on Earth. at the zenith

at the zenith

Where is/are Earth's tidal bulge(s) located? at the Arctic Circle at the Tropic of Cancer at the equator at the zenith at the nadir

at the zenith at the nadir

Ripple like clouds in the sky are an example of ________ waves.

atmospheric

basic building blocks of all matter

atoms

Primary producers are also known as which of the following?

autotrophs

In polar region oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________.

available sunlight only

In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________ in the fall and by ________ in the spring.

available sunlight; nutrient supply

Both the thermocline and pyncocline present a __ to mixing between near surface waters and deep ocean depths.

barrier

Oceanic crust is primarily:

basalt

The ________ zone corresponds generally to the continental slope.

bathyal

The measurement of ocean depth and the charting of seafloor topography is called __________.

bathymetry

Organisms with small bodies, extremely large mouths, and sharp teeth are likely to be found in the:

bathypelagic zone.

Beach joggers prefer to run on the __________.

beach face

According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 ________ years ago.

billion

Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2.45 ________ years ago.

billion

Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five ________ years ago.

billion

Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types?

biogenous sediment

The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types?

biogenous sediment

Dolphins and porpoises emit sounds from their ________.

blowhole

Which of the following are considered baleen whales? Choose all that apply.

blue whales humpback whales gray whales right whales ***(all except sperm whales)***

Characteristics of active continental margins include all the following except:

broad continental shelves

Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are:

buckshot barnacles and limpets.

The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is:

burrowing into the sediment.

What does a blue mussel (California mussel) use to attach to a rock?

byssus threads

The depth at which calcite dissolves rapidly in the ocean is called the __________.

calcite compensation depth or CCD

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen:

can form ozone and block some UV radiation.

The primary reason phytoplankton are "concerned" about buoyancy is that they _________.

cannot photosynthesize below the photic zone

Symbiotic archaea that live inside tubeworms can use two different methods to metabolize ________ and can switch back and forth to accommodate fast-changing environmental conditions.

carbon dioxide

Earth's early atmosphere most likely included:

carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, and methane.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with water (H2O) to form __________.

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Tides occur on Earth because of an imbalance between gravity and __________. centrifugal force friction the Coriolis effect dark energy centripetal force

centripetal force

Because the area has not yet been designated as a marine sanctuary, lifeguards are allowed to do what so that people can use the beach?

chase the harbor seals off the beach

Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ________ must have changed.

chemical composition

You take a sediment sample from the ocean floor at a depth of 5500 m. The area has low biological productivity and the CCD is at 4500 m depth. Your sample will probably consist of

clay

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? Choose all that apply.

coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers manganese nodules

Calcite-secreting organisms such as __________ and __________ live in the ocean's sunlit surface waters and form the basis of most marine food webs.

coccolithophores; foraminifers

Which of the following temperature and humidity conditions are most likely to be experienced in eastern Iowa after the cold front passes?

cold and dry

Gray whales feed primarily on sea floor organisms in ________ in the ________.

cold high-latitude waters; summer

Earth's polar regions (above 60° latitude) are classified as deserts because __________.

cold, dry sinking air in the polar high regions produces little precipitation

When a meander from the Gulf Stream pinches off into the warm water south of the current, the eddy is called a __________.

cold-core eddy or ring

Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure.

colder; higher

A good working definition of life does not need to incorporate that living things ________.

contain carbon in their chemical makeup

In the figure above, which illustrates Earth's major layers. Which layer is represented by the letter B?

continental crust

Directly seaward of the continental shelf is a more steeply sloping region called the:

continental slope

What is the appropriate term for the movement of the orange liquid in the lava lamp animation?

convection

Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with uplifting continental regions and mountain building?

convergent boundaries

What type of plate boundary are most tsunamis associated with?

convergent plate boundaries

What are turbidity currents?

dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

Downwelling can result from __________.

converging surface currents

Which of the following groups of organisms are considered zooplankton? Choose all that apply.

copepods krill jellyfish radiolarians ***(all except diatoms)***

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called:

cosmogenous

Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

cosmogenous sediment

Nektonic organisms in the photic zone often protect themselves from being seen from either above or below through _________.

countershading

The color pattern in which marine organisms are light on the bottom and dark on the top of their bodies, camouflaging them against the water-air interface is:

countershading

bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms

covalent bonds

top right

cyclonic circulation established

Bottom right

cyclonic flow

Southern California beaches would have more sand if __________.

