Ocean Exam 3
In 2003 the world fishing fleet spent over ________ billion to catch $80 billion worth of fish.
$120
An average annual sewage bill for a Boston-area household is about ________.
$1200
Scientists have determined that the minimum level of methylmercury consumption that causes poisoning symptoms is ________ per day.
0.3 milligrams
In ________, the Ocean Drilling Program was replaced by the __________________, and, in _________, its name was updated to __________________.
2003; Integrated Ocean Drilling; 2013; International Ocean Discovery Program
After the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010, Scientists estimate that BP removed about ________ of the oil, most of it recovered directly from the well, burned at sea, or skimmed by boats.
25%
After the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010, Scientists estimate that about ________ of the oil evaporated or dissolved into scattered molecules.
25%
Ancient marine carbonate deposits constitute ____ % of Earth's crust and ____ % of all sedimentary rocks on Earth.
2;25
Siliceous ooze contains at least ________% of the hard remains of silica-secreting organisms.
30
Phosphorus-bearing compounds occur as coatings on rocks and as nodules on the continental shelf and on banks at depths shallower than ________.
3300 feet
MODIS measures ________ spectral frequencies of light, including ocean fluorescence, which provides a wealth of information about ocean phytoplankton productivity, health, and efficiency.
36
Each year, stream flow alone carries about __________________ pounds, of sediment to Earth's continental margins; almost ___________% is provided by runoff from Asia.
44 trillion; 40
What percentage of worldwide oil in the oceans is caused by underwater natural oil seeps?
47
What percentage of oil that enters the oceans worldwide is caused by underwater natural oil seeps?
47%
How many major extinctions has the Earth experienced?
5
About ________ of marine debris comes from land-based sources, and the majority of that is plastics.
80%
China supplies approximately ________ of the current world demand of rare-earth elements.
90%
The percentage of biomass regularly decomposed within the euphotic zone is about ________.
90%
Where can stromatolites be found?
Australia
The state-of-the-art drill ship named __________, began drilling in __________, and can drill up to ___________ meters into the sea floor.
Chikyu; 2007; 7000
Wetland protection is one of the most controversial provisions of the ________ because opponents believe that the legislation is ________.
Clean Water Act; an infringement on their use of private property
Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 18.7% of the world marine fishery?
Coastal and coral systems
what is the most common type of foraminifer ooze?
Coccolithophores
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Nutrient availability must be the most important factor affecting the distribution of life in the oceans BECAUSE the coastal zone is much more productive than the shallow open ocean.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
The following statements explain why contamination of aquifers is dangerous. Which of the statements is false? A) Minuscule amounts of a pollutant can contaminate an entire aquifer. B) All of these statements are true. C) The contaminants are concentrated by the different densities of water in the aquifers. D) Pollutants are extremely stable once they contaminate an aquifer. E) Aquifers can take an extremely long time to turn over their water content.
The contaminants are concentrated by the different densities of water in the aquifers.
Organisms which feed only on bacteria are called ________.
bacteriovores
In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________.
both available sunlight and nutrient supply
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called ________.
cosmogenous
Chondrites are an example of which of the following sediment types?_____A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
cosmogenous sediment
In essence, the number of individuals and total biomass ________ at successive trophic levels because the amount of available energy ________.
decrease; decrease
Arenicola is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.
deposit
The dissolution of the thick tests of foraminifers below the CCD is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment.
destruction
The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment.
dilution
Distinguish between eutrophic and oligotrophic oceans. Where would you expect to find eutrophic areas in the ocean? Oligotrophic areas?
eutrophic in nature have high levels of biological productivity and are nutrient rich while oligotrophic oceans have little to no nutrients and are not biologically diverse. I would expect to find eutrophic areas in locations of upwelling and oligotrophic in areas of downwelling
Overproduction of organic matter resulting in anoxic conditions is attributed to ________.
eutrophication
A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via ________. _____A) fecal pellets B) wind C) precipitation D) carbonate dissolution E) deposit feeders
fecal pellets
Clams are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.
