Oceanography Midterm #1
Solar nebula
a rotating cloud of gas and dust from which the sun and planets formed Made up of: 75% H (hydrogen) 23% He(helium) 2% dust, ice, heavier elements struck by a shock wave which caused the condensing mass to spin
what is the ocean
a vast body of saline water occupying depressions on the earths surface - more than 97% of water on earth is found in the ocean - less than 3% is found ice, ground water, and fresh water lakes and rivers
what are the three plate boundaries
divergent, convergent, and transform
Egyptians
first recorded voyage 3200 B.C by Snefru - traveled from Egypt to Arabian Penninsula around 2750 B.C. Hannu - made ships , and made charts to navigate better
Earth's Second Atmosphere
formed by out out gassing (H2O, Co2, H, S) - at 3.0 billion years: there was No atmospheric oxygen yet - sedimentary rocks were exposed to atmosphere
where is new crust being generated?
in the rift valleys of mid-ocean ridges
what was a Micronesian stick chart
made of bamboo and shells. shells represent the position of their islands
Earths first atmosphere
made up of (H,He) was swept away by solar wind
New oceanic crust is formed through
mid- ocean ridge
the earth has 2 crust
oceanic and continental
a P seismic wave is a?
primary body wave
accretion
solar systems are formed by a process of accumulation
what did Alfred Wegner proposed
the Continetal drift theory
what happened 0.8 bllion years ago
the neoproterozoic oxygenation event (NEO)
what is the big bang theory
the origin of the universe started with the Big bang about 13.7 billion years ago Evidence: 1. Hubble law 2. Background cosmic microwave radiation
what did the challenger II discover
they found the Challenger Deep: deepest part of the deepest trench of the ocean called Mariana Trench
T/F Benjamin Franklin and Tim Folger produced the first map of the gulf stream currents
true
Volcanic gasses
water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide - Emitted by volcanic venting
The Challenger Expedition contributions
- 133 bottom samples (dredges) - 151 open water trawls and collected 77 samples of seawater for analysis - 263 water temperature readings - Biologists discovered 4717 new species - Samples at depth >8000 m were collected
who is Fridtjof Nansen
- 1861 - 1930 (Norwegian oceanographer) Nansen's ship to be trapped in the arctic ice Fram was designed to move up and out of the frozen ocean - Hypothesis: arctic currents move over the north pole - Test: june 24, 1893 fram + 13 men + 5 years provisions - Plan: freeze frame at new siberian islands - let currents move it over north pole
1. HMS Challenger II: 1951
- 2 years voyage that would make precise depth measurements - Echo sounding Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Oceans, and Mediterranean sea
Lieutenant Charles Wilkes
- 4 year expedition Circumnavigated the globe - Charted large land of east Atlantic coast - Observations that Antarctica was a continent - Prepared 241 maps and charts: 19 vol. Charts maps etc..
Greeks
- 500 B.C - Extensive ocean exploration - Coastal Mediterranean and Atlantic -Explored the Atlantic ocean around 900-700B.C
where did the study of the ocean begin?
- Applied marine science began in the Library of Alexandria in Egypt in 300 B.C. - Alexander the Great of Macedonia (Greek) - The Library was the greatest accumulation of information and knowledge for 600 years - The Library could be considered the First university in the world.