dams were removed from streams flowing to the coast

An increase in seawater density can be caused by a ________ in temperature or a/an ________ in salinity.

decrease; increase

Some planktonic marine organisms produce a tiny droplet of oil to ________ density and ________ buoyancy.

decrease; increase

Locations that experience seasonal melting have ___ in the surrounding seawater during that time

decreased salinity

The density curve for high latitudes shows ________ density at the surface and ________ density at depth.

decreased, increased

As a wave approaches shore, its characteristics change by _____________________.

decreasing speed, increasing steepness

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. ocean trench

deep linear scars on the deep-ocean floor caused by plate convergence

Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult?

deep sea ocean floor

Stenothermal organisms are found predominantly in the ________.

deep, open ocean

Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with:

deep-sea trenches

Passive continental margins are characterized by all the following except:

deep-sea trenches

When compared to coastal regions, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in the open ocean.

deeper; lower

Features of a depositional coast may include spits, barrier islands, tombolos, and __________.

deltas

Thermohaline circulation is driven by:

density differences.

As the salinity of seawater increases, its:

density increases.

What does sonar data tell us about the seafloor?

depth, shape, and composition

Because of the scarcity of food in the deep-sea environment, many organisms rely on _________ as their principal source of food.

detritus

Important marine autotrophs that have silica incorporated into their cell walls are:

diatoms.

What are Earth's three different tidal patterns called? diurnal, semidiurnal, and moderate tidal, semitidal, and moderate diurnal, semidiurnal, and mixed tidal, semitidal, and mixed

diurnal, semidiurnal, and mixed

Top right

divergence aloft

Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with the formation of new ocean floor?

divergent

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a:

divergent plate boundary.

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

divergent, convergent, and transform

Plates move apart at __________ boundaries, move together at __________ boundaries, and move side by side at __________ boundaries.

divergent/convergent/transform

Eukarya" is a _________.

domain

Converging surface waters are areas of ________ and ________ productivity.

downwelling; low

Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples?

dredge

When would you expect the low-pressure cell over the North Pole to be most developed?

during the Northern Hemisphere winter

Equatorial currents that are part of the subtropical gyres flow ___. Equatorial counter currents between the gyres flow ___ .

east to west; west to east

Which direction do ocean currents in the South Pacific move under El Niño conditions?

eastward

Which of the following locations are exceptions to the general rule that productivity is steady and low in tropical regions? Choose all that apply.

equatorial upwelling coastal upwelling coral reefs

The zone that extends from the surface to a depth where enough light still exists to support photosynthesis is called the ________ zone.

euphotic

We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________.

evaporation is much greater than precipitation

All the following processes decrease seawater salinity except :

evaporation.

Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock?

evaporative salts

How often does the Earth's magnetic field switch polarity?

every 100,000 to several million years

On the side of Earth closest to the Moon, gravitational forces __________ the centripetal forces.\ exceed are less than equal

exceed `

Overfishing of large predatory sharks has unintentionally resulted in a(n) __________.

excessive macroalgal growth on coral reefs

Water __ when it is heated, making the density __.

expands, decrease

Under the protection of the Law of the Sea treaty, a coastal nation has the right to _____________.

extract oil at will within the jurisdiction of their Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Hydrothermal vents are seafloor cold seeps with high concentrations of sulfur and salts.

false

Seamounts form from ancient tablemounts.

false

The three major provinces of the ocean floor are continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and submarine canyons.

false

Turbidity currents are highly erosive and are thought to be responsible for the creation of deep-sea trenches.

false

The majority of tsunami are caused by underwater ________.

fault movement

A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via:

fecal pellets

The height of a wave depends upon:

fetch, wind duration, and wind speed.

What is bycatch?

fish that are caught in addition to the desired catch

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. abyssal plain

flat depositional surfaces that cover extensive portions of the deep-ocean basins

During winter months, monsoon winds over the Indian Ocean:

flow from land to sea and are dry.

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?

foraminiferans

How many semidiurnal tides would you expect during one tidal period? four tides one tide two tides three tides

four tides

What pattern of tides would you expect to see for a mixed tidal system? four tides of different heights two tides of different heights two tides of roughly equal heights four tides of roughly equal heights

four tides of different heights

All the following are considered part of the continental margin except the:

fracture zone

Which ecosystem listed below is the most productive?

freshwater swamps and marshes

Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called:

fringing reefs.