filter
Whale sharks are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.
filter
Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called ________. _____A) biogenous B) cosmogenous C) lithogenous D) hydrogenous E) volcanogenic
hydrogenous
Manganese nodules are an example of ________. _____A) biogenous sediments B) cosmogenous sediments C) hydrogenous sediments D) volcagenic sediments E) terrigenous sediments
hydrogenous sediment
halite, manganese modules, oolites, metal sulfides
hydrogenous sediment
The Cuyahoga river is notable because
it caught fire
High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following? _____A) Cosmogenous sediments B) Silt-sized particles C) Manganese nodules D) Clay-sized particles E) Large particles such as gravel
large particles such as gravel
About 1.5 million Americans get sick annually from fecal contamination producing large health costs. Preventive measures would cost
less
Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are ________.
less than 30% biogenous material
Sediments derived from preexisting rocks on land are called ________.
lithogenous
Turbidite deposits are an example of what type of sediment?
lithogenous
The major components of nodules are___________ hydroxide and ___________ hydroxide.
manganese; iron
Scientists typical do not use a specific environmental bioassay to draw general conclusions about a pollutant because they ________.
may result in data that isn't applicable to other species
Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment ________. _____A) abyssal clays and evaporites B) biogenous oozes and evaporites C) biogenous oozes and macroscopic meteor debris D) microscopic spherules and abyssal clays E) microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris
microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris
High concentrations of calcareous ooze are found along segments of the ________________________.
mid-ocean ridge
Researchers estimate that the Pacific Ocean contains at least 46 ________ pounds of floating microplastic pieces(microbeads) that originate from hand cleaners, exfoliating facial scrubs, and toothpaste, that are known to transport pollutants and be eaten by fish.
million
What percentage of the rocks exposed on the continents originated as sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient ocean-environments? _____A) Thirty to forty percent B) More than fifty percent C) Twenty to thirty percent D) Less than twenty percent E) Forty to fifty percent
more than fifty percent
Abyssal clay is sometimes referred to as ________.
red clay
The advantage of effluent sewerage is that
since solids are removed, pipes and pumps to the central treatment plant can be small and cheap.
What is the rate of deposit for coarse lithogenous sediment, neritic deposit?
1 meter (3.3 feet)
About what percentage of all the oil that enters the oceans, worldwide, is due to human consumption?
53%
Relic sediments cover about __________ % of the world's continental shelves.
60
About how many years ago was the extinction of the dinosaurs?
66 million
Which of the following characterizes the pesticide DDT and industrial chemicals such as PCBs? _____A) Persistence in the environment B) Propensity to accumulate in food chains C) Biologically active D) Relatively high toxicity E) All of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct
Dinoflagellate tests are made of which material?
Cellulose
Which of the following is a biogenous sediment? _____A) Diatom ooze B) Volcanic particles C) Glacial deposits D) Beach sand E) Clays
Diatom ooze
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. _____A) Stromatolites B) Chalk C) Coccolithophores D) Limestone E) Diatoms
Diatoms
Which one of the following is not considered a "salt" or evaporate mineral? A) Dolomite B) Gypsum C) Halite D) Anhydrite
Dolomite
What is considered the world's largest accidental oil spill?
Explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010.
Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)? _____A) Foraminiferans B) Diatoms C) Glauconite D) Phosphorites E) Radiolarians
Foraminiferans
Which of the following is not an accessory metal present in manganese nodules?
Gold
Where was the European zebra mussel first discovered in 1988?
Great Lakes
Cultural eutrophication results from
Human activity
Which of the following is not considered a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)? A) Hydrocarbon B) Benzene C) Xylenes D) Toluene
Hydrocarbon
Marine phosphate is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Hydrogenous Sediment
Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Lithogenous Sediment
Tertiary sewage treatment is designed to remove
Nitrates and phosphates
What is the correct ordering of the color wavelengths on the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum?
ROYGBV
Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)? _____A) Corals B) Coccolithophores C) Phosphorites D) Radiolarians E) Foraminiferans
Radiolarians
Demand for which of the following resources has skyrocketed in recent years?