Terrestrial planet
- Built from metal and rock - Solid 'seeds' collide together. Larger ones attracts others with their gravity growing bigger still. - Leftovers' from the formation process become asteroids (metal/rocks) and comets (mostly ice)
Christopher Columbus (1492)
- Discovered the 'New World' by accident because he use the wrong map - Norwegians and Vikings were there 500 years before Columbus - Financed by the queen, because he promised to bring wealth back - Gets all the credits because of his souvenirs and stories - Promised the royal court great wealth
Drilling Ship: Glomar Challenger (1968
- Drilled into the ocean bottom: beneath more than 6000 meters recovering water and sediment samples - Evidence of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics
the oldest rocks
- Early earths rocks are rare: recycling into the earths interior - Acasta formation in Canada (greenish gray rocks): 3.96 billion years old
4. 2002 AQUA
- Evaporation from the ocean - Water vapour in the atmosphere - Phytoplankton and dissolved organic matter in the oceans - Air, land, and water temperature
Ben Franklin and Tim Folger
- Fastest ship are not always faster - Whalers crossed the Atlantic faster via northeast than straight across - Concluded large current Gulf Stream - Published the first chart of currents
1. 1978 NASA SEASAT
- First oceanographic satellite - Determines wave height -Variations in sea surface temperature and contour
James cook's 1st Voyage
- HMS Endeavour: 1768 - 1771 (HMS= her majesty the ship) - Contributions: 1. Found and charted New Zealand and Australia's Barrier Reef 2. Positions of small islands 3. Natural history notes 4. Promoted to the rank of Commander
James cook's 3rd and last voyage
- HMS Resolution and Adventure: 1776-1779 - To locate N.W (around Canada and Alaska) or N.E (above Siberia) Passage(s) -Contributions: 1. Discovered Hawaii and charted west coast of North America 2. Did not find N.W and N.E passage(s) 3. Was killed in Hawaii by the locals on February 14th, 1779
James Cook's 2nd voyage
- HMS resolution and Adventure: 1772-1775 - Contributions: 1. Chartered Tonga and Easter Island 2. Discovered New Caledonia (pacific) and south Georgia (Atlantic) 3.Promoted to the rank Captain after the second expedition
Chikyu: 2007
- Japanese ship: Drilling cores up to 11 km long - 45% longer than JOIDES Resolution and 2.4 times its mass -Most equipped geological laboratories
Hipparchus (Scholar)
- Librarian (165-127 B.C.) - Divided the surface of Earth into 360º - invented our present regular grid of longitude and latitude
Georg Wüst contributions
- Mapped the Atlantic Floor - Density of water masses - Determined 4-layer structure of Atlantic
Hypatia-415 A.D(Scholar)
- Mathematician, Philosopher, and scientist - Last Librarian of Alexandria - Was murdered and stoned to death people thought she was a witch because of the knowledge she brought in - Library burned
US nuclear submarine Nautilus: 1958
- Modern technology has eased the high latitude travel - Captain William Anderson Submarine Nautilus sailed Beneath the North Pole - From Point Barrow, Alaska to the Norwegian Sea
the moon
- Moon formed 4.4 bill years ago; - Two models Accretion model Collision model
Accretion model
- Moon formed by accretion at the same time as earth; - Problem: Earths density (5.5 G/cc) and moon density (3.3 gg/cc) No metal core in the moon
satilites
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) established in 1958 - Important contributor to marine science - Imaging of oceans Positioning of ocean vessels
Prince henry of Portugal: 1451-1470
- Navigated through the Ocean to bring great wealth and trade - Segre's center for marine sciences and navigation - Used compass - Trade in west Africa
what were Fridtjof Nansen contributions
- No arctic continent existed beneath the ice - Year -round polar ice - Ice = pack ice, not glacial - Arctic ocean > 3000m deep - Nansen bottle: device designed by nansen to obtain samples of seawater at a specific depth - Warm layer (1.5 Celsius) between 150 - 900 m = saline Atlantic water under colder less saline arctic water - Plankton bottom - Wind direction relative to ice drift - to Ekman = Ekman spiral - Nobel prize 1922 humanitarian work in WW1
ALVIN
- Oldest manned vehicle - More than 4200 dives Slow -but dive to 4000 for 5 hours - 1970's- east pacific rise- first hydrothermal vents
2. 1992 TOPEX & POSEIDON
- Orbiting 1336km above Earth - Accurate sea surface height - Location of ocean currents - Wind speed and directions.