Top left

front develops

The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and

gas hydrates

You own a beachfront lot that has been experiencing erosion due to beach starvation. Your neighbor to the north (up-current) has the same problem, so he gets permission to build a groin just north of your property line. Your response would probably be to __________.

get permission to build a groin of your own near the southern boundary of your property

Refraction causes headlands to be areas of ________ surfing and sites of ________.

good; erosion

What types of deposits do turbidity currents leave in alluvial fans?

graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

What is the standard unit that is used to measure productivity

grams of carbon per square meter per year

In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more

gravel than in tropical waters

Which of the following two factors cause geostrophic circulation within a gyre?

gravity and the Coriolis effect.

In general the restoring force for wind-generated waves is:

gravity.

What type of whale feeds primarily on amphipods and shellfish?

gray whales that plunge into the muddy bottom and strain the invertebrates out

The Moon's influence on Earth's tides is __________ the influence of the Sun. the same as less than greater than

greater than

The intensity of solar radiation received at lower latitudes (near the equator) compared to higher latitudes (near the poles) is:

greater.

Red muscle tissue in fish supplies a much ________ amount of oxygen and supports a much ________ metabolic rate than white tissue.

greater; higher

What style of feeding is used by whales with rorqual folds?

gulp feeding

Underwater volcanic peaks that resemble volcanoes on land except that they are flat on top are called ________.

guyots

A layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth is called a ________.

halocline

Important plants in a coastal wetland at 45°N latitude are most likely to be __________.

halophytic grasses and pickleweed

Sea lions are easily distinguished from seals because they:

have external ears.

What drives Hadley cell circulation?

heating from the Sun

Southern California beaches in winter typically are narrow and rocky. That is because __________.

heavy winter wave activity moves the sand out to the longshore bar and uncovers the rocks underneath the sand

Water's viscosity is a ________ to planktonic organism and a ________ to nektonic organisms.

help; hindrance

When ice forms from seawater, the remaining seawater will have a:

higher salinity.

Fossil evidence indicates that modern whales have evolved from ancestors similar to the _________.

hippopotamus

Which phenomenon can explain the presence of volcanoes in the middle of the Pacific Ocean?

hot spots

A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water.

hydrogen

The pH scale is a measure of the __________ ion concentration of a solution.

hydrogen

bonds that hold adjacent water molecules together

hydrogen bonds

Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called:

hydrogenous

Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types?

hydrogenous sediment

Salt beds of the U.S. Gulf Coast are

hydrogenous sediments

Which process causes downwelling off the coast of Antarctica?

ice formation

Disadvantages of tidal power plants relative to conventional thermal plants include higher initial plant costs, periodicity of tidal currents, and __________. air pollution excessive noise heat pollution high operating costs impacts on the marine environment

impacts on the marine environment

An isothermal temperature profile from surface to seafloor may exist in coastal ocean waters __________.

in either low-latitude waters or high-latitude waters

Where are Hadley cells found?

in the atmosphere near the equator

Where do dolphins generate sounds for use in echolocation?

in the blowhole

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is:

in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

Coral reefs ________.

include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs

Locations that experience seasonal seawater freezing have ___ in the surrounding seawater during that time.

increased salinity

The salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth.

increased, decreased

As a wave begins to feel bottom near a shoreline, its wave height:

increases and its wavelength decreases

Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere:

increases in proportion to the distance.

Phytoplankton use body size to keep afloat because a small body size ________ surface-area to volume ratio and ________ their frictional resistance.

increases; increases

How often do turbidity currents occur?

infrequently

The group comprising the largest number of species on Earth is the _________.

insects

Tidal movement, turbidity currents, wind stress, and even passing ships at the surface create ________ waves.

internal

Atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons are called ________.

ions

charged atoms due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons

ions

This marine mammal:

is a small mammal with dense fur and lack an insulating blubber layer.

The surface tension of water:

is relatively high.

We expect a water column to be __ for density at high latitudes

isopycnal

Water that is __ will be represented by a straight line on a graph showing variations of temperature with depth

isothermal

The majority of marine invertebrates are:

isotonic with respect to their environment.

A disadvantage shared by wave, solar and wind energy is that ___________________________.

it is not available on demand, and there currently is no viable way to store the energy

The subtidal rocky bottom zone along temperate shorelines is dominated by:

kelp

What is baleen made of?

keratin

Probably the greatest threat to gray whale calves today is _________.

killer whales

The correct sequence of taxonomic groupings, from the most to the least comprehensive, is __________.