Rare-earth elements
The most abundant marine macroscopic algae are members of the Division ________.
Rhodophyta
diatoms and radiolarians are made of ______________.
Silica
What is not an important seawater nutrient needed by phytoplankton?
Sodium
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The most worrisome toxic compounds in crude oil are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as napthalenes, benzene, toluene, and xylenes BECAUSE they can sicken humans, animals, and plants even in small doses and can ultimately affect an organism's genetic materials. _____A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Birds, sea turtles, marine mammals, fish, and shellfish are severely affected by oil spills BECAUSE hydrocarbons are largely biodegradable. _____A) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. C) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. D) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The United States opposed the 1982 Law of the Sea treaty BECAUSE of concerns that sea floor mining would pollute the ocean. _____A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Areas that have the greatest biomass have the lowest water temperatures BECAUSE warm water contains higher amounts of nutrients than cold water.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Exxon should not have been held responsible for the Exxon Valdez disaster BECAUSE icebergs from the Columbia Glacier forced the captain to stop the tanker on Bligh Reef. 19) _____A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: It is easy to pinpoint where nonpoint source pollution originates BECAUSE it comes from many different locations. _____A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect
The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct
Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct?
They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.
Pollution of water in large aquifers is essentially irreversible in the short term (decades).
True
Productivity is limited by ________ in polar regions and by ________ in the low-latitude tropics.
available sunlight; nutrient supply
In the clearest ocean water, solar energy may be detected to depths of ________.
one kilometer
The recent abundance of the Maine Lobster in the North Atlantic Ocean is due to ________.
the overfishing of cod
In primary production ________.
there is a net gain in organic carbon by organisms
Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct?_____A) They contain plant fossils used to map the movement of the continents. B) They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events. C) They provide a discontinuous, disturbed record of Earth history. D) They are useful for determining the distribution of ancient dinosaurs. E) They represent Earth history dating back for billions of years.
they record the timing and severity of some global extinction events
30) The Law of the Sea treaty established a uniform territorial sea of ________ nautical miles. _____A) twelve B) three hundred seventy C) three D) two hundred E) nineteen
three
Researchers reported in 2014 that more than 5.25 ________ plastic pieces are now floating in the ocean.
trillion
The Law of the Sea treaty established a exclusive economic zone of ________ nautical miles from all land within a nation, including islands. _____A) twelve B) nineteen C) two hundred D) three E) three hundred seventy
two hundred
What is the typical size for microbeads?
1-5 millimeters
Research on DDT concentration in coastal waters has documented that they are ________ compared to open-ocean concentrations.
10 times more
If 10,000 kilocalories (kcal) of energy were contained in the primary producers (trophic level 1), on average how many kcal of energy would you expect to be transferred to second-order consumers (trophic level 3)?
100 kcal
The euphotic zone in the open ocean extends from the surface down to approximately ________.
100 meters
Dumping of sewage sludge at what site was terminated in 1993 due to reports of adverse effects on fisheries and concerns that sewage could be transported great distances in eddies of the Gulf Stream?
106-mile sludge site
Research on PCBs concentration in coastal waters has documented that they are ________ compared to open-ocean concentrations.
12 times more
What is the average CCD depth below sea level?
15,000 feet
The BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill was approximately ________ times larger than the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.
18
In which year did plastics make their debut?
1862
The first phase of the Deep Sea Drilling Project was initiated in ________, when the specially designed ship ______________ was launched.
1966; Glomar Challenger
In what year were gas hydrates discovered?
1976
In ________, the Deep Sea Drilling Project became the ____________, with ___________ participating countries.
1983; Ocean Drilling Program; 20
In _______, the Glomar Challenger was decommissioned and replaced by the drill ship _____________.
1985; JOIDES Resolution
In which year was the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill?
1989
When compared to the annual oil input to the U. S. ocean waters from natural oil seeps and regular human activities such as transportation the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill was approximately ________.