Fredinand Magellan: Voyage (1519-1522)
- Portuguese Navigator in Spain - Magellan's expedition returned to Spain in 1522 -End of the European age of discovery
Claudius Ptolemy 2nd Century AD (Scholar)
- Recalculated circumference -about 70% of the true value -egyptian-Greek Librarian (90-168 A.D.) -Placed East to the right and North to the top -Division of degrees into minutes and seconds of arc (still used by navigators) - Overestimated size of Asia and confused future navigators
why risk voyages into unexpected territory
- Religious welfare strongest reason to Polynesian colonization - Hope for survival was to reach distant land -Find new homes and escape volcanic flames
what are remotely operated Vehicles : ROVS
- Remotely operated robots (aboard the ship or ashore) - Autonomous not tethered to the ship - Collect samples & examine equipment
James cooks other contributions
- Sampling: Marine Life, land plants and animals, ocean floor - Accurate notes and journals on his voyages - Accurate charts of Pacific- Used in WWII
collision model
- Shortly after earth's formation, planet of the size of mars smashed in to proto-Earth - The core fell into the earth's core - The rocky mantle was ejected into space forming debris whereas all metal stays in earth - Debris condensed into the moon.
Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Greek scholar)
- The second Librarian of Alexandria (235-192 B.C.) - Greek astronomer, philosopher, and poet - The first to calculate the circumference of the Earth - Developed grid: Origin of latitude and longitude - Maps and navigational charts for the known world
Submersibles: manned and remote
- US Navy Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard (1960) - Descent into Challenger Deep of Mariana Trench in Trieste (submersible)
Matthew Maury " Father of physical oceanography"
- Us naval officer from Virginia - interested in the exploration of winds and currents (commercial and naval) -In 1847: prepared wind and current maps -In 1849: his directions were used During gold rush in California -In 1855: he published his book "physical geography of the seas"
Okeanus Explorer: 2010
- Us navy 5 oceanic survey ships that crisscrossed the worlds oceans to map sea bed and take water samples - Research ship with remotely operated vehicle (ROV)
Earth
- formed 4.6 Billion years ago - young earth formed by accretion - Young earths surface was heated - Iron and nickel pulled by gravity to core of the earth. - Lighter minerals, silicon, magnesium, aluminum, and oxygen compounds go to the surface to earths crust.
who is Admiral Zheng He
- he commanded greatest fleet - explored the Indian ocean, Indonesia, the tip if Africa into the Atlantic, to show the power of the young Ming dynasty and generosity
photochemical dissocation
- high sunlight (UV) splits water vapor to O and 2H. - O joins with one O for O2 or with two O for O3 ozone - ozone builds up UV shield
who are the polynesians
- people of central and eastern pacific - skillful at navigating the ocean - colonized about 10,000 islands in the pacific - New guinea and then the Philippines were populated by the Polynesians 6000 years ago
what expedition was Purely Scientific
- the challenger expidition: 1872-1876 - Under Charles W. Thomson (professor at Scotland's university of Edinburgh) and John Murray (his Canadian student) - 4 years of voyage around the world
what are some Chinese contributions
- they invented the compass - Invented central rudder - watertight compartments Multi-mast sails
the Scandinavian vikings
- they were adventurers and treasure seekers. - they created strong and stable ships to sail faster. - GOKSTAD was the fastest and longest
Phoenicians (lebanon)
- they were the first regular ocean traders together with the Cretans - supreme navigators after the certans civilization ended - Very active at navigating the ocean between 1200-146 B.C. - Sailed to Britain through the strait of Gibraltar - they reached the Westcoast of Africa 590 B.C.
Latitude and longitude
- used by explorers to know their location and know how to get home. - Latitude= angle from fixed star(s): Columbus and explorers before him used stars to find latitude - Longitude: earth rotates 360 degrees every 24 hours, earth rotates 15 degrees per hour.
why did early people travel the ocean?
-economic reasons - curiosity - exploration - colonization
magnetic field
-the earth is differentiated to 1. solid mantle 2. liquid outer core 3. solid inner core - liquid and solid cores spin at different rates, that generate a magnetic field, that protects us from radiation and solar winds
how many satellites are used for ocean purposes?
1. 1978 NASA SEASAT 2. 1992 TOPEX & POSEIDON 3. 2002 Jason-1 4. 2002 AQUA 5. GPS?
what Americans contributed to scientific investigations and expeditions
1. Ben Franklin and Tim Folger (1769) 2. Lieutenant Charles Wilkes 3. Matthew Maury
what post World war II technology applied to oceanography?