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

Pick the pair which does not fit the pattern:

krill—whale

The biggest concern with biological pollutants is that they often ____________.

lack predators and other natural controls

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by:

latitude.

The cultural tradition and government-ordered capture of pilot whales for food by Faroe Islanders in the North Atlantic is deemed _______________.

legal aboriginal subsistence whaling

Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types?

lithogeneous sediment

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called:

lithogenous

In the figure above, which illustrates Earth's major layers. Which layer is represented by the letter C?

lithosphere

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below.

lithosphere; asthenosphere

The zone between high and low tides coincides with the ________ zone.

littoral

Sound travels as ________ waves.

longitudinal

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic?

low salinity

Where are tropical cyclones found?

lower and middle latitudes

What is the overall effect of the stronger than normal trade winds typical of La Niña conditions?

lowering of the South Pacific ocean temperature from normal conditions

The common annelid found in a sandy beach environment is the:

lugworm

The caudal fin of fast-cruising fish such as tuna is:

lunate

What is the basis for relative positions of Earth's physical layers?

material density, with the least-dense material on the surface and the most-dense material in the center

Ocean basins with continental margins are representative of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.

mature

What stage is marked by the creation of a well-formed ocean basin with a mid-ocean ridge in the middle?

mature

Fluctuations in the flow of the Gulf Stream current result in curving loops of water known as __________.

meanders

Organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles are called:

meiofauna.

What form of chemical pollution results in neurological damage that can range from blindness to brain damage to paralysis and even death?

methylmercury

The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits?

microscopic elements

Which geologic features are associated with divergent boundaries?

mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys

The total number of cataloged species on Earth in both marine and terrestrial environments is currently 1.8 ________.

million

A group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons are called ________.

molecules

Much of the profound influence water temperature has on marine life is because cold water is ________ dense and has a ________ viscosity than warm water.

more; higher

With the depletion of fish stocks in coastal waters, more fishing is being conducted in deeper waters. Deep-water species are becoming endangered at a rapid rate, primarily because _________.

most deep-water organisms have lower metabolic rates; therefore, they grow, mature, and reproduce at a slower rate

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is:

moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.

Complete this statement: Divergence is to moving away as convergence is to _______.

moving toward

Organic matter decomposes most slowly in _________.

mud flats

A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit is called _________.

mutualism

The symbiotic relationship between the coral animals and the zooxanthellae is an example of _________.

mutualism

The relationship between the protistan zooxanthellae and the polyps of reef-building corals is best described as a/an:

mutualistic symbiosis.

The oxygen-storing compound in the red muscle tissue of fishes is called _________.

myoglobin

The weakest gravitational force caused by the Moon is called the __________, which is found at the point on Earth farthest from the Moon. nadir resultant force tidegenerating force barycenter zenith

nadir

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. submarine canyon

narrow and deep valleys on continental slopes

What do we call the tide that occurs when destructive interference between lunar and solar bulges produces a small tidal range? pean tide neap tide fall tide spring tide

neap tide

Where in a lava lamp would the density of both materials be equal?

near the middle of the lamp

Krill, shown in the image, moves in the ocean as ________.

nekton

Which of the following word pairs correctly link a descriptor with the way in which the organism lives in the ocean?

nekton—swim

Top left (seek immediate shelter?)

no

bottom right (seek immediate shelter?)

no

The term bycatch or incidental catch refers to:

non-target species that are caught along with commercial species.

The flow of energy through a biotic community is ________.

noncyclic and unidirectional

Directly west of the center of an anticyclone in the Northern Hemisphere, the wind would most likely be moving ___

north

Most of the year, and most of the time, the movement of sediment and water (longshore current) along the California coast is from __________.

north to south

In low latitude (tropical) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________.

nutrient supply only

bottom middle

occluded front developed

bottom left

occlusion begins

Which geologic features are associated with convergent boundaries?

ocean trenches and volcanoes

New lithosphere is produced in association with:

oceanic ridges

The steeply-sloping and slower-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________.

oceanic ridges

We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________.

off the coast of Washington and Oregon

All types of pollution are harmful, but ________ is among the least damaging forms.

oil

According to the World Health Organization definition of marine pollutants, __________ is NOT a pollutant.