2.7 times larger
The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends ________. _____A) into open international waters B) 200 nautical miles from the coast C) 3 nautical miles from the coast D) 10.5 nautical miles from the coast E) 20 nautical miles from the coast
200 nautical miles from the coast
Manganese nodules grow about _____________ per million years.
5 millimeters
More than ________ non-native species have been introduced in the United States. _____A) 17,000 B) 57,000 C) 7,000 D) 37,000 E) 77,000
7000
The introduction of what non-native species has done has done extensive damage to the Black Seas' fishing and tourist industries?
Atlantic comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Deposit feeding B) Carnivorous feeding C) Suspension feeding D) Autotrophic E) Filter feeding
Autotrophic
The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types?_____A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
Biogenous
Which type of marine sediments include siliceous and calcareous oozes?
Biogenous
Stromatolites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Biogenous Sediment
Which type of sediment deposit has an average rate of deposition (per 1000 years) of 1 centimeter (0.4 inch)?
Biogenous ooze, pelagic deposit
If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, what Tuna should you avoid?
Bluefin
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: diatoms need strong sunlight and are found only within the upper, sunlit surface waters of the ocean BECAUSE they provide most of the silica in biogenous ooze.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Areas that have the greatest biomass have the highest water temperatures BECAUSE warm water contains higher amounts of nutrients than cold water
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Scientists have an excellent baseline from which to determine how pollutants have altered the marine environment BECAUSE the ocean was studied extensively before it was polluted. _____A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Solar radiation must be the most important factor affecting the distribution of life in the oceans BECAUSE the shallow open ocean is much more productive than the coastal zone.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
According to the Wentworth scale, what is the particle name for a sediment that is above 256 millimeters in size?
Boulder
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Calcareous, Hydrogenous, Cosmogenous, Lithogenous, Biogenous
Calcareous
When looking at the world ocean totals combined, which is the most dominant sediment worldwide?
Calcareous ooze
foraminifers and coccolithophores are made of _______________.
Calcium Carbonate
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. _____A) Green crab B) Atlantic comb jelly C) Water hyacinth D) Caulerpa taxifolia E) Spartina alterniflora
Caulerpa taxifolia
Chondrites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Cosmogenous Sediment
Micrometeorites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Cosmogenous Sediment
Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Cosmogenous Sediment
The extinction of the dinosaurs marks the boundary between which two periods?
Cretaceous and Tertiary
Acid precipitation is especially disruptive when it occurs in areas with ________ because of the lack of ________.
Crystalline bedrock; buffering capacity
Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples? _____A) Long line B) Rotary corer C) Gravity corer D) Seiche disk E) Dredge
Dredge
Tertiary treatment of sewage produces water that is typically used for
Dumping into freshwater systems
Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following?
Earthquake-generated heat from friction
When natural waters are overloaded with plant nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate ions, they become
Eutrophic
Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock?
Evaporative salts
Atmospheric deposition of pollutants is an example of point source pollution.
False
Sediments in rivers are especially harmful to Louisiana's coastal wetlands.
False
The greatest remaining need in rectifying remaining water pollution problems in the U.S. and Canada is solving the point source discharge problem.
False
Which of the following is not present in metal sulfide deposits that are associated with hydrothermal vents?
Gold
Which of the following is a hollow steel tube with a heavy weight on top that is to collect sediment samples?_____A) Dredge B) Seiche disk C) Long line D) Gravity corer E) Rotary corer
Gravity corer
Which of the following is a hollow steel tube with a heavy weight on top that is used to collet sediment? A) Gravity corer B) Rotary corer C) Long line D) Seiche disk
Gravity corer
manganese nodules were first discovered in ___________ during the voyage of the _____________.
HMS Challenger
Algal blooms are a common problem in the Mediterranean sea because of
Heavy tourism and untreated sewage
The discharge from a nonpoint source of pollution is
Highly seasonal in quantity
Legal scholars from which of the following nations were important, early on, in formulating international laws of the sea and the territorial limit? _____A) Spain B) Switzerland C) Portugal D) Holland E) Dutchland
Holland
Rock salt (halite) is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Hydrogenous Sediment
The oil tanker Sanchi collided with another vessel in the South China Sea, causing a large oil slick. What country did the oil tanker originate?
