Introduction to Nutrition Exam 2

The part of bone termed "hydroxyapatite" is made up of which two minerals?

Calcium and phosphorus

Which of the following is not a characteristic of cancer cells?

Cancer cells always originate in the liver and then travel to other organs by way of the blood or lymphatic system.

Hyponatremia (water intoxication) is most likely to be caused by

Consuming an excessive amount of water in a short period of time (hours)

Which of the following descriptions best describes the above picture? (White teeth with holes)

Fluorosis, caused by consuming too much fluoride.

Free radicals can contribute to plaque formation in the arteries by which of the following mechanisms?

Free radicals can oxidize LDLs which are likely to contribute to plaque formation in the arteries.

If an individual with water intoxication and hyponatremia were to seek treatment at a hospital, what would be the best course of treatment?

Give the individual intravenous (IV) fluids with a higher than normal concentration of electrolytes

Your friend has developed a cold and is consuming three packets of Emergen-C each day. What is the most accurate thing to tell your friend?

He could take one packet of Emergen-C each day, which may help reduce the duration of his cold; this amount is not likely to be dangerous.

Babalu has been working outside in 100 degree heat all day and is experiencing weakness, vomiting, and heavy sweating. What is Babalu suffering from and what is the treatment?

Heat exhaustion; prompt cooling and consume fluids

A football coach sees that one of his players has collapsed during an outdoor practice. After pulling him into the shade, the coach touches the player's forehead and notices that his skin is hot and dry. What heat illness is the player most likely suffering from?

Heat stroke

Which statement regarding potassium is false?

It is a major component of hydroxyapatite in bone

Pavel is trying to increase his calcium intake but does not like to consume dairy. Which of these would be a better food group to focus on?

Leafy greens often provide an adequate amount of calcium. However some, like spinach, can have issues with bioavailability

An endurance athlete who runs a marathon over a period of several hours could be at risk of hyponatremia. What is hyponatremia and what behavior may cause this?

Low blood sodium level; consuming only water throughout the race

Dietary supplements can be beneficial for certain populations. Which of the following individuals would be most likely to benefit from supplementation?

Mallory, a 25-year-old computer programmer who is recovering from major surgery after a car accident

Where do most Americans get the fluoride in their diet?

Many cities put trace amounts of fluoride in tap water.

Pregnant women need more iron than nonpregnant women. Why is this?

More iron is needed to support the development of the baby.

Select the individual who is likely to have the greatest percent of body fluid.

Nev, a 2-year old boy

Which of the following individuals should consume more vitamin C than is recommended each day?

Paul, a smoker

Geraldo has been diagnosed with pre-hypertension and has been told to reduce his sodium intake. Which of the following would be most effective in managing his pre-hypertension and how much sodium should he limit his intake to each day?

Reduce consumption of boxed and canned food; <2300 mg/day

Yelena is trying to become pregnant and wants to avoid any chance of neural tube defects in her child. Which of the following foods would you recommend that she consume in her diet in order to decrease the risk of neural tube defects?

Spinach

An active antioxidant enzyme system in the body will reduce free radicals by all of the following mechanisms except:

Stimulating the production of antioxidant minerals, such as iron and zinc

Which of the following foods and their associated nutrient would be best for someone who wants to decrease free radicals in their body?

Sunflower seeds, which are high in vitamin E

Choose the incorrect statement about sodium and potassium

The DRIs for sodium and potassium are the same (4700 mg/day)

Ruth would like to purchase a calcium supplement. Select the reason why Ruth should not purchase the supplement pictured above. (Calcium Magnesium Zinc)

The presence of minerals in addition to calcium will reduce the amount of calcium that is absorbed into the body.

Which of the following is true regarding dietary supplements?

About half of Americans take a dietary supplement on a daily basis.

Your friend tells you that she is going to buy a supplement that contains 2,000% of the recommended amount of each of the B vitamins, as it is going to give her energy to make it through finals week. Given what you have learned in this class, what should you tell your friend?

The supplement could make someone who takes it feel more energetic only if they are deficient in the B vitamins, as the additional B vitamins will help to turn macronutrients into energy.

Which statement most accurately describes the potential concerns in regularly consuming dietary supplements?

There are no federal guidelines for recommended serving sizes for supplements and supplements cannot be taken off the shelves until they are proven unsafe for consumption.

Who is at the greatest risk for dehydration?

Tyra, a 1 year old who has a fever and diarrhea.

The regulationof dietary supplements changed when the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) was passed in 1994. Which of the following describes the changes that were made?

Under DSHEA, dietary supplements are regulated as foods rather than drugs.

Leimomi is pregnant and is taking a multi-vitamin supplement to ensure that the fetus is getting proper nutrition. Which of the following vitamins should she make sure that she is not taking more than what is recommended because of the risk of birth defects?

Vitamin A

Milk is packaged in containers that do not allow the transmission of UV light in order to avoid the destruction of which vitamin?

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Why is vitamin D toxicity most likely to be caused by dietary supplements and not other means?

Vitamin D is not widely available in the diet, and production as a result of UV exposure is regulated.

What is the relationship between vitamin D and calcium?

Vitamin D is required for calcium to be absorbed into the body.

Which of the following vitamins is matched with the correct function?

Vitamin K, produces clotting factors for the blood

Why does the temperature of the human body remain relatively stable over time?

Water has a high heat capacity.

The B vitamins:

function as coenzymes in converting macronutrients to energy.

The percentage of whole blood that is comprised of red blood cells is termed as

hematocrit

In a woman, amenorrhea (loss of menstrual cycle) can lead to

osteoporosis

The majority of dietary chloride is consumed from:

salt, either in processed foods or used at the table

Consumption of iodine in the American diet usually comes from ____________ and will help promote proper ___________ function.

salt; thyroid

Chronically eating an excess of orange and red colored fruits and vegetables can __________. This is due to eating excess amounts of ___________.

turn skin an orange color; beta carotene

_________ is an antioxidant that helps to protect cell membranes from free radicals; this antioxidant is then regenerated with the help of _________.

vitamin E; vitamin C

Mildred is 80 years old and would like to start weightlifting to reduce her risk for osteoporosis. What is the best thing to say to Mildred?

you should talk with your doctor to make sure it will be safe for you, but elderly individuals can certainly benefit from weightlifting

Which of these does not affect vitamin D synthesis in the body as a result of UV ray exposure?

An individual's iron status (hemoglobin level)

Which of the following factors would not contribute to a reduced bone density over time?

Being overweight or obese

Lydia does not consume enough iron in her diet and is at risk for developing anemia. Which of the following would not help her to improve her iron status?

Eating most of her daily iron intake at breakfast

Which of the following is not a side effect of cancer treatment killing healthy rapidly dividing cells?

Enhanced absorption of iron into the body

Natalie is a 25-year-old woman who would like to reduce her risk for developing osteoporosis. Which of the following statements is correct to tell Natalie about her risk for osteoporosis?

You still have time to maximize your bone density, as it peaks at age 30

An atom with paired electrons is

a stable atom

In the body, vitamin E acts as:

an antioxidant in cell membranes

Which of the following increases the risk for developing cancer and for cancer recurring (coming back)?

being obese