oil from offshore seeps

Where would you expect to see alternating bands of rock with different magnetic polarities?

on both sides of the mid-ocean ridge

Where is coastal upwelling prevalent in South America?

on the west coast, off the shore of Peru

What did the surface of Earth look like 600 million years ago?

one large continent surrounded by ocean

Ocean surface currents transfer about ________ of the total amount of heat from the tropics to the poles.

one-third

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

oolites

Which ecosystem listed below is the least productive?

open ocean

Ocean waves in motion are classified as ______waves.

orbital

Waves at the ocean surface are ________ waves.

orbital

The process of water molecules moving through semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution is called ________.

osmosis

Earth's second atmosphere formed from ________.

outgassing

A centrifugal force is one that is directed _____ and a centripetal force is one that is directed _____. inward; inward outward; inward outward; outward inward; outward

outward; inward

In dead zones resulting from eutrophication, animal life is absent due to the lack of _________.

oxygen

What are the reaction products of photosynthesis?

oxygen gas and sugar

Household Ammonia

pH 11

Drain Cleaner

pH 12

Lemon juice

pH 2

soft drink

pH 3

Beer

pH 5

coffee

pH 5

unpolluted rainwater

pH 6

seawater

pH 8

Antacids

pH 9

bleach

pH 9

Which of the following statements regarding pH is true?

pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution.

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called:

paleogeography.

A squids mouthpiece resembles a ________.

parrot's beak

Which set of fins is used for turning and braking?

pectoral and pelvic

The time between two successive waves is called the:

period.

With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are:

perpendicular to the ridge axis

The greatest amount of oil pollution in the ocean from human sources is from __________.

petroleum consumption

The process by which energy derived from solar radiation is used by certain organisms to form organic matter is called:

photosynthesis.

Of the following types of organisms, which one occupies the LOWEST trophic level in a marine food web?

photosynthetic bacteria

Which of the following is in trophic level 1?

phytoplankton

Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because __________.

plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration

Fossils of ancient tropical plants are currently found near the poles because the:

plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.

An example of non-point source pollution is ___________.

plastic debris washed down storm drains

Most ocean floor features owe their origins to _________.

plate tectonic processes

A person experiences a popping feeling in their ears during the takeoff or landing of an airplane or while driving on steep mountain roads due to changes in the ________ of the atmosphere.

pressure

The internal organ illustrated in the diagram allows the fish to adapt to changes in ________.

pressure

Marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following Earth history events? Choose all that apply.

previous ocean circulation patterns movement of the ocean floor the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins past catastrophes, such as major extinction events the climate on Earth millions of years ago

What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis?

primary producers phytoplankton autotrophs

In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called:

primary productivity.

Submarines sometimes ride out heavy storms in deep water by submerging. That is a practical application of utilizing the ____________________.

principle of decreasing orbital motion with depth

When was the Precambrian eon?

prior to 600 million years ago

Organisms within an ecosystem that nourish themselves through either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis are called ________.

producers

The international Law of the Sea treaty __________.

provides for arbitration of disputes

Modification of ________ have reduced dolphin mortality as bycatch.

purse seine nets

A layer in the ocean where a rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is called a:

pycnocline.

The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is

quartz

Geologic evidence suggests that eustatic (global) sea level rises have been caused by __________.

rapid seafloor spreading at divergent plate boundaries

China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources?

rare-earth elements

Earth's atmosphere is heated primarily by __________.

re-radiation of solar energy from Earth's surface back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation

The color of light most readily absorbed by water is _________.

red

To which of the following animals are acorn barnacles closely related?

shrimp

What would you look for as evidence that a rock layer formed from materials deposited by ancient turbidity currents?

repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

Deep ocean currents ___.

result from changes in water density (due to temperature and salt content)

Identify the major feature of a slow-spreading mid-ocean ridge.

rift valley

A predatory echinoderm that lives and feeds below the sediment surface is the _________.

sand star

Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of

sand, silt, and gravel

How do scientists study phytoplankton concentrations in the world ocean?

satellite images that capture chlorophyll concentrations in the surface ocean

Air warmed by the land that rises and is replaced by cooler air from the ocean may produce a:

sea breeze.

Which term best describes the landforms at the placemarks labeled C?

sea stacks

Measurement of ocean floor bathymetry from satellites relies on ___________.

sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

The organism posing the greatest threat to the kelp forest is the _________.

sea urchin

Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called:

seamounts

Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called:

seamounts.

