Oceanography Chapter 11

Very small organisms living in the water column of the ocean have a large surface to volume ratio. This is beneficial to them because _______.

They are strongly affected by viscous forces but not by momentum

Most fish have an internal salt concentration that is lower than the surrounding seawater. They maintain this imbalance by ______.

almost continuously drinking seawater and excreting salt

Surface waters worldwide have large temperature ranges. This is due to ________.

1.) Coastal upwelling 2.) Seasonal Variability 3.) Latitudinal variability

Which of the following statements correctly describe differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

1.) Eukaryotes have a more complex cell structure. 2.) Prokaryotes likely evolved first and have an older fossil record.

Select all the statements that are true in regard to the diversity of life in the oceans.

1.) The oceans contain a representative from each kingdom. 2.) The oceans contain representatives from each of life's domains.

Identify known functions of bioluminescence.

1.) To see in the dark waters of the deep sea 2.) To call attetntion to the predator so bigger predators may come after it 3.) To use as a "fishing lure" to attract prey 4.) To startle or distract a predator

Select all the adaptations different organisms are known to use to survive in extremely cold marine environments

1.) Using cryoprotectants to prevent freezing by lowering the cell's freezing point 2.) Using different fatty acids to maintain flexible membranes 3.) Using ice-binding proteins to limit damage

The surface water temperatures near land tend to be more extreme than those of the open ocean at the same latitude. This is because ________.

1.) the weather over land is more extreme 2.) Coastal upwelling can bring cold waters up from depth

Select the statement below that best represents how all life on Earth is most likely related.

All life on Earth likely shares one common ancestor.

The salt expelled from the ice as seawater freezes can form brine channels of extremely cold and highly saline waters. Geographically, this tends to occur ________.

At the poles

The development of a new species, as a result of a population changing its genetic makeup, in response to differential reproduction of its members is encapsulated in the theory of ___________.

Evolution

Nucleus

Houses the majority of a cell's DNA

When oxygen levels drop below about 2 mg/L, most animal life cannot survive. This condition is known as _______; when levels fall to 0 mg/L the condition is known as ______.

Hypoxia; Anoxia

The term substrate in oceanography refers to the _______.

Material that composes the sea floor

Since autotrophic organisms require inorganic carbon for growth and heterotrophic organisms require organic carbon for growth, we can say that ______.

Life is based on carbon

The difference between epifauna and infauna organisms is epifauna organisms _________.

Live on the sea floor, and infauna organisms live within the sea floor

Larger organisms such as whales and dolphins have a small surface area to volume ratio. This increases the impact of ________, and they take advantage of this by gliding in the water.

Momentum

Poikilotherms

Most invertebrates and fish

Homeotherms

Seabirds and mammals

Epifauna organisms that move across the sea floor are referred to as mobile, whereas those organisms that stay in one place are referred to as _______.

Sessile

An organism with an average density greater than that of surrounding seawater will tend to _______.

Sink

Classification based primarily on shared morphology is called ________, whereas ________ is a system used to determine evolutionary relationships, typically using DNA sequence information.

Taxonomy; Phylogeny

Bioluminescence is _________.

The light some organisms are able to produce themselves

The classification of similar organisms into groups is based on ________.

The theory of evolution

Sunlight tends to penetrate to greater depths farther offshore because _______.

There are fewer particles in the waters of the euphotic zone of the open ocean

True or false: Representatives from every domain of life can be found in the oceans.

True

Endotherms

Tunas and some sharks

Mitochondria

Used to derive energy from food

Chloroplasts

Used to harvest sunlight by photosynthesis

Bluefin tuna and some sharks can use a counter current heat exchange to maintain a higher temperature than the surrounding water. This system works by _______.

Using specialized arrays of blood vessels to prevent heat generated from the muscles from being lost to the environment

Oxygen minimum zones are important to marine geochemical cycles because in these zones, microbes _________.

Utilize oxidizing agents other than oxygen

Oceanographers that study ocean life are referred to as ___________ oceanographers

biological