Iran
The K—T boundary contained an unusual clay layer with high proportions of which element?
Iridium
The concentration of what nutrients limits productivity in the waters near Antarctica and the Galapagos Islands?
Iron
What is the proposed by scientists for the fate of the missing residual oil due to the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010?
It sunk to the sea floor.
High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following?
Large particles such as gravel
Shale is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Lithogenous Sediment
Terrigenous sediment is another name for which of the following?
Lithogenous Sediment
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics?
Lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures
According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration who can eat low to moderate amounts of swordfish, shark, king mackerel, and tilefish with little concern?
Male college students
Which type of sediment has an average rate deposition (per 1000 years) of 0.001 millimeter (0.0004 inch)?
Manganese nodule, pelagic deposit
Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor?_____A) Ethane B) Carbon dioxide C) Hydrogen sulfide D) Propane E) Methane
Methane
The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits?
Microscopic organisms
How many holes have been drilled into the sea floor using a drill ship to collect cores for scientific study? _____A) Less than 500 B) 500 to 1000 C) 1000 to 1500 D) 1500 to 2000 E) More than 2000
More than 2000
Which of the following is considered point source pollution? _____A) Fertilizers from lawns B) Trash washed down storm drains C) Municipal sewage sludge D) Road oil from automobiles E) Pesticides from agriculture
Municipal sewage sludge
________ deposits are found on continental shelves and in shallow water near islands, whereas, ________ deposits are found in deep-ocean basins and are fine grained.
Neritic pelagic
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern._____A) Mercury B) Petroleum C) DDTD) Nitrates E) Phytoplankton
Nitrates
Which part of the ocean is considered to be the most climatically sensitive regions on Earth?
North Atlantic
Oil from the Exxon Valdez supertanker that polluted Prince William Sound in 1989 originated from where?
North Slope of Alaska
Why do many health organizations call for local exceptions to the ban on DDT?
Outbreaks of malaria have dramatically increased
What pollutant has been shown to cause liver cancer and harmful genetic mutations in animals?
PCBs
Which of the following has been indicated as a cause of spontaneous abortions in sea lions and the death of shrimp in Escambia Bay, Florida? A) Methyl mercury B) PCBs C) Sewage sludge D) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons E) DDT
PCBs
The type of water pollutant that most commonly threatens human health is/are ________.
Pathogenic organisms
Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value?
Petroleum
Which of the following is not considered a pollutant in the marine environment?_____A) Heavy metals such as mercury and silver B) Sewage sludge C) Phytoplankton D) Nutrient runoff E) Hydrocarbons
Phytoplankton
Which of the following is the major environmental concern regarding the release of methane from the sea floor to the atmosphere?
Release of large quantities of methane from the ocean causes dramatic effects on global climate.
Which type of sampling did the JOIDES Resolution conduct?
Rotary Drill
Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean?
Rotary corer
Which of the following are inorganic toxic substances sometimes found in local water supplies?
Salts and lead
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Spartina (marsh grass) B) Zostera (eelgrass) C) Sargassum (Gulf weed) D) Rhizophora (red mangrove) E) Avicennia (black mangrove)
Sargussum (Gulf weed)
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. _____A) Clay B) Rock fragments C) Quartz sand D) Volcanic ash E) Siliceous ooze
Siliceous ooze
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. _____A) Glaciers B) Turbidity currents C) Siliceous ooze D) Volcanic ash E) Rivers
Siliceous ooze
Ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the following the processes?