In comparison with other ocean basins, major sedimentary features such as continental rises and abyssal plains are relatively rare in the Pacific. The primary reason for their scarcity in the Pacific is that __________.

sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

Identify the adaptation that allows deep-sea fishes to capture prey without exerting much energy.

sensitive lateral lines

Benthic animals inhabiting the rocky intertidal environment consist mostly of _________.

sessile animals, epifauna, and very few infauna

Increased human populations near coral reefs increases the nutrient levels of the reef waters from ________ and farm fertilizers.

sewage

Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents.

shape; position

The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is:

shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

Imagine you are a geological oceanographer. As an expert, you are asked by a student to recommend the technique that would produce the most detailed map of a deep-water seamount near Hawaii. Which instrument would you recommend?

side-scan sonar

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

siliceous ooze

What type of whale captures prey by swimming at the surface with its mouth open to trap plankton in the fringe of its baleen?

skim-feeding right whales

Records indicate that the ocean is warming faster in the Arctic polar regions than elsewhere. If that continues, a possible consequence could be __________.

slowing of deep ocean circulation, resulting in lower oxygen levels in deep water

As shown in this video, Silly Putty will flow when stress is applied __________ and Silly Putty will fracture when stress is applied __________.

slowly, rapidly

One of the prey items of baleen whales are krill. What are krill?

small shrimp-like organisms

Constructive interference results in larger waves whereas destructive interference produces:

smaller waves.

Which of the following animals uses a swim bladder to achieve neutral buoyancy?

snapper

The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:

sound waves

Directly west of the center of a cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere, the wind would most likely be moving ____

south

Which way would wind travel in the region between 30 and 60 degrees latitude if Earth stopped rotating?

south in the Southern Hemisphere and north in the Northern Hemisphere

Coastal upwelling along the coast of Chile is a result of winds from the ________ turning towards the ________ due to Ekman transport.

south; left

If a surfer wishes to have a really long ride, what type of wave should he or she look for?

spilling breakers

In a tidepools area such as that shown in the video, what is the correct order of intertidal zones, going from the base of the coastal cliffs into deeper water?

spray zone, upper intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, lower intertidal zone

What do we call the tide that occurs when constructive interference between lunar and solar bulges produces a large tidal range? neap tide pean tide fall tide spring tide

spring tide

The intertidal zonation of sediment-covered shores is best developed on a ________ sloping, ________-sand beach.

steeply; coarse

A wave will begin to break when:

steepness = 1:7.

What disturbing force is responsible for most ocean waves that eventually break on shore?

storm-generated winds that blow across the surface

The three varieties of seeps on the seafloor include hypersaline, hydrocarbon and:

subduction zone seeps.

The ________ province approximately encompasses the continental shelf.

subneritic

The ________ province extends from the spring high tide shoreline to a depth of 200 meters.

subneritic

Normally, beaches have the greatest amount of sand on the berm near the end of __________.

summer

The single most important factor that determines the distribution of life in the oceanic province is ________.

sunlight

What type of breaker would pose the most danger to people playing or swimming in the surf zone?

surging breakers

Continent-continent convergence occurs in what stage of the Wilson cycle?

suturing

The Himalaya Mountains are an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.

suturing

Imagine that you are caught in a rip current in the ocean. The best thing for you to do so that you won't drown is to __________.

swim sideways to the current before attempting to come ashore

Deep-water corals lack the ________ that their shallow-water cousins have.

symbiotic zooxanthellae algae

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate how the ocean is layered based on density?

tap water, with a small amount of food coloring

The scientific discipline concerned with naming and grouping organisms is called __________.

taxonomic classification

San Francisco Bay is a __________ estuary.

tectonic

The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are:

tektites

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by:

temperature

What are the two controlling factors that affect water density?

temperature and salinity

The two factors that are most important in determining the density of air are:

temperature and water vapor content.