1. HMS Challenger II: 1951 2. US nuclear submarine Nautilus: 1958 3. Submersibles: manned and remote 4. Drilling Ship: Glomar Challenger (1968) 5. JOIDES Resolution (1985) 6. Chikyu: 2007 7. Okeanus Explorer: 2010
what 3 explorers ran voyages of discovery
1. Prince Henry or Portugal 2. Christopher Columbas 3. Frediand Magellan
what are the Institutes of Oceanography
1. Woods Hole -Massachusetts (founded in 1903) associated with the IMT (founded in 1888) 2. Scripps - La Jolla California (1912) and affiliated to the University of California 3. Bedford - Halifax 4. Qingdao - China (world's largest)
Evidence of photosynthesis (3.0 billion years)
1. preserved photosynthetic blue-green algae 2. stromatolites: layers of algae mats and sediment forming mounds
what 6 things made the Polynesians skillful navigators
1. they were able to pick up the change in the rhythmic set of waves against the hull 2.The flight track of birds 3. The position of the stars, focusing mostly on the north star 4. The distant clouds over an unseen land cover, informed them they were close to land 5. The characteristics of the water, small and color used to know if they were closer to land 6. The direction of the wind and marine clustering near the boat.
the origin of the universe began with the big band how many years ago?
13.7 billion years ago
how long ago did the ocean form
4 billion years ago
how long ago was our solar system formed? (sun and its planets)
5.5- 4.6 billion years ago to form a solar nebula
Hydrosphere
All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans
what happened 2.5-3.0 billion years ago
B.I.Fs (branded iron formations-global sedimentary rocks - alternative layers of oxidized iron and chert (Si O2)
JOIDES Resolution (1985)
Deep sea drilling was taken over by larger and technologically advanced ship: JOIDES Resolution
Hubbles law
Edwin Hubble 1929 observation: universe is expanding Red shift- as light from distance approach earth and the galaxy , which leads to wavelengths being stretched
Who is John Harrison?
English clockmaker inventing the first portable lock that could keep accurate time on a ship - Chronometer = 500 pounds - 4 versions were made - Captain James Cook took a copy of harrison #4 to his voyages 2-3
who was the worlds first scholar to determain the Earth's circumference
Erastosphenes
Condensation theory
Explains how stars and planets are believed to form
T/F the inner core of the Earth is molten
False, mostly iron
Galaxy:
Huge aggregation of stars, dust, gas, and other debris held together by gravity - stars and planets are found withing galaxies - our galaxy: Milky Way
what is HROV?
Hybrid Remotely Operated Vehicle - NEREUS: deepest diving robot - in 2010 it reached the worlds deepest ocean at 10,902 meters
The Challenger Expedition HMS expedition
The longest continuous scientific expedition in history - Investigate if life below 549 meters was possible - Deep ocean basins (physical) - Chemistry of seawater - various depths - Seafloor properties - Distribution of organisms - various depths
T/F about 200 million years ago, the earth's superocean was called panthalassa and supercontinent was called Pangea
True
who conducted the voyages for science
James Cook- British Royal navy - scientific goals 1. Scientific research group formed of members of the royal Society to Tahiti 2. Went south to locate Southern Continent - Locate N.W or N.E passage (s) - he had 3 voyages
where is latitude at 0, and when is Longitude at 0?
Latitude= the Equator longitude = Greenwich London
Who was the first to be called the "father of physical oceanography
Matthew Maury
the first major oceanic expedition to use sonar was the
Meteor
Georg Wüst: 1925
Meteor expedition- German research vessel - Crossed the South Atlantic for 2 years - Used modern optical and electronic equipment = Used an echo sounder - FIRST TO USE ECHO SOUNDER TO STUDY DEPTH AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SEA FLOOR - irregularity of the ocean floor
3. 2002 Jason-1
Monitor global climate interaction between ocean and the atmosphere
what happened 2.4 billion years ago
Photosynthesis: ancestors of today's green plants produce oxygen; - Oxigen began to accumulate in the atmosphere: the great oxidation Event (GOE)
Absolute dating minerals was made possible by the use of
Radioactive isotopes
what happened 1.8 billion years ago
Red beds= highly oxidized sedimentary rocks
Background cosmic microwave radiation
Remnant heat leftover from the bigbang
who was Hypatia
She was the last librarian of the library of Alexandria