Suspension settling
Ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the following the processes?_____A) Suspension settling B) Grain lithification C) Porosity reduction D) Sediment compaction E) Paleooceanography
Suspension settling
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Tektites
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. _____A) Tektites B) Halite and other salts C) Phosphates D) Manganese nodules E) Metal sulfides
Tektites
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Ancient marine sediment phosphate deposits that have been uplifted onto land are extensively mine because they are valuable as fertilizers.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Beaches that were left alone after the Exxon Valdez disaster recovered more quickly and more completely than the cleaned beaches BECAUSE hot water removed the oil but also killed most shoreline organisms._____A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Dead seaweed on the beach is incorrectly considered to be pollution by some people BECAUSE by definition, nature doesn't pollute. _____A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Invasive species can wreak ecological havoc by outcompeting and dominating native populations BECAUSE they lack predators or other natural controls in their new habitats. _____A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: It is advantageous for fishers to choose a population that feeds as close to the primary producing population as possible BECAUSE energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Some chemicals have been classified as persistent organic pollutants BECAUSE of their toxicity, persistence, and propensity for accumulating in food chains. _____A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Chemical dispersant were used as part of the cleanup of the BP Deepwater Horizon oil disaster BECAUSE the dispersants are considered less toxic to marine life than the oil. _____A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Oil spills in the ocean are not considered harmful BECAUSE crude oil in seawater at concentrations of 0.7 parts per billion kills or damages certain fish eggs. _____A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill was not an environmental disaster BECAUSE as much as one-and-a-half times the amount of the spill is regularly discharged each year into U.S. waters as nonpoint source pollution from road oil and improperly disposed oil._____A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: U.S. companies no longer produce DDT BECAUSE, the EPA has banned the use of DDT in the United States since 1972._____A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Areas that have the greatest biomass have the highest water temperatures BECAUSE cold water contains higher amounts of nutrients than warm water.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coastal waters and upwelling areas are almost always blue in color BECAUSE they contain large amounts of microscopic marine algae and suspended particles.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult?
The deep-ocean floor
The one-league territorial limit from shore that each country maintains was based on which of the following? A) The edge of the continental shelf B) The length of the longest rope C) The speed of the fastest ship D) The point where ocean depth increased E) The range of a cannon ball
The range of a cannon ball
What variables need to be considered in order to estimate how much mercury-rich seafood is safe to eat?
The rate at which each group of people consumed fish, the methylmercury concentration in the fish consumed by that population, the minimum ingestion rate of methylmercury that induces disease symptoms.
High oxygen content in water is an indication that
Water is clean enough to support game fish
Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by ________. _____A) a river delta B) the wind C) a volcanic eruption D) a glacier E) organisms
a glacier
The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the ________.
abyssal plain far from a continent
The sand star Astropectean is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.
active predation
biogenous sediments are chiefly made of ___________ and ______________.
algae; protozoans
Diatomaceous ooze, Stromatolites, Coccolithophores, Siliceous ooze
biogenous sediment
The two most significant human sources of oil pollution in the marine environment are ________. _____A) normal oil tanker/shipping operations and urban run-off B) blow out accidents and urban run-off C) tar balls and oil tanker accidents D) natural seeps and urban run-off E) oil tanker and blowout accidents in marine coastal waters
blow out accidents and urban run-off
The most biologically devastating oil spills in the marine environment are usually a result of ________. _____A) natural deep-sea seeps B) collision and/or sinking of oil tankers C) urban run-off D) blow out accidents on drilling platforms E) discharge from refueling tankers and ships
blow out accidents on drilling platforms
What is the biggest single source of mercury in the ocean?
burning of oils
The toxicity of marine pollutants is evaluated through bioassays by ________.
calculating the concentration at which 50% of the test organisms die
The toxicity of marine pollutants is evaluated through bioassays by ________. _____ A) the EPA B) determining the total biomass of affected organisms in the environment C) estimating the number of trophic transfers in the food web affected by the pollutant D) determining the length of time that the pollutant remains in the environment E) calculating the concentration at which 50% of the test organisms die
calculating the concentration at which 50% of the test organisms die
Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished form primary sewage treatment by the ________. _____A) aeration of liquid effluent following chlorination B) chlorination of the liquid effluent C) separation of the suspended solids from the liquid effluent D) addition of bacteria to process organic contaminants E) removal of inorganic nutrients from the liquid effluent
chlorination of the liquid effluent
Place sediment size from smallest to largest: pebbles, silt, sand, clay, granules, cobbles, boulders
clay 1/4096 to 1/256 mm, silt 1/256 to 1/16mm, sand 1/16 to 2mm, granule 2/4mm, pebbles4/64mm, cobbles 64/256mm, boulders above 256mm
The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________.