Compared to the rest of the planet, an unusually high concentration of hot spots and rifting is located on the continent of Africa. A likely explanation for this is that __________.

the African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket"

What term is used to describe the effect on air movement produced by Earth's rotation?

the Coriolis effect

Consider that proximus means "nearest" and that geo means "earth". the Moon is full and there is a neap tide the Moon is at apogee and its declination is zero there is a waxing gibbous Moon and the Sun is at aphelion the Moon is at perigee at a time of syzygy the Moon is at quadrature and perigee at the same time

the Moon is at perigee at a time of syzygy

What is the scientific definition of half-life?

the amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half

Wave refraction is __________.

the bending of waves

What is refraction?

the bending of waves due to a change in wave velocity

What is a front?

the boundary between two air masses of different temperatures

Of the three different colored waters separated by slats, which one has the highest density?

the cold (blue) water, which has the lowest temperature

What is the wavelength?

the distance between consecutive wave crests or troughs

What is the wave height?

the distance between the highest and lowest part of the wave

What is meant by the term plate boundary?

the edge of a plate, where two plates meet each other

What causes variation in Earth's tides over time? -the orbits of the Moon around the Sun, and -the Sun around Earth the elliptical orbit of Earth around the Sun -the elliptical orbits of the Moon around Earth, and Earth around the Sun the elliptical orbit of the Moon around Earth the elliptical orbit of Earth around the Sun and Moon

the elliptical orbits of the Moon around Earth, and Earth around the Sun

The primary difficulty that must be overcome in the use of desalination plants to provide fresh water is __________.

the high cost of energy involved

What is the crest of a wave?

the highest part of the wave

The thickness of sea ice is limited primarily by __________.

the insulating nature of the ice itself

Individual fishes within schools maintain their spacing through visual contact and _________.

the lateral line system

What is the wave base?

the lower limit of wave-induced motion in the water

What is the trough of a wave?

the lowest part of the wave

Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining:

the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor.

Which side of the baleen faces inside the mouth on a living whale?

the more fibrous side

What is the wave period?

the time it takes for one wavelength of a wave to pass a particular point

Hurricanes frequently make landfall on the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, but rarely, if ever, occur on the Pacific coast. The primary reason for the rarity of west coast hurricanes is that __________.

the ocean water does not get warm enough to supply the needed heat energy for hurricanes

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of:

the polarity of water molecules.

The classifications holoplankton and meroplankton are based on _________.

the portion of the life cycle spent as plankton

(Intro) The amount of life on the ocean floor depends primarily on _________.

the productivity of the surface layer above it

The El Niño Southern Oscillation can best be described as:

the relationship between sea surface temperature and changing atmospheric pressure.

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that:

the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

What is isostasy?

the rising and sinking of Earth's crust relative to the mantle in response to the redistribution of mass on the surface

The Coriolis effect is caused by __________.

the rotation of Earth

The flat top of a guyot or tablemount in deep water is evidence that __________.

the seamount was once at the surface of the ocean, but is now submerged due to plate movement and erosion when it was near sea level

What causes the three different types of breakers?

the steepness of the beach slope

What two features are many of Earth's deserts associated with?

the subtropical highs and cool ocean currents found along the west coasts of continents

What is the Southern Oscillation?

the swapping of high and low pressure zones in the South Pacific under El Niño conditions

The Ekman spiral is caused by:

the wind and the Coriolis effect.

Where did the energy of the Sun come from originally?

thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the:

thermocline.

_____ is caused by density changes near the poles and equator.

thermohaline circulation

Deep ocean current movement is also known as __________.

thermohaline flow

In the southern hemisphere, the direction of Ekman transport is always:

to the left of the wind direction.

Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally __________.

thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations

Which phase(s) of the moon result in a low tidal range? new moon full moon third quarter moon first quarter moon blue moon

third quarter moon first quarter moon

The tides are considered an example of shallowwater waves because the tidal bulges have a wavelength that is on the order of __________. a few centimeters a few meters tens of meters tens of kilometers thousands of kilometers

thousands of kilometers`

For how long will land rebound after a glacier melts?

thousands of years

How are tsunamis generated?

through displacement of the seafloor under water

How might the development of dead zones be controlled?

through preservation of wetlands by controlling the runoff of nutrients from agricultural lands by planting trees and grasses with enhanced sewage treatment

If the side of Earth that faces the Moon experiences a tidal bulge (high tide), then the opposite side of Earth will experience a tidal bulge or high tide tidal trough or low tide proxigean tide neap tide spring tide

tidal bulge or high tide

The low and high tides experienced on Earth are the result of __________. internal waves tsunami tidal bulges wind waves

tidal bulges

What do we call the time that passes between two high tides? tidal period tidal day tidal datum tidal range

tidal period

What do mussels, gooseneck barnacles, and acorn barnacles all eat?

tiny microscopic marine organisms that live in seawater

As a result of the Coriolis effect in the northern hemisphere, winds always are deflected:

to the right of their original direction.

You are vacationing on a beautiful tropical island and want to see a coral reef. Your boat travels down a river estuary and then travels a considerable distance along the coast before any coral is seen. The reason you had to travel so far to see coral is probably that _________.

too much freshwater is flowing in from the river closer to shore

The image below shows the movement of water and sand along a beach. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Note that some labels may not be used.

top left: path of sand particles Top right: beach drift and net movement of sand grains Left middle: incoming wave direction Bottom left: upstream direction Bottom right: longshore drift

In the figure above, depicting a hypothetical wind direction in an ideal world. The iceberg broke off from the Greenland Ice Sheet and floated into the ocean. Under the prevailing wind conditions, in which direction would the iceberg be pushed?

toward D

Refer the figure above. In which direction would the entire surface current underneath the Greenland iceberg be expected to travel?

toward E

Biomagnification of toxic substances means that __________.

toxic substances become increasingly concentrated in the tissues of organisms in each higher level of the food web

Equatorial currents are driven by the:

trade winds.

The wind belt(s) with strong, reliable, generally easterly winds is (are) the:

trade winds.

Which plate boundary is NOT associated with volcanic eruptions?

transform

Nearly all oceanic islands are __________.

volcanic in origin

What surface feature provides evidence for the location of hot spots?

volcanoes within tectonic plates

All the following are true of the movement of Earth's atmosphere except :

warm air is less dense than cool air so it tends to sink toward the Earth's surface.

What are the reaction products of respiration?

water and carbon dioxide gas

Which one of the following variables is necessary to determine the speed of shallow-water waves? Select only one answer.

water depth

The speed of a shallow-water wave is proportional to:

water depth.

What is the longshore current?

water forced by waves to move along the shore

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________.

water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

The depth below the surface where the circular orbits become so small that movement is negligible is called the ________.

wave base

top middle

wave develops

The number of wave crests passing a fixed location per unit of time is called the ________.

wave frequency

The time it takes one full wave to pass a fixed position is called the ________.

wave period

An unintended consequence of the jetty that protects the harbor entrance at Newport Harbor, California is a wave pattern that has crippled and killed many body surfers due to ________.

wave reflection

Waves converge on headlands due to:

wave refraction.

"Whitecaps" form when _____________________.

wave steepness reaches a ratio of 1:7

The California coast in this region displays a variety of landforms formed by both erosion and sediment deposition. Which term best describes the seafloor structure around placemarks A and B?

wave-cut bench

The horizontal distance between wave crest to crest is called the ________.

wavelength

The speed of a deep-water wave is proportional to:

wavelength

Wave speed is equal to:

wavelength divided by period.

The circular motion of water molecules extends to a depth that is equal to:

wavelength/2.

What does the term "asthenosphere" literally mean?

weak sphere

The largest wind-generated waves tend to be associated with the:

westerlies

Reefs grow as far north and south as 35° latitude on the ________ margins of ocean basins.

western

The majority of the world's tropical cyclones are formed in the waters north of the equator in the ________ Ocean.

western Pacific

Warm core rings and cold core rings are associated with __________.

western boundary currents

Conditions for the development of wave energy are most optimal along ________ shores in the ________ Hemisphere.

western; Southern

Highly productive areas of coastal upwelling are found along the ________ margins of continents, where surface currents are moving ________ the equator.

western; toward

When would the oceans experience the greatest tidal range? when Earth is in apogee and the Moon is in perigee when Earth is in aphelion and the Moon is in perigee when Earth is in perigee and the Moon is in perihelion when Earth is in perihelion and the Moon is in perigee when Earth is in aphelion and the Moon is in apogee

when Earth is in perihelion and the Moon is in perigee

When will a hot spot volcano become extinct?

when the volcano is carried away from the hot spot by the tectonic plate

When does eutrophication occur?

when there are excess nutrients in the water

When will coastal upwelling occur in the Northern Hemisphere?

when winds blow from the north, parallel to shore

Where are dead zones more likely to develop?

where river draining areas with high human population densities discharge into the ocean

Most ocean waves form as a result of:

winds blowing across the ocean surface.

bottom left (seek immediate shelter?)

yes

The gravitational force exerted on Earth by the Moon is greatest at the _________________. equator nadir zenith barycenter poles

zenith