gas hydrates
Which of the following contains the most organic carbon on Earth? _____A) Peat B) Gas hydrates C) Fossil Fuels D) Soil E) Living organisms
gas hydrates
Scientific studies have shown that fish exposed to PAHs in crude oil exhibited changes in ________ that are linked to developmental abnormalities, decreased embryo survival, and lower reproductive success.
gene expression
Typical units of photosynthetic production are in mass of carbon is ________ per unit of area m2 (square meter) per unit of time yr (year), which is abbreviated as gC/m2/yr.
grams of carbon
In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________. _____A) shell fragments than in temperate waters B) coral debris than in tropical waters C) clay than in temperate waters D) silt and sand than in tropical waters E) gravel than in tropical waters
gravel than in tropical waters
The collapse of Atlantic cod stocks resulted in fishers seeking the deep-water Greenland ________, which is now in danger of becoming overfished throughout the Atlantic.
halibut
Bacteriovores, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores are types of ________ organisms.
heterotrophic
Bioremediation has been particularly effective in marine ecosystems in the clean-up of ________. _____A) hydrocarbons B) thermal effluents C) pesticides D) heavy metals E) nitrates
hydrocarbons
Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? _____A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
hydrogenous sediment
Sediment thickness ___________ with distance from the mid-ocean ridge
increases
Minamata disease is associated with ________. _____A) harmful algal blooms B) illegal fishing in tropical areas C) dinoflagellates in tropical reef ecosystems D) ingestion of methyl mercury-contaminated fish and shellfish E) eutrophication
ingestion of methyl mercury-contaminated fish and shellfish
Petroleum in the ocean is not considered a pollutant when ________.
natural seepage is responsible
A 2006 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that resulted in the EPA dropping enforcement actions on at least 1,500 water pollution cases and the exclusion of the drinking water sources of over 117 million Americans was based on the court's interpretation of the word
navigable
Sediments found on continental margins are called ________. _____A) estuarine B) oceanic C) neritic D) pelagic E) continental
neritic
The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is ________. A) pelagic biogenous calcareous deposits B) manganese nodule deposits C) neritic siliceous sediment deposits D) neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits E) abyssal clay deposits
neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits
______________ deposits are found on continental shelves and in shallow water near islands; these deposits are generally _____________ grained.
neritic; coursed
Some plastics accumulate poisons such as DDT and PCBs to levels as high as a ________ times their concentrations in seawater. _____A) one hundred B) fifty C) one million D) one thousand E) one billion
one million
The study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted in the past to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate is called ________.
paleoceanography
_____________ deposits are found in the deep-ocean basins and are typically ___________ grained.
pelagic; fine
Plastics cause significant biological damage in oceans when ________. _____A) pellets appear in the sediments B) plastic waste strangles seals and birds C) bacteria levels increase in them D) degradation rapidly releases toxins into the environment E) plastics degrade into DDT
plastic waste strangles seals and birds
The number of organisms present in the surface water above the ocean floor is called ________.
productivity
Modification of ________ have reduced dolphin mortality as bycatch.
purse seine nets
One of the most abundance, chemically stable, and durable minerals in the Earth's crust is ________.
quartz
By analyzing cores of sediment collected from the sea floor, scientists can infer past environmental conditions on all of the following except ________.
sea life populations
Why is storm-water runoff or drain runoff a significant contributor to non-point source pollution?
storm-water runoff is a significant contributor to non-point source pollution because scientists estimate that 13 billion pounds of litter enter the ocean each year. Not only is this an extremely high amount it originates from multiple sources which cause it to be difficult to find origin point
The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are ________.
tektites
The term referring to the size and shape of sediment particles is ________.
